Matter and Energy

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

The mass of an object measures how much matter is in the object. Mass is
directly proportional to weight at any given place in the universe. If we leave
the surface of the Earth, our mass remains the same, but our weight changes.
Energy is the capacity to do work.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

Let's begin our study of chemistry by examining some fundamental ways in

which matter is classified and described. Two principal ways of classifying
matter are according to its physical state (as a gas, liquid, or solid) and according
to its composition (as an element, compound, or mixture).

States of Matter

A sample of matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. These three forms of matter
are called the states of matter.

The states of matter differ in some of their simple observable properties. A gas
(also known as vapor) has no fixed volume or shape; rather, it conforms to the
volume and shape of its container. A gas can be compressed to occupy a smaller
volume, or it can expand to occupy a larger one. A liquid has a distinct volume
independent of its container but has no specific shape. A liquid assumes the shape
of the portion of the container that it occupies. A solid has both a definite shape
and a definite volume. Neither liquids nor solids can be compressed to any
appreciable extent.

A pure substance (usually referred to simply as a substance) is matter that has

distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample.

Elements are the simplest form of matter and cannot be broken down chemically
into simpler, stable substances.

A compound is a chemical combination of elements that has its own set of properties and a
definite composition.

Mixtures are physical combinations of substances that have properties related to those of their
components but that do not have definite compositions.

They can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous mixtures.

In heterogeneous mixtures, two or more different types of matter can be seen to be present with
the naked eye or a good optical microscope. Homogeneous mixtures, also called solutions, look
alike throughout, even under a microscope.

Usar ejercicios pag 17 y 18 Goldberg

1.11 Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If a mixture,

indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous: (a) rice pudding, (b)
seawater, (c) magnesium, (d) gasoline.

1.12 Classify each of the following as a pure substance or amixture. lf a mixture,

indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous: (a) air, (b) tomato juice, (c)
iodine crystals, (d) sand.