1.

Telecommuting

definition : Working from home with the help of telephone lines

ADVANTAGES TO EMPLOYEES

1. Save time - no time wasted going to and coming back from office
2. Save money - no spending on private or public transport
3. Can look after family commitments like dropping the child to school etcetera
4. Flexible working hours
5. Can do some other business side by side because of the time saved.

ADVANTAGES TO EMPLOYEES

1. Less office space needed. Less money spent on maintenance of office. Land prices are
exorbitant.
2. Less sick leave and other leaves by employees

ADVANTAGES TO ENVIRONMENT

1. Less pollution because lesser vehicles on road

DISADVANTAGES TO EMPLOYEES

1. No motivation - social interaction of an office environment is missing

NO TEAMWORK OR CREATIVE WORK

2. The employees don’s feel a sense of loyalty for the company

3. You have to reserve a corner in your home for office work

DISADVANTAGES TO EMPLOYERS

1. Supervising tele-workers is difficult

2. If network fails then the whole work comes to a standstill.

2. GAP YEAR

Introduction : A gap year is a year after high school when a student (18 Years old) takes
time to explore his or her interests, which usually entails some type of travelling or some
job.

After the gap year is over, the student begins his or her career.

ADVANTAGES
1. The student can explore his / her interests before deciding on a major. A student may
also find something he has never considered studying before.
2. Save money to finance education (eases burden on parents)
3. Meet different people and experience cultures. - personality develops.
4. A well planned gap year is attractive to some admissions tutors and to future
employers.
DISADVANTAGES
1. You may find it difficult to get back to study. If you start earing enough, education may
seem unimportant.
2. Lack of motivation and progress later on.
3. If you don’t plan it properly, it may end up as a wasted year.

3. G. M. FOODS - ( Genetic Modification, genetically modified)

ADVANTAGES
1. Have been in existence for 30 years and no side effects noted so far
2. Need less pesticides - Some GM crops are more resistant to disease or insects
3. Low prices as the crop yield is higher - this is very beneficial to meet the demands of the
burgeoning population. - Farmers can produce crops that grow bigger and faster .
Faster growing cereals, fruit and vegetables will mean more profit

4. More choices to people - GM foods can be modified to look perfect- They may be
more attractive to customers

DEMERITS

GM (genetically modified) food have their own disadvantages

1. Unnatural - man should not play God

2. Can be dangerous - For e.g. addition of nut protein to soya. Those who had nut allergy
developed allergy after eating soya
3. Rich countries can spend on this technology and further exploit poor countries.

4. Dangerous to environment - contamination of neighbouring crops by the altered gene

pool - GM crops might change whole ecosystems

5. Un predictability of the behaviour of the altered gene. For e.g. a crop of corn which is
genetically modified to make it less susceptible to an insect may take other unwanted
characteristics. It may become more susceptible to another disease or it may decrease the
crops ability to produce vitamin E.

4. GENETIC ENGINEERING - Genetic engineering is the practice of manipulating the

genes of an organism
 ADVANTAGES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

It is used to produce crops that are more resistant to insects and diseases. Some
genetically modified crops grow more quickly. Some genetically modified crops grow more
quickly. Some drugs and vaccines are produced by genetic engineering. It may become possible
to change human’s genetics characteristics. Scientists may use genetic engineering to cure
diseases. Inherited illnesses would no longer exist. Genes could be changed before a baby is
born. It could also be possible to clone human organs. We could all have replacement body
part’s. Humans could live longer, healthier lives.

DISADVANTAGES OD GENETIC ENGINEERING

There are ethical concerns about human genetic engineering. Parents might want to
choose their children’s characteristics - This would be unacceptable in most religions. Soldiers
could be cloned from the genes of the strongest people Clones might be used like robots to do
certain jobs. Clones might even be developed just for organ replacements. Society and human
evolution would change completely. Currently, human genetic engineering is prohibited.

5. JOB HOPPING

Intro: Because of fierce competition, job - hopping is looked upon to move upward
quickly, to keep skill fresh and up to date and to acclimatize oneself to te rapidly changing
society

THE BENEFITS OF STAYING IN THE SAME JOB FOR LIFE

1. Employees have a stable career with one employer
2. They have a good pension and health insurance
3. Their salaries gradually increase
4. They may be promoted within the organization.

