University of Southern California

Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering

EE 202L - Linear Circuits

Homework Set #6

Due in class, Thursday, 19 April

Problems 13.33, 13.34, 13.35 (a and b only)

The problems are attached. No SPICE simulations are required.

 PROBLEMS 815

13.18 Repeat Problem 13.16 for an active Bessel Section 13.2

high-pass filter.
13.23 Figure P13.23 shows a Salen-Key second-
13.19 Show that a filter with order n ≥ 3 is invariant order low-pass filter with an op-amp (no inductors).
to the sequence of stages. The position of the capacitors and their open-circuit
behavior at low frequencies clearly supports the low-
13.20 Consider a bandpass filter of order 2m, where pass function.
m is an integer. The filter is to be realized through a
cascade of second-order bandpass filters having the (a) Show that the input-output transfer character-
same ωo and Q values. istic has the low-pass form of Eq. 13.8 with K =
1 + R3 /R4 ,
(a) In terms of m, determine the rate of amplitude
decrease for angular frequencies much less or 1
much greater than ωo . ωo = √ ,
R1 R2 C 1 C 2
(b) In terms of m and Q, determine the cascaded
filter bandwidth. and

13.21 A first-order all-pass filter exhibits a transfer 1

Q= r r r .
function of the form R1 C1 R2 C2 R1 C2
(1 − K) + +
s − ωo R2 C2 R1 C1 R2 C1
H(s) = .
s + ωo
(a) Demonstrate the all-pass capability in terms of (b) Complete a filter design that establishes fo =
output magnitude. 2 kHz and Q = 0.707 subject to R1 = R2 = R
and C1 = C2 = 100 pF. Specify the K value
(b) Determine the frequency dependence of the all- that is required for this design.
pass phase response.

13.22 C1
(a) Consider a capacitor C with parasitic parallel
conductance G. Find the applicable Q factor in
vin R1 R2
terms of C and G if the elements are in a parallel vout
resonator with inductor L. +

(b) Let all of the dimensions for C and G in part a C2

scale by a factor x. Make appropriate physical
arguments to show how Q scales with x. R3
R4
(c) Consider an inductor L with parasitic series
resistance R. Find the applicable Q factor in
terms of L and R if the elements are in a series
resonator with capacitor C. Figure P13.23

(d) Let all of the dimensions for L and R in part c
scale by a factor x. Make appropriate physical
arguments to show how Q scales with x.
(e) Discuss the implications for integrated circuits.
13.24 Figure P13.24 shows a Salen-Key second-order
high-pass filter with an op-amp (no inductors).
The position of the capacitors and their short-circuit
behavior at high frequencies clearly supports the high-
pass function.

Copyright
c 2012 Edward W. Maby All Rights Reserved
816 CHAPTER 13 CONDITIONINGS AND CORRUPTIONS

(a) Show that the input-output transfer character- Y3

istic has the high-pass form of Eq. 13.8 with
K = 1 + R3 /R4 ,
vin Y1 Y2
vout
1 K
ωo = √ ,
R1 R2 C1 C2
Y4
and

1 Figure P13.25
Q= r r r .
R2 C 2 R1 C 1 R1 C 2
(1 − K) + +
R1 C 1 R2 C 2 R2 C 1 13.26 This problem explores the “resonance” that a
Salen-Key circuit achieves without an inductor.
(b) Complete a filter design that establishes fo =
1 kHz and Q = 0.707 subject to R1 = R2 = R Consider the low-pass Salen-Key filter of Problem
and C1 = C2 = 1 nF. Specify the K value that 13.23 with vin at ground, and break the feedback
is required for this design. loop to the right of C1 . For simplicity, let R1 =
R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C. These changes yield the
circuit of Fig. P13.26. Signal source vin 0 stimulates
the circuit at one end of the former loop.
R1
(a) Find the function H(s) that relates vout to vin 0 .
(b) Show that an angular frequency exists such that
C1 C2
vin |H| is maximum and ∠H = 0, then specify the
+ vout
value of this angular frequency. Conclude that
R2 with vout comparable to and in phase with vin 0 ,
closing the feedback loop leads to oscillatory tran-
sient behavior.
R4 R3
(c) Provide a similar qualitative argument involving
first-order low- and high-pass filters that relate
to the circuit of Fig. P13.26.

