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Subtopics

1.1 Data Communication

CHAPTER 1 1.2 Networks
1.3 The Internet
INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING 1.4 Protocols & Standards

1.1 Data Communication 1.1 Data Communication

Definition Definition - Data refers to facts, concepts and

instructions presented in whatever forms
The Effectiveness of Data Communication
Components Data communication is the exchange of data (in
the forms of 0s and 1s) between two devices
Data Representation via some forms of transmission medium
Direction of Data Flow

1.1 Data Communication 1.1 Data Communication

The Effectiveness of Data Communication Components

Delivery - The system must deliver data to the correct

destination and received by the intended device
Accuracy - The system must deliver data
accurately(cannot be altered during transmission) without
error
Timeliness - The system must deliver data in timely
manner
Jitter – The variation in the packet arrival time. It is the
uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.

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1.1 Data Communication 1.1 Data Communication

5 Component of Data Communication Data Representation

Message – Information to be communicated Text – represent as bit pattern
Sender – Device that sends the message
ASCII – by ANSI (7 bits)

Extended ASCII (8 bits – extra 0 at left)
Receiver – Device that receives the message
Unicode (16 bits)

ISO (32 bits)
Medium – Physical path by which a message travels
Numbers
Protocol – A set of rules govern data communication –
represent an agreement between the communicating Images – composed of a matrix of pixels (picture
devices elements) – small dots
Audio – sound
Video – continuous images

1.1 Data Communication 1.1 Data Communication

Direction of Data Flow Direction of Data Flow

Simplex – the communication is unidirectional Half Duplex - Each station can both transmit and
receive but not at same time
Ex keyboard and traditional monitor
Eg: Walkie-talkie

1.1 Data Communication 1.2 Networks

Direction of Data Flow Networks - A set of devices(nodes) connected

Full duplex - Both station can transmit and receive by communication links.
simultaneously
Eg : computer, printer etc
Eg: telephone system

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1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Distributed Processing Distributed Processing - Task is divided among

multiple computers, instead of a single large machine
Network Criteria being responsible for all aspects
Physical Structures Faster problem solving

Categories of Networks Security

1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Network Criteria Physical Structures

Performance
Types of Connection
 Eg:- transmit time, response time
 Evaluated by metrics: throughput and delay  Point to point
 Depends on a number of users, types of transmission medium,
capability of hardware and software
Two and only two device are connected by a dedicated link

Reliability
 Eg:- frequency of failure, time to recover failure and network
robustness in catastrophe (devastation)

Security
 protect data from unauthorized access (hackers)
 Protect data from damage and development
 Implement policies and procedure for data recovery

1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Physical Structures Physical Structures

Types of Connection Physical Topology
 Multipoint  Definition – the way in which a network is laid
out physically
Three or more devices share a link

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1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Mesh Topology Star Topology

Advantages Advantages
Eliminate traffic problem Easy to install, reconfigure and
Robust, one unusable, other can be troubleshoot
used
Robustness
Privacy and security
More suited for larger networks
Easy to reroute
Easy to expand network

Disadvantages Cabling types can be mixed

Amount of cable increase Disadvantages
Number of input output port increase Failure of hub cripples attached
Wiring can be greater than space stations
Expensive More cable required

1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Bus Topology Bus Topology

Advantages
Ease of installation
Cheapest topology to implement
Failure of one station does not affect others
Less expensive due to less footage of cabling and no network hubs
Good for smaller networks not requiring higher speeds

One long cable act as backbone to link all devices in the

Disadvantages
network
Difficult to reconfigure
Node are connected to the bus by drop lines and tap
Any tab to the backbone will degrade the quality of the network
Fault of the backbone will stop all transmission

1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Ring Topology Hybrid Topology - A combination of any two or more

Advantages network topology to form complete network

Ease to install and reconfigure

All stations have equal access

Disadvantages
Unidirectional traffic can be
disadvantage
A break in a ring can disable
entire network

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1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Categories of Networks Local Area Network(LAN)

Within building, single office,
plant and campus
Limited to a few kilometers
Designed to allow resources to
be shared between computers
Common LAN topologies – bus,
star and ring
The categories of network depends on its:-
Size
Ownership
Distance cover
Physical architecture

1.2 Networks 1.2 Networks

Metropolitan Area Network(MAN) Wide Area Network(WAN)

To extend over an entire city

Eg : telecommunication company (telco)

1.3 The Internet 1.3 The Internet

Definition - combination 2 or more network ~known as Internet History

Internetwork
Is a collection of many separate networks.
A global network connecting millions of computers
More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data,
news and opinions
Is a worldwide system of computer networks – several
networks which users can communicate each other if
they have permission to get information from any other
computer
1960s ~ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ~ interested to find a
way how to connect to others PC so
enable for data sharing and exchanging data
1967 ~ proposed ARPANET
1969 ~ ARPANET is become reality
ARPANET was currently using the Network Control Protocol (NCP) to
transfer data among hosts
1972 ~ The first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN.
1973 ~ proposed protocol Transmission control protocol (TCP)
Encapsulation
Datagram
The function of gateway
Then, split protocol to
 TCP ~ responsible for higher level function : segmentation,
reassembly and error detection
 Internetworking Protocol (IP)~ handle datagram routing

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1.3 The Internet 1.3 The Internet

How to connect to Internet?

Internet Service Provider (ISP)
International Service Provider
National Service Provider
 Backbone network maintained by specialized company
 E.g: Jaring, TMnet, Celcom.net, Maxis Net, iDiGi Internet
Service, Time.Net
Regional Service Provider ~ smaller ISPs that
connected to one or more national ISPs
Local Internet Service Provider
 E.g: ISP in a company and can be connected to regional and
national ISP

1.4 Protocols & Standards 1.4 Protocols & Standards

Protocols Standards

A set of rules that govern data communication Agreed-upon rule

It defines what is communicated, how it is communicated Guideline for manufacturer to create and maintain any
and when it is communicated equipment to ensure the connectivity needed in market and
international communication
Element of protocols :
Guaranteeing national and international interoperability of
 syntax - refers to the structure of format of the data data and telecommunication technology and process
 semantic - refers to meaning of each section of bits Data communications standards fall into 2 categories:
 timing - refers to 2 characteristic  De facto - standard have been legislated through widespread
 When data should be send use of people

 How fast data can be sent  De jure - standard have been legislated by an officially
standard organizations

1.4 Protocols & Standards 1.4 Protocols & Standards

Standards Organization Standards Organization

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) The Electronics Industries Association(EIA)
 An organization dedicated to worlwide agreement on international  An association of electronics manufacturers in US that responsible for
standards in a variety of fields developing EIA standards
The International Telecommunications Union- Telecommunication The Federal Communication Commission(FCC)
Standards
 Has authority to approve every piece of communication technology
 An international standards organization that develops standards for
telecommunication eg V-series
The American National Standards Institute(ANSI)
 A non-profit organization, US representative to both the ISO and ITU-T
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 The largest national professional group involved in developing
standards for computing, communication, engineering and electronics

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The End