5. They demonstrate loyalty. Experienced staff can be trusted with more responsibility.
They become part of a team,

THE BENEFITS OF CHANGING JOBS OFTEN // JOB - HOPPING

1. People often change jobs in order to improve their career. Another company may offer a
promotion or a higher salary
2. People who change jobs can gain experience. They can learn different skills. People can
retrain in a different occupation. In a fast - changing world, works need to be flexible.
People need to develop a range of experience and skills.

3. Changing jobs is interesting and challenging.

4. Family reasons - change of residence or if spouse has to go elsewhere to work or for the
sake of children’s schooling.

SOLUTION

1. A rational view, in general, stability equals success

2. Chronic job - hopper will not be considered reliable

3. His integrity and loyalty will be questioned.

4. Government and the mass media should encourage people to take root in a place, to
pursue their careers in a stable manner. They should maximize welfare, improve the
urban and community environment and retain qualified personnel.

5. Employers should raise wages of employees to create a good working environment, to

ensure that they are profited and also provide personal development of employees.
They should give more training and expand the knowledge of employees.

6. Advantages and disadvantages self employment

ADVANTAGES OF SELF EMPLOYMENT

1. Self-employment offers greater freedom than working for a company. You decide your
pay check.

2. Nowadays, it is easy to set up a company, Young entrepreneurs are being encouraged by

loans from the government.

3. the internet provides a global marketplace.

4. If you do well, you get all the credit, but if you work for someone you are not given any
credit if they do well.

DIS ADVANTAGES OF SELF EMPLOYMENT

1. However, there are risks to starting a new business. Self - employed people may face
financial difficulties.
2. Many businesses fail to make a profit. There is less stability in self employment.
3. There are no benefits like pensions, sick pay and holiday pay.

4. self - employment involves hard work for long hours and total responsibility

7. Unemployment

Unemployment is a big problem for individuals, communities and society.

Unemployment causes frustration and stress. They may find themselves homeless. Jobless people
may become involved in crime as a means to get money. This can also affect the society. It can
play havoc. Young people have a lot of energy. It has to be channelised in the right direction by
giving jobs.

EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL

- Economic loss
- Peace of mind and feeling of security is lost
- Self worth is lost
- Social status and status within the family is lost
- Mental health is affected

EFFECTS ON SOCIETY

- Increased poverty
- Crime
-Political instability
- Diminished health standards

SOLUTION
- Education system reform

- many people are without jobs and many jobs are without suitable people
- Control of birth rate
- fewer children to care for and feed
- Set up industries based on agriculture
- Set up cottage industries - carpets mats - soaps

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8. The importance of work/life balance

It is important to achieve a balance between work time and leisure or family time

1. Too much work can result in stress and poor health. People need to take regular holidays.
2. Workaholics may neglect their families and friends
3. A good work/ life balance can raise job satisfaction. Happy, healthy workers are more
productive

Solution

Companies should not expect employees to work overtime. Nowadays, many people
work part-time or have flexible working hours. Technology allows people to work from home.
Many companies provide childcare facilities to enable workers with small children to
work with a free mind.

***********

9. Advantages of young adults doing mandatory community work

Benefits TO THE YOUNG ADULTS

1. Become both physically & Mentally tough; benefits them in future.

2. Young people develop a bonding with the community. It is very essential in today’s
scenario. As it is young people are having little face to face comunication. They have a good
friends circle through the internet but are leading practically isolated lives. Community work
gives them a chance to interact with the community.

3. Hardships create opportunities for them to reveal potential; strengths & qualities

4. Good resume (CV)

BENEFITS FOR COMMUNITY

Effective way of improving the community. Young people will realize the
importance of maintaining what they have done for the community. To reduce crime rate among
young people. The energy of the youth is channelized in the right direction.
************

10. Drug abuse among youth

CAUSES

1. Availability - Anybody can buy drug from chemist even without a prescription at times.
Drugs are beneficial generally. Harmful if taken for intoxication.

2. Unemployment
3. Friendship - started for pleasure or social formalities
4. Parental negligence
5. Parental influence - parents drink
6. Media - Heroes drink
7. Advertisement - Bagpiper club soda- everyone knows it is a whisky
8. Teacher’s negligence
9. Legal negligence
10. Broken homes
11. Failure of love affairs
12. stress of Examinations

SUGGESTIONS

1. Strict laws and regulations

2. Parents must be role models. Instill positive values in children
3. Strict vigilance and scanning about friends. Censor the friends

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11. Should teenagers do jobs while they are still students

AGREE

1. Teenagers who work early are more mature and independent than those who do not
work.
2. They have experience in work, which is useful for their future jobs.
3. they have responsibility with money and they relise the dignity of labour
4. When they know how hard to earn money, they utilize money more effictively
5. they can earn money to buy books, games, or even though spend for school fee, which
help their parents to raise them
6. They can nurture their skills and social knowledge.