Figure P13.24

13.25 Figure P13.25 shows the general Salen-Key vin C1 R2

`

vout
circuit format in terms of admittances Y1 , Y2 , Y3 , K
and Y4 , and an amplifier with gain K.
R1 C2
(a) Determine the types of admittance needed
(resistive or capacitive) to support a bandpass
filter characteristic with the form of Eq. 13.10. vin 0
(b) Show that the Salen-Key bandpass filter can only
be realized if K < 1. Figure P13.26

Copyright
c 2012 Edward W. Maby All Rights Reserved
 PROBLEMS 817

13.27 Figure P13.27 has a low-pass Kundert filter.

It is similar to the low-pass Salen-Key filter apart
from the unity-gain buffer to the left of R2 .
R3 C2
(a) Show that the input-output transfer character- vin R1
istic exhibits the low-pass form of Eq. 13.8, and vout
determine expressions for ωo , Q, and K. R2 +
C1
(b) Complete a filter design that establishes fo =
2 kHz and Q = 0.707 subject to R1 = R2 = R
and C1 = C2 = 1 nF.
Figure P13.28
(c) How do the Kundert design constraints compare
to those for the corresponding Salen-Key filter
implementation for large Q? (a) Show that the input-output transfer character-
istic has the bandpass form of Eq. 13.10 with
vout −R3 C1
C1 K= ,
R1 C1 + C2

vin R1 s
R2 1

R2

+ ωo = 1+ ,
+ R2 R3 C 1 C 2 R1
C2
and
s  
R3 R3 R2
R4 1+
R2 R1
Q= r r .
C1 C2
+
Figure P13.27 C2 C1

13.28 Figure P13.28 has a low-pass Rausch filter (b) Complete a filter design that establishes fo =
with multiple-loop feedback. The circuit is rela- 1 kHz and Q = 4 subject to R2 = R3 = R and
tively insensitive to changes in component values C1 = C2 = 100 pF. Specify the K value that is
when compared with the Salen-Key low-pass filter. required, and use SPICE to verify your design.

(a) Show that the input-output transfer character-

istic exhibits the low-pass form of Eq. 13.8, and
determine expressions for ωo , Q, and K.
(b) Complete a filter design that establishes fo = C2 R3
1 kHz and Q = 0.707 subject to R1 = R2 = R vin R1
and C1 = 1 nF. vout
C1 +
(c) What component modifications lead to the high- R2
pass characteristic?
13.29 Figure P13.29 shows a band-pass Rausch filter
with multiple-loop feedback. Unlike the Salen-Key Figure P13.29
implementation, the K parameter can exceed unity.

Copyright
c 2012 Edward W. Maby All Rights Reserved
818 CHAPTER 13 CONDITIONINGS AND CORRUPTIONS

13.30 A Frequency-Dependent Negative 13.32 Repeat Problem 13.31 for a second-order

√ high-
Resistor (FDNR) is a two-terminal element that pass filter with fo = 50 kHz and Q = 1/ 2.
exhibits a current-voltage relation of the form
D 13.33 Show that the two-op-amp filter circuit of
v= 2 i Fig. P13.33 has the second-order bandpass form with
(ω)
ωo = 1/R2 C, Q = R1 /R2 , and K = 2.
(see Fig. P13.30a).
(This filter is easily tuned.)
(a) Show that the Riordan circuit of Fig. P13.30b
satisfies the FDNR relationship and evaluate D. R3
(See Problem 1.43.) vout
+
(b) Show that any second-order low-pass, bandpass,
or high-pass filter can be realized with an ap- R3
propriate FDNR, capacitor, and resistor. Hint: C R2
Apply a Bruton transformation that divides
the numerator and the denominator of the filter
transfer characteristic by s2 .
R2
(a) i D R1
+
vin
+ v C
(b)
i C1 R2 C3 R4
Figure P13.33
+
13.34 Consider the passive Twin-T bandstop (notch)
filter of Fig. P13.34.
v R5
+

(a) Show that ωo = 1/RC, Q = 1/4, and K = 1.

