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Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 611–617

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Construction and Building Materials


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Properties of treated recycled aggregates and its influence on concrete


strength characteristics
P. Saravanakumar ⇑, K. Abhiram, B. Manoj
School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India

h i g h l i g h t s

 The surface treatment by presoaking the recycled aggregates in acids significantly improves the properties of RA.
 Acid treated and silica fume impregnated recycled aggregate gave better concrete strength in the later age.
 The strength development of recycled aggregate concrete with treated RA was better than untreated RA.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Utilization of recycled aggregate (RA) from crushed concrete wastes as alternative to natural aggregate in
Received 20 June 2015 construction industry solve the construction and demolition waste (C&DW) disposal problems and
Received in revised form 17 December 2015 reduces the gap between the demand and supply. The adhered mortar affects the properties of RA to sig-
Accepted 17 February 2016
nificant level. This paper has studied the characteristics of recycled aggregates retrieved from crushed old
concrete obtained from demolished structures, and five different presoaking surface treatment method
and silica fume impregnating method to improve the properties of the recycled aggregates and its effect
Keywords:
on recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). From experimental results it was observed that after treatment
Recycled aggregate
Presoaking surface treatment method
there was a significant improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of RA because of adhered
Silica fume impregnating method mortar removal. The compressive strength was also significantly improved by using treated RA in RAC.
Recycled aggregate concrete Hence it is concluded that these treatment methods can be effectively used for the recycled aggregates
Compressive strength to improve its characteristics.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction and impurities [15]. Most of the knowledge and experience with
RAC showed a decrease in strength properties when compared
For environmental reasons and availability of increased vol- with natural aggregate concrete and NA with RA replacements also
umes of C&DW, the use of recycled aggregates as a supplement limited to 20% as per RILEM TC 121 DRG [16] report for all strength
to natural aggregate in construction industry and producing good classes. It was observed that, the major reason for the strength
quality concrete having similar performance characteristics of reduction of RAC was because of its adhered mortar which forms
NAC is considered very valuable, from different prospects. Many weak interfacial transition zone leads to cracks in the concrete.
attempts were made by researchers to develop a structural con- Many attempts were made by researchers to improve the charac-
crete with RA [1–14]. The properties of recycled aggregates were teristics of RAC by varying w/c ratios, adding mineral and chemical
generally inferior to NA mainly because of the existence of mortar admixtures like silica fume, slag etc., and blending recycled and
natural aggregate with various replacement percentages.
Abbreviations: NA, natural aggregate; NAC, natural aggregate concrete; RA, Similarly the properties of RA also enhance by giving beneficia-
recycled aggregate; RAC, recycled aggregate concrete; RAH2 SO4 , H2SO4 treated tion treatment to RA. Recycled aggregates treatment mainly
recycled aggregate; RAHNO3 , HNO3 treated recycled aggregate; RAHCl , HCl treated involves the reduction of adhered mortar present on the surface
recycled aggregate; RACHCl&SF , HCl and silica fume treated recycled aggregate; of the aggregate. To remove the adhered mortar, mechanical treat-
RACH2 SO4 , H2SO4 treated recycled aggregate concrete; RACHNO3 , HNO3treated
recycled aggregate concrete; RACHCl , HCl treated recycled aggregate concrete.
ment (ultrasonic cleaning, ball milling), chemical treatment (pre-
⇑ Corresponding author. soaking RA in an acidic environment) and thermal treatment
E-mail address: psaravana@civil.sastra.edu (P. Saravanakumar).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.064
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
612 P. Saravanakumar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 611–617