DISAGREE

1. Negative impact on their learning, and eventually on their grades.

2. Disrupt a teenager’s home life. If they work, they will lack time for playing or sleeping,
which results in negative effect on their health.
3. They miss out on the fun of being young. He has a whole lifetime in which he’ll have to
earn a living

12. Funding Arts and Artists

WHY GOVERNMENT SHOULD FUND ART AND ARTISTS

1. Art is a basic human need and so the government has a duty to satisfy this need as any
other need.

2. The contributions of artists to the society are very essential. Artists preserve our culture
and tradition. For example, we learn about our history, traditions and culture through
movies, songs and paintings made by artists.

3. Artists also entertain us

4. Government should fund artists because earning a livelihood from art is difficult
especially in the budding stages. If they are not supported then these artists will look upon other
means of livelihood and we will be the ultimate sufferers.

WHY SOME PEOPLE OPPOSE GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON ART

1. A nation’s health and wellbeing should be paramount.

2. There are also more deserving social causes for the money that should be considered
before the arts. Homelessness, unemployment, illiteracy - all of these deserve to be addressed
before money is spent on what is essentially little more then entertainment.

OWN VIEW

Both sides have strong arguments;

it depends on the condition of the country. In developed countries where even the poorest of the
poor have all the basic amenities of life, government should spend on art and artists but in
countries where people are dying of starvation and diseases, other matters should be given
priority.

13. Nuclear Power

NUCLEAR POWER : POSITIVES

There are several benefits to build more nuclear power stations
1. Fossil fuel like oil and gas are running out. Nuclear power is a sustainable energy source. It
can be used to produce electricity without wasting natural resources. It could replace the use of
natural resources like coal, oil or gas.
2. Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations. They could help to reduce
carbon emissions that cause global warming.
3. The risks of accidents are being reduced.
4. Huge amount of energy can be produced.

NUCLEAR POWER : NEGATIVES

1. Opponents of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations.
2. The building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular - Nobody wants to live near one.
3. Nuclear waste disposal is a significant problem - There is currently no way to decontaminate
radioactive material.
4. People worry that terrorists could steal radioactive materials.
5. It is safer to produce energy from solar, wind or water power.

14. Animal testing - For / Against

ARGUMENTS FOR ANIMAL TESTING

1. It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs before giving them to humans. Example :
Thalidomide, a drug for vomiting of pregnancy was given in 1952. All babies were born with
seal - like limbs. Had proper testing been done, so much suffering of human life could have been
prevented.
2. Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge. Many important medical
discoveries involved experimentation on animals.
3. Animal experimentation is also important if the effect of any drug has to be seen over
generations. The life span of guinea pig is 3-4 years. Effect of drugs over generations cannot be
seen over generations in humans because by then the generations of scientists would also change.
4. Researchers aim to minimize the suffering that animals experience. Testing for the cosmetics
industry is now banned in many countries.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST ANNIMAL TESTING

1. The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused. Animals are also
sentient beings. They may not be able to speak but they feel pleasure and pain. The lives of
animals should be respected. Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals.
2. There are alternative methods of research. Computer simulated experiments can help
scientists know the effects of drugs.
3. Animals are different from humans. So any effect on animals may not be there on humans.

15. Co - education

For :

1. It helps each sex to know and accept the viewpoints of others. This helps in their later life
when both sexes have to live alongside each other in the society. So, the experience of the
opposite sex right from school is beneficial.
2. Studying together helps in full development of personality.
3. People learn from each other. Females learn braveness from boys and males learn carefulness
from girls.
4. Co - education is economically more viable. Instructing the two sexes seperately would mean
doubling the infrastructure.

Against : Arguments against co - education are weak in today’s time of sexual equality.

1. Some say that a person is inhibited in front of the the opposite sex. So, his full potential is not
developed
2. They also feel that it is against our tradition.
3. The future roles of men and women are different. So they should be taught according to that.