(b) Let the circuit be subject to positive feedback
Figure P13.30 so that node voltage vx is α vout , where α ≤ 1.
Show that ωo is unchanged, but Q = 1/4(1 − α).
13.31 A second-order low-pass filter
√ is to be de-
signed with fo = 50 kHz and Q = 1/ 2. (c) Use one or more ideal op-amps and the Twin-T
network to design a bandstop filter for which
(a) Use the results of Problem 13.30 to implement fo = 20 kHz and Q = 20. Verify with SPICE.
the filter using a FDNR circuit (C1 = C3 = C,
R2 = R4 = R5 = 1 kΩ). Use SPICE to verify R R vout
your design. Assume ideal op-amps. vin
(b) Use the results of Problem 13.23 to design the
filter in the Salen-Key form. Verify with SPICE. C C
Assume an ideal op-amp. R 2C
2
(c) Use SPICE to compare the preceding designs vx
when all resistors and capacitors are subject to
random 5-% variation. (See Example 7.11.) Figure P13.34

Copyright
c 2012 Edward W. Maby All Rights Reserved
 PROBLEMS 819

13.35 The Bainter bandstop (notch) filter of Fig. P13.35 13.37 A particular system is characterized by the
has the characteristic following equations:


vout K s2 + ωz 2 x2 = 2 x1
= 2 .
vin s + sωo /Q + ωo 2 x3 = x1 + x2
The circuit is called a low-pass bandstop filter for x4 = 3 x3 + 2 x4
ωo < ωz , a high-pass bandstop filter for ωo > ωz , x5 = x2 + x4
and an ordinary bandstop filter for ωo = ωz .
√ √ (a) Construct an appropriate signal flow graph.
(a) Show that ωz = α1 /RC, ωo = α2 /RC, Q =
√ (b) Determine an expression that relates x5 to x1 .
α2 /2, and K = α2 , where α1 = R1 /R2 and
α2 = 1 + R3 /R4 .
(b) Complete a design for which fz = fo = 60 Hz 13.38 Find a relation between x5 and x1 in the signal
and Q = 20 subject to C = 1 µF and R2 = R4 = flow graph of Fig. P13.38.
1 kΩ. Use SPICE to verify your design.
(c) Use SPICE to demonstrate the change in the 1 a 1 1
filter behavior when fz is doubled (low-pass) or x5
x1 x2 x3 x4
halved (high-pass).
d b e
13.36 The Boctor bandstop (notch) filter of Fig. P13.36 c 1
has the characteristic

x8 x7 x6
vout K s2 + ωz 2
= 2 . Figure P13.38
vin s + sωo /Q + ωo 2
The one-op-amp circuit is a high-pass bandstop filter 13.39 Find a relation between x5 and x1 in the signal
(ωo < ωz ). flow graph of Fig. P13.39.

Determine expressions for ωz , ωo , Q, and K.

2
1 1
x2
R1 1 3
R1 x1 4 x3 x4 x5
C1 R1/ 2
2 x6 3
vin + vout 2

C2
Figure P13.39
R2 R2
R2 13.40 In the development of the signal flow graph
of Fig. 13.21, it was argued that scaling va by 1/Q
and feeding back to vb was not a viable option be-
Figure P13.36 cause the summation process at vb would involve two
different types of operation.

Copyright
c 2012 Edward W. Maby All Rights Reserved
820 CHAPTER 13 CONDITIONINGS AND CORRUPTIONS

R
C
R2 R1 R
R
vin + vout
+
R3
+
C
R4

Figure P13.35

(a) Show that the circuits of Fig. P13.40a and 13.41 Prove that the outputs at nodes vb and vc in
Fig. P13.40b implement scaled sums and inte- the signal flow graph of Fig. 13.21c reflect bandpass
grating sums, respectively. and high-pass filter characteristics, respectively.
(b) Demonstrate the relative complexity of a circuit
13.42 Download the datasheet for the UAF42 from
that implements a mixed summation process in
Texas Instruments (www.ti.com), then complete a
which
second-order bandpass design that establishes fo = 5
1

−ωo
 kHz and Q = 10.
vb = v a + vc .
Q s
13.43 Download the datasheet for the MAX274 from
Maxim Integrated Products (www.maxim-ic.com).
Draw the signal flow graph that applies to the circuit
(a) R
on page 11, and show that it provides the low-pass,
R1 bandpass, and high-pass filter functions.
va vb
vc + 13.44 Download the datasheet for the MAX274 from
Maxim Integrated Products (www.maxim-ic.com),
R2
then complete a second-order low-pass
√ design that
establishes fo = 10 kHz and Q = 1/ 2.
C
(b) 13.45 Derive a signal flow graph that implements
R a first-order low-pass filter characteristic using inte-
va vb gration (−ωo /s) and other operations.
vc +
R 13.46 Derive a signal flow graph that implements a
first-order high-pass filter characteristic using inte-
gration (−ωo /s) and other operations.
Figure P13.40

Copyright
c 2012 Edward W. Maby All Rights Reserved