(aggregate heating through micro wave etc.,) were reported in lit- was chosen for the acidic solutions. After presoaking the aggregates were thor-
oughly washed with distilled water to remove the acid solvents and loose particles.
eratures [4,17].
The HCl treated RA was again treated with silica fume by soaking the HCl treated RA
Amnon [4] studied the microstructure of RA and found that the into the silica fume solution for 24 h at room temperature. After that it was allowed
presence of loose particles in RA affects significantly the bonding to dry for 24 h. Fig. 1 shows the aggregates before and after treatment.
capacity of the RAC. Treatment of RA by impregnation of silica
fume solution and by ultrasonic cleaning improves the compres- 2.2. Experimental procedure
sive strength of RAC by 15% and 7% respectively. Purushothaman
et al. [18] studied the influence of mechanical and chemical treat- 2.2.1. Aggregate crushing value
In this test a cylindrical measure was filled with specified quantity of aggregate
ment methods such as acid scrubbing treatment, heating and
in three layers and compacted by tamping of 25 strokes using tamping rod for each
scrubbing treatment and acidic treatment (HCl and H2SO4) on layer. Using compression testing machine a uniform rate of 40 kN load was applying
RA. They found that the aggregates treated with H2SO4 and heating to the aggregate sample in a steel cylinder for 10 min. The crushing value of the
and scrubbing gave better quality RA than other acid and mechan- aggregate sample was estimated by finding the passing percentage of resulting
crushed aggregate through a No. 12 sieve.
ical treatments.
Surface modification by aggregate coating results better bond-
2.2.2. Aggregate impact value
ing characteristics of RA. Polymers and pozzalanic materials were
In this test a steel cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the impact
tried for surface coating by many researchers. Ismail and Ramli test machine and the test sample will be placed in it and compacted by a single
[19] attempted to improve the physical and mechanical strength tamping of 25 strokes. The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 375 mm
of RA by soaking the RA in hydrochloric (HCl) acid at 0.5 mol (M) above from the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely
concentrations and impregnated with calcium metasilicate (CM) on the aggregate. The test sample shall be subjected to a total 15 such blows each
being delivered at an interval of not less than one second. The crushed aggregate
solution to coat their surface with CM particles. They found that shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved on No. 7 B.S. sieve
combination of these two surface treatment methods modify the until no further significant amount passes in one minute. The percentage of aggre-
surface and improve RA properties. Li et al. [20] reported that sur- gate passing through the sieve gives the impact strength of the aggregate.
face coating with pozzalanic materials (silica fume and fly ash)
improved the strength of RAC. The silicon-based polymer impreg- 2.2.3. Aggregate abrasion value
nation treatments were carried out on RA and reported that these In this test a specified quantity of aggregate is placed in the steel drum along
with 6–12 steels spheres weighing approximately 420 g each. The drum is rotated
treatment methods significantly reduce the rate of water absorp-
for 500 revolutions with a shelf inside the drum causing a tumbling and dropping of
tion [21]. the aggregate and balls. The percentage of the aggregate worn away is determined
In the present study, the characteristics of recycled aggregates by sieving the resulting sample over a No. 12 sieve. As per ASTM C 33, ‘‘Concrete
retrieved from crushed old concrete obtained from demolished Aggregates,” specifies a maximum mass loss of 50% for gravel, crushed gravel, or
structures were studied, and several presoaking surface treatment crushed stone.

methods to improve the properties of the recycled aggregate were


evaluated. The influence of treated recycled aggregates on concrete 2.3. Concrete specimen preparation and testing

strength characteristics also studied. Concrete mix design was done as per ACI method and 1:1.4:2.3 mix proportions
was arrived with 0.45 water cement ratio. Ordinary Portland cement ASTM type 1
with a specific surface area 3960 cm2/g and specific gravity of 3.15 was used
2. Experimental investigations throughout this work. Treated and untreated recycled aggregates, natural crushed
granite aggregates and locally available river sand were used for the specimen
2.1. Materials and methods preparation. The maximum size of coarse aggregate used for this work was less
than 20 mm and all aggregates were used in saturated surface dry state. Hence
Crushed granite recycled concrete aggregates were obtained from 20-year-old there was not much difference found in the slump value. The mix proportion of
demolished structure. The reinforcements and aggregates were separated from each concrete and its slump value was detailed in a Table 2. The particle size distri-
the demolished concrete by crushing and cleaning. The required size of the recycled bution for coarse and fine aggregates were carried out based on BS EN 933-1 [25]
aggregate was attained by further crushing and the loose particles were removed and the results were shown in Table 3. To increase the workability of concrete
through water washing. Physical and mechanical properties for RA such as specific and to reduce the water content, super plasticizer Conplast SP-40 was used at 2%
gravity and water absorption, bulk density, aggregate crushing, impact and abrasion by mass of cement content. Concrete specimens made from the natural coarse
value were measured by the methods proposed by ASTM C127, ASTM C29 and aggregates, untreated and treated recycled aggregates in the forms of 100 mm sized
ASTM C131 [22–24] respectively. The microstructure of RA was studied through cube according to British Standard (BS 1881: Part 116, 1983) were prepared to
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and its chemical composition was assess their compressive strength. The specimens were demolded after 24 h and
evaluated by XRF spectrometer. The XRF results were shown in Table 1. further water cured in a curing tank at 27 ± 1 °C until the ages of 90 days were
The recycled aggregates were subjected to various presoaking surface treatment reached. The crystalline phases present in the concrete were found through XRD
methods and the performance of each treatment methods on physical and mechan- analysis. The pH values are also examined to find the alkalinity of the concrete.
ical properties were estimated. For presoaking surface treatment, the recycled The properties of the concrete specimen were found at the age of 7, 28, 56 and
aggregates were presoaked in three different acidic solutions namely, hydrochloric 90 days and the average of three specimen values were taken for result comparison.
acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in room temperature (27–
30 °C) for 24 h. To provide suitable acidic environment and to improve the quality
by means of removal of adhered mortar from recycled aggregates, 10% normality 3. Results and discussion