16. Globalisation

Definition - Different cultures and different economies of the world are coming closer. This is
because of the IT revolution and faster means of travel

ADVANTAGES
1. More jobs because of MNCs
2. More efficient trade between different countries thereby improving the economies of
developing countries.
3. More opportunities to travel.
4. More choices of products.
5. Awareness of other cultures.
6. Shared knowledge is a variety of fields including medicine thereby reducing disease and
mortality in developing countries.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Loss of local traditions in the form of

a. globally uniform clothing
b. globally similar eating patterns
c. globally similar music
Individual national identities are being diluted by these factors
2. Local businesses can’t compete
3. Big MNCs have a lot of power
4. They exploit local people by paying much less.
5. Generally speaking, the poor are still poor with little or no access to basics such as
- electricity
- clean drinking water
- essential medical help

And the wealthy countries seem to be maintaining or increasing their wealth quite efficiently

17. Extra - curricular activities in schools

For :
1. Personality is made up of several abilities and therefore non academic activities are also
essential for the holistic development of personality.
2. Children can bring out their hidden abilities.
3. Through these activities, children mingle with students of other classes. So it gives students
an opportunity to move out of their formal group.
4. Such activities also help students to interact with students of other institutions by way of inter
- school and inter - college meets and competitions.
5. Participating in such activities also helps you in college and job applications. Admissions
officers and employers give preference to such students. It shows you are well rounded and
responsible.
6. Such activities break the monotony of tough and boring academic studies.

**************
18. Sex education in schools
For :
1. Students should be given lessons in sex education just like any other field of study. They
should not be protected from the subject. It is one of the most important matters in everyday
life. Take the eg. of AIDS : Sex education would go a long way in preventing the spread of HIV
virus and consequently AIDS.
2. Sex education could prevent unwanted pregnancies. It is better to know about this
subject than to take help when it is too late.
3. We all know that young people are especially vulnerable to stress as regards sex. Proper
education would help to prevent frustration in some cases.
4. Sex education could prevent the development of superstition. It should not be considered
a taboo subject. People should not be reticent to talk about it.

*************
19. Televised sport

ADVANTAGES
1. Entertainment in the comfort of the home - rain - cold
2. Some sports are better seen on TV - golf - team sports.
- Zoom
- Close-up
- Replay
3. Sponsorship funds are in proportion to TV coverage
4. Watching sports on TV encourages people to go out and play

DISADVANTAGES

1. TV encourages people & athletes to start demanding money. Take parts in ads etc.
2. People are becoming sports watchers rather than sports players.
3. Unglamorous matches and events have suffered.
4. ‘Win at all costs’ attitude is encouraged - drugs etc.

************

20. School Uniforms

For :
1. Uniform provides identity to the school. Especially helpful during school trips. Also
when some miscreants come in the school they can be easily spotted.
2. Uniform is a social leveller. It erases any social differences that are there between rich
and poor students.
3. Uniform also improves the discipline of the school and creates a sense of belonging in the
mind of students for the school.
4. Moreover, students don’t waste time thinking what to wear. They have less pressure on
them to be the best dressed and so they devote more time to studies.
5. Uniform prepares the student for the world of work which has a dress code.

AGAINST :

1. We have a right to express ourselves and this includes the right to wear whatever we please.
2. Uniform is not always practical or pleasant to wear.
3. Expensive and so unnecessary burden on parents.
4. Can be very boring and monotonous

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21. Media

POSITIVE EFFECTS

1. Educate and inform

2. Entertain
3. Shapes our opinion
4. Link between the government and the people
5. Helps in providing justice

NEGATIVE EFFECTS

1. Invade privacy of famous people - paparazzi

2. Violence and vulgarity
3. Shapes opinion in negative ways - riots

********************

22. Qualities of a journalist

1. Bold and brave

2. Truthful - should give only those news which have some proof (authenticity) and not spread
rumours
3. Unbiased - should not favour any political or religious group - very important in a pluralistic
(multi-cultural) and multi-religious society like India)

4. Should have good communication skills.

5. Versatile - multi-faceted - has to present all sorts of news like sports news, business news,
political news and so on )
6. Alert - you never know when the sky is going to fall

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23. Benefits of Reading Bedtime Stories to Children

1. Develop bonding between parents and children. Parents spend quality-time with children.
Children feel wanted and loved.
2. Inculcates the habit of reading in children.
3. Children learn language skill such as pronunciation and vocabulary. It develops children’s
ability to express themselves more confidently, easily, and clearly in spoken and written
language.
4. Children develop patience and listening skills. Their attention span is increased. Their
concentration increases.

