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CHAPTER 4 : HEAT

MASTERY PRACTICE 4.1


1. Thermal contact is contact that allows transfer of heat.
2. Before thermal equilibrium :
False statement: Heat energy flows from hotter object to the colder object.
Correction : Heat energy flows in both directions, but, the rate of heat flow
from hotter object to the colder object is higher.
When thermal equilibrium is reached:
False statement: No energy is transferred.
Correction : Energy is transferred in both directions at the same rate.

3.
Suitability of Characteristic Reason
Freezing point should be low Can measure lower temperature
Boiling point should be high Can measure higher temperature
Liquid should be opaque Can be seen more easily
Liquid should not adhere to glass Can measure more accurately

Therefore, the most suitable liquid is Q as it has all the favorable characteristics.

MASTERY PRACTICE 4.2


1. Let the final temperature be T.
Given : Heat absorbed = 124 J, m = 150 g = 0.150 kg ,
initial temperature = 32°C, c = 387 J kg-1 °C-1
Assuming no heat lost to the surroundings,
Heat absorbed , Q = mcΔӨ
124 J = 0.150kg x 387 J kg-1 °C-1 x (T – 32) °C
T = 34.14 °C

2. Let the final temperature be T.


Given : mass of marble = 60 g = 0.060 kg, temperature = 95 °C
Mass of water = 200 g = 0.200 kg, temperature = 25 °C
c of marble = 840 J kg-1 °C-1 c of water = 4200 J kg-1 °C-1
Assuming no exchange of heat with the surroundings,
Heat absorbed by water = heat lost by marble
0.200 kg x 4200 J kg-1 °C-1 x (T – 25) = 0.060 kg x 840 J kg-1 °C-1 x (95 – T)
840 (T – 25) = 0.060 kg x 840 J kg-1 °C-1 x (95 – T)
T = (5.7 + 25) ÷ 1.06
= 28.96 °C

3. Let the increase in temperature be x, mass of bullet be m.


Given : initial speed = 360 ms-1 , half of kinetic energy becomes heat
c = 160 J kg-1 °C-1
Therefore, m c x = ½ ( ½ mv2 )
x = ¼ v2 ÷ c = ¼ (360)2 ÷ 160 = 202.5 °C
4. Let the increase in temperature be x.
Given : m = 320 g = 0.320 kg, h = 12 m, c = 128 J kg-1 °C-1
& potential energy → kinetic energy → heat energy
Therefore, m c x = m g h
x = 10 x 12 ÷ 128 = 0.9375 °C

Challenge Yourself
Given : m = 1.2 kg, c = 4200 J kg-1 °C-1 ΔӨ = 40 – 25 °C, t = 20 s
Power = work done ÷ time = m c ΔӨ ÷ time
Therefore, assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings
power = 1.2 (4200) (15) ÷ 20
= 3780 W

MASTERY PRACTICE 4.3


1. Given m = 0.40 kg, water at 0 °C→ ice at 0°C , l = 3.36 x 105 J kg-1
Therefore, Heat = ml = 0.40 kg x 3.36 x 105 J kg-1
= 1.344 x 105 J
2. Let the mass of the block of ice be m.
Given heat, Q = 7.2 x 105 J , c of water = 4.2 x 103 J kg-1 °C-1
c of ice = 2.0 x 103 J kg-1 °C-1 l = 3.36 x 105 J kg-1
& ice at -8.0 °C → ice at 0.0°C→ water at 0.0°C → water at 8.0°C
Therefore, Q = mcice ΔӨ + ml + mc water ΔӨ = m(cice ΔӨ + l + c water ΔӨ)
7.2 x 105 = m (2.0 x 103 x 8 + 3.36 x 105 + 4.2 x 103 x 8)
7.2 x 105 = m (2.0 x 103 x 8 + 3.36 x 100 x 103 + 4.2 x 103 x 8)
7.2 x 105 = 385.6 x 103 m
m = 720 ÷ 385.6 kg
= 1.867 kg
3. Let the time taken be t.
Given : power = work done ÷ time = 3600 W, m = 0.12 kg , l = 2.26 x105
Therefore, Q ÷ time = 3600
Time = Q ÷ 3600 = 0.12 x 2.26 x 106 ÷ 3600 = 75.3 s

Challenge Yourself
1. The rate of heat loss (dissipation of heat) will be higher when the difference in
temperature is higher. It will be colder to add milk into the hot coffee after waiting.
2. As the mass of short tube is lower, less latent heat of fusion of water is required to
change water into ice. Secondly, being hollow, the time taken for the transfer of heat
will be shorter. Hence the production of ice will be speeded up.
MASTERY PRACTICE 4.4
1. The fixed variables in Boyle’s Law are mass and temperature of gas.
2. When the gas expands or compressed suddenly, its temperature will change.
3. Given V1 = 50 cm3 , P1 = 100 kPa , P2 = 80 kPa find V2.
Using Boyle’s Law, P2 V2 = P1 V1
80 kPa V2 = 100 kPa x 50 cm3
V2 = 5000 ÷ 80 cm3 = 62.5 cm3
4. Given V1 = 4.0 x 10-6 m3 , P1 = (10 + 50 ) m of water , P2 = (10 + 5) m of water
find V2.
Using Boyle’s Law, P2 V2 = P1 V1
15 m V2 = 60 m (4.0 x 10-6 m3)
Volume of bubble , V2 = 60 (4.0 x 10-6 ) ÷ 15 m3 = 1.6 x 10-5 m3
5. The fixed variables in Charles’ Law are mass and pressure of gas.
6. The volume of any gas cannot be zero at any temperature as it contains
matter / molecules / atoms.
7. Given V1 = 1.2 cm3 , T1 = 24 °C = 297 K , T2 = 40 °C = 313 K, find V2
V2 V
Using Charles’ Law , = 1
T2 T1
V1 ×T2
V2 = = 1.2 x 313 ÷ 297 cm3
T1
The volume of air bubble = 1.265 cm3
8. Given V1 = 2.00 cm , T1 = 25 °C = 298 K , V2 = 2.40 cm3, find T2
3

V2 V
Using Charles’ Law , = 1
T2 T1

V2T1
T2 =
V1
T2 = 2.40 x 298 ÷ 2.00 K
The final temperature of air in the syringe = 357.6 K = 84.6 °C
9. The fixed variables in the pressure law are mass and volume of gas.
10. The pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant. As the
unit for absolute temperature is kelvin , therefore it is necessary to write the
temperature with the unit kelvin.
11. Given P1= 160 MPa ,T1 = 27 °C = 300 K, P 2 = 320 MPa, Determine T 2
P1 P2 P × T1 320
= ∴T2 = 2 = × 300 = 600 K = 327  C
T1 T2 P1 160
12. Given P1= 75 kPa ,T1 = 20 °C = 293 K, T 2 = 150 °C = 423 K, Determine P 2
P1 P P × T2 75 × 423
= 2 ∴ P2 = 1 = = 108 .3kPa
T1 T2 T1 293
Practise Your Skill :
1. a) At -80.0 °C , ethyl alcohol will be in 3. Pressure of gas will be P2 x T1 ÷ T2
liquid form, while mercury will be in = 150 x 426 ÷ 298 = 214.4 MPa.
solid form. It is not advisable to place the gas
b) Heat loss = mc ΔӨ cylinder too near the stove as the
= 0.004 x 139 x (60 – 25 ) pressure built up inside may cause it to
= 19.46 J explode .

2. Water in the wet towel needs a lot of


latent heat to evaporate. Hence water in
the bottle remains cool.

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