3.1. Properties of recycled aggregate


Table 1
Chemical composition of coarse aggregates found by XRF analysis.
3.1.1. Specific gravity and mass loss
Description NA RA RAH2 SO4 RAHNO3 RAHCl RAHCl&SF The specific gravity of natural aggregate and recycled aggregate
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) were found as 2.71 and 2.47 respectively. The major factor for get-
SiO2 56.54 53.44 53.41 52.46 52.44 56.90 ting lower specific gravity in recycled aggregate was its source, mix
Al2O3 17.81 11.9 12.99 15.19 16.78 14.77 proportion and age of the concrete [11]. For this work the recycled
CaO 6.17 18.84 13.12 14.80 11.70 11.55
aggregates were collected from a single source and before demoli-
Fe2O3 6.07 5.9 7.18 7.80 8.19 7.15
MgO 2.91 0.94 2.78 2.94 4.45 3.35 tion the compressive strength of the concrete was estimated by
Na2O 4.20 2.19 2.66 2.93 3.91 3.56 taking concrete cube samples and NDT (Rebound Hammer test)
K2O 2.65 3.89 1.86 1.44 0.70 0.93 technique. From that it was confirmed that the existing concrete
TiO2 0.66 1.00 0.69 0.63 0.64 0.54
has a compressive strength of 25 MPa. Since the RA having adhered
SO3 0.14 1.03 1.57 0.84 0.36 0.51
mortar, it affects its specific gravity very much. The specific gravity
P. Saravanakumar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 611–617 613

Fig. 1. Recycled aggregates before and after treatment.

Table 2 Table 4
Mix proportion. Specific gravity and mass loss.

Type of W/C Mix proportions(kg/m3) Slump Aggregate Specific Mass loss in Standard deviation
aggregate ratio value type gravity %
Water Cement Fine Coarse Specific Mass
aggregate aggregate gravity loss
NA RA NA 2.71 – 0.08 –
RA 2.47 – 0.15 –
NA 0.45 170 378 727 1180 90
RAHCl 2.49 1.52 0.13 1.25
RA 0.45 170 378 727 – 1180 80
RAH2 SO4 2.65 5.63 0.09 1.05
RAHCl 0.45 170 378 727 – 1180 83
RAHNO3 2.55 2.50 0.12 1.13
RAH2 SO4 0.45 170 378 727 – 1180 88
RAHCl&SF 2.62 3.37 0.10 1.08
RAHNO3 0.45 170 378 727 – 1180 85
RAHCl&SF 0.45 170 378 727 – 1180 92

1.5%, 2.5%, and 5.6% for HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 treatment respec-
and mass loss values for the natural and recycled aggregates before tively. Effective acid solution treatment for RA was identified in
and after treatment were found by taking 10 samples of 3 kg each H2SO4 acid. The lesser mortar removal was observed in HCl treated
and the average values were given in Table 4. Standard deviations aggregates and because of the higher pores presence in the aggre-
of specific gravity and mass loss were also specified in Table 4 and gate lower density was observed. Hence to get better densified
it showed how much variability or diversity in the experimental recycled aggregate, the pores in RA were filled with SF by impreg-
data. The treated aggregates having better specific gravity than nating the HCl treated recycled aggregates in SF solution.
the untreated RA. After treatment there was a remarkable mass
loss was found on the recycled aggregate (Table 4). The major rea- 3.1.2. Density and water absorption
son for the improvement in specific gravity and mass loss was the The bulk density of RA was 15% lesser than that of NA
removal of adhered mortar from RA. The mass loss was found to be (1635.55 kg/m3) and after treatment a reasonable improvement

Table 3
Particle size distribution of aggregates.