OPPONENTS VIEW

1. Parents are busy and have become workaholics. So children should learn by reading on their
own and by watching TV.
Refute it - it would be detrimental for children. Who would monitor what the children are
watching or reading.
Pronunciations could be wrong if children read on their own.
They may refrain from reading altogether.

**********************

24. Alternative Medicine

Conventional - allopathic, modern medicine

Alternative - Homeopathy, ayurveda, acupuncture, acupressure, nature-therapy

ADVANTAGE

1. Yoga - minor cold, spinal cord problems like spondylitis, joint problems, hypertension, heart
diseases. Ayurveda, homeopathy-gout, some cancers, chronic diseases
2. Long lasting effects
3. Available everywhere
4. Cheaper
5. No/negligible side effects
6. Helps improve overall body structure-yoga

DISADVANTAGE

1. Ineffective in acute problems/emergencies

2. Side effects are not well researched
3. If taken without supervision can be dangerous - yoga
********************

25. Advertisements - Industry worth million of dollars across the world

ADVANTAGES OF ADVERTISEMENTS

There are many advantages of advertisements.

-Firstly ads tell us about new products and how to use these products.
-no electronic and print advertising mean many new products would not be bought. So, in this
way ads -helps both the manufacturers and consumers.
-educate people about non commercial issues like AIDS, deforestation, and family planning.
- can reach out to the remote corners of the country. provides jobs to thousands of people.

DISADVANTAGES OF ADVERTISEMENTS

1. Level of ad too much - ubiquitous (3D streets 3D Buses OD TV (3D E-mail

2. Tyranny of choice or choice overload. Research has shown that people are less happy now
than 30 years ago with less choice. Disappointments after buying things as some ads make false
claims. Shoppers guilty of not choosing wisely.
3. Ads can’t be ignored because they use underhand methods like attention grabbing words and
provocative pictures. Some ads are hidden in what sems like pieces of art or public information.
4. Some ads make people feel inferior (a feeling of inadequacy) if they don’t have the product
e.g. Amitabh Bachan in the ad of parker pen.
5. Ads don’t have the good of society in mind only profit e.g. fast food ads.
6. Small companies can’t compete with big ads and so lose business.
7. Increase the cost of product as all the money spent on hiring celebs to endorse products goes
into the cost of the product.
8. Ads target vulnerable children who pester their parents into buying those products. Kids can
be easily attracted by the false claims made by the ad companies.
9. Some ads show stunts which may be followed by children and cause injury. For e.g. the ad of
Thumbs-Up.
10. Another disadvantage is that ads are unwanted intruders. Just when a TV programme is
going on, there is a commercial break. Telemarketing is another example. It is very disturbing.
Just when you are doing some important work, you get a phone call to tell about a product or
insurance plan, some surveys also claim that there is an increase in consumption of alcohol and
cigarettes after viewing such ads.

*****************

26. Shopaholism

1. What is Shopaholism?
Shopaholism is uncontrolled shopping in order to feel better about oneself.
Shopaholics usually come back with bags and bags of items most of which will never be used.
2. Can anything be done to solve the problem of shopaholism?
Many things could be done

1. Always pay in cash. Never take your credit card. The best thing would be to destroy the
credit card altogether.
2. Make a shopping list before you go and stick to it.
3. Work out a monthly budget.
4. Avoid ordering goods from catalogues and don’t watch shopping channels on TV.

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27. Consumerism

ADVANTAGES OF CONSUMERISM

1. There is a greater level of employment as a result of consumerism, since industry depends on

a strrong labour force, made up of workers who produce a wide range of goods. Mass
production = mass employment
2. It provides consumers with greater choice, which can only be beneficial.
3. Mass production means the prices of things come down which benefits the consumer.
4. Another benefit is that consumerism increases spending and boosts a country’s economy.
Moreover it can increase its status in the world.

DISADVANTAGES OF CONSUMERISM

1. It can create a throw away society. and spoil the environment. For instance, it can create
huge amount of waste which has to be disposed off through the use if landfill sites.
2. air and water pollution. This occurs as a result of by products of consumerism being release
and absorbed.
3. makes people spendthrifts. They waste their energy and money in buying trivial things.
4. Furthermore, such attitude of higher spending generates vigour in people to earn more money.
They become workaholics. Cant strike a balance between work and leisure or family and so it
leads to stress.
5. adoption of unethical practices. People want to buy things and they can’t afford them the
right way they may do petty crime - chain snatching, pick pocketing, shop