Aggregate Aggregate passing (%) according to sieve size (mm) Fine modulus
0.15 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75 10 12 16 20
Sand 0.8 7.9 24.6 44.8 76.9 100 100 100 100 100 3.45
Natural coarse aggregates 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 1 23 49.2 74.5 100 7.52
Recycled coarse aggregates 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.9 34 58.4 85.3 100 7.21
614 P. Saravanakumar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 611–617

was found. Among the all three chemical treatments lower density
variation (10%) was observed in H2SO4 treated recycled aggregates
with respect to NA. The improvement in the RA density indicates a
higher percentage adhered mortar removal from the recycled
aggregates. The Higher density variation (13%) was observed in
HCl treated recycled aggregates. Hence it was again retreated with
silica fume impregnation and improvement in density was found.
After silica fume impregnation treatment the density variation
reduced from 13% to 11% for HCl treated recycled aggregates. The
percentage variation in density and water absorption for RA before
and after treatment was shown in Fig. 2. Natural and recycled
aggregates water absorption characteristics were assessed by
keeping 3 kg of oven dried aggregates in water for 24 h. Average
Fig. 2. Bulk density variation and water absorption of recycled aggregates before
of three experimental data was taken and from experimental
and after treatment. results it was found that the recycled aggregates have higher water
absorption than natural aggregates. The major factor for higher
water absorption property of RA was its adhered mortar and
source. After chemical treatment the adhered mortar was removed
to the possible extent and hence the water absorption value gets
considerably decreased in RA. Among the above treatment meth-
ods effective result was obtained in H2SO4 solution followed by
HNO3 and HCl solutions. The SF impregnation for the HCl acid trea-
ted aggregates showed better improvement in the test results.
From the above results it was concluded that the RA have higher
water absorption value than NA after treatment also and hence
for concrete preparation it is suggested that to use the RA in satu-
rated surface dry (SSD) state. The SSD state can be obtained for
coarse aggregate particles by saturating them in water and then
drying the surfaces with absorbent cloth [22].

Fig. 3. Aggregate Crushing, impact, and abrasion value. 3.1.3. Crushing, impact and abrasion value
The quality of the aggregate and resistance to degradation due
to handling, stockpiling, or mixing is generally estimated through

Fig. 4. SEM image of recycled aggregate before and after treatment.


P. Saravanakumar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 611–617 615

3.1.4. Microstructure of recycled aggregates


The microstructure and the morphological character of recycled
aggregates were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Fig. 4(a–e) shows the microstructure of RAC before and after treat-
ment. From Fig. 4(a–e) it was found that higher amount of mortar
removal was observed in H2SO4 acid treatment and lesser mortar
removal was observed in HCl treated aggregates. The HCl treated
and silica fume impregnated aggregates showed better surface
characteristics. Many large pores were filled with silica fume in
the HCl treated aggregate and hence the Fig. 4(e) showed only
small pores. This ensured the densification of RA after silica fume
impregnation treatment. The chemical composition of aggregates
were examined through XRF was presented in Table 1. From
results it was observed that every acidic treatment has its own
Fig. 5. Strength development of concrete specimen as a function of curing time. merits and demerits. The sulfuric treated aggregates contain higher
percentage of SO3 and hydrochloric acid treated aggregates contain
higher percentage of Fe2O3 than other treated aggregates. As per
abrasion, crushing and impact resistance tests. The results were the previous studies stated in literatures higher amount of SO3
expressed as percentage of total weight and stronger aggregates presence leads to strength loss and increases expansion in lime
have lower percentage value. As per ASTM C33 [26], for concrete and sulfate. Similarly higher amount of Fe2O3 improves the
aggregates the crushing and impact values are limited to 50% for strength of concrete [27].
gravel, crushed gravel and crushed stone. From the experimental
results it was observed that, the crushing value of NA is 19%, and
for RA it was 33%. Similarly, the impact and abrasion value of nat- 3.2. Properties of recycled aggregate concrete
ural aggregate were 15% and 24% respectively and for recycled
aggregates it was 20% and 47% respectively. After acid treatment 3.2.1. Compressive strength of hardened concrete
the strength of the recycled aggregate gets improved by removing The concrete compressive strength developments at different
the adhered mortar from the recycled aggregate. The crushing ages for the different mixtures with NA and RA were found and
value for HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 treated aggregates were improved presented in Fig. 5. It was found that irrespective of the age the
by 7%, 3% and 2% respectively than RA. Similarly the impact resis- compressive strength the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) was
tance was improved by 9%, 10% and 7% and the abrasion value by inferior to natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Based on previous
19%, 24% and 34% respectively than RA. The higher resistance research reports and the authors earlier research reports it was
against crushing, impact and abrasion (19%, 23% and 29% respec- observed that the presence of adhered mortar in recycled aggre-
tively) was observed in HCl&SF impregnated aggregates. The aver- gate affects the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength
age of three test sample results for aggregate crushing, impact and of concrete made with recycled aggregates was 25% lesser than
abrasion values were shown in Fig. 3. It is clear that, the properties that of concrete made with natural aggregates at the age of
of RA were inferior to NA but well within the limits. 28 days. In treated aggregates the loose and the weak adhered

Fig. 6. XRD patterns of concrete at the age of 28 days. (a) Natural aggregate concrete, (b) recycled aggregate concrete, (c) H2SO4 treated recycled aggregate concrete, (d) HNO3
treated recycled aggregate concrete, (e) HCl treated recycled aggregate concrete, (f) HCl&SF treated recycled aggregate concrete. P = portlandite, E = ettringite, C = calcite,
G = gypsum, Q = quartz, F = feldspar, D = dolomite and PC = Portland cement.
616 P. Saravanakumar et al. / Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016) 611–617

Table 5 results it was understood that the alkalinity of the RAC was well
pH values for different concrete mixes. within the limit and it was very well improved and by using trea-
Mix pH ted recycled aggregates in concrete.
NAC 12.32
RAC 11.96 4. Conclusions
RACH2 SO4 12.12
RACHNO3 12.20
This paper discusses the surface treatment methods of recycled
RACHCl 12.14
RACHCl&SF 12.28 aggregate concrete based on physical and mechanical properties
and the effects of treated recycled aggregate on concrete strength
were also investigated. Results of this study can be summarized
mortar were removed to the possible extent and the aggregate sur- as follows.
face characteristics were improved. The contact at the interfacial
transition zone between treated RA and new cement paste gets 1. The surface treatment method effectively removed the loose
improved and thereby the compressive strength of treated recycled mortar particles and thereby significantly improves the proper-
aggregate concrete was improved by 8–18% at the age of 28 days ties of RA.
than untreated RAC. The strength development of treated recycled 2. Silica fume impregnation after chemical immersion treatment
aggregate concrete in the later age was found good. The percentage gave better densified recycled aggregate.
strength development for the HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl + SF trea- 3. From the results it was suggested that to use the RA in saturated
ted aggregate concrete was 18%, 18.5%, 20% and 22% respectively. surface dry (SSD) state before concrete mixing.
Among all the four treated aggregate concrete, the strength devel- 4. The compressive strength of RAC was lower than that of NAC at
opment was found comparatively lesser for HCl treated concrete. all ages. However, the development of concrete strength with
But if the same HCl treated aggregate was subjected to silica fume treated RA was better than untreated RA.
impregnation gave better strength improvement in concrete at the 5. The presence of silica in silica fume impregnated aggregate gave
age of 90 days than other acid treated aggregate concrete. During better strength in the later age.
silica fume impregnation the voids in the recycled aggregates 6. Overall, the surface treatment by presoaking the RA in acids sig-
was filled and there by improve the impermeable characteristics nificantly improves the properties of RAC and hence this
of recycled aggregates. The presence of silica in the recycled aggre- method can be employed in the application on large scale
gate react with CH and produce additional C–S–H gel which RAC projects.
improves the bond between the recycled aggregate and the cement
paste. Hence, from the experimental results it was concluded that
the silica fume impregnation treatment for RA improves the ITZ Acknowledgement
between the RA and new cement mortar.
The authors would like to thank the Vice Chancellor of SASTRA
UNIVERSITY for providing facilities to do this work and for the con-
3.2.2. XRD analysis
tinuous support and encouragement given throughout this
XRD is the direct method to find the crystalline phases present
research work.
in the concrete. The powder sample for testing was prepared by
crushing the concrete samples taken from the 28 days cured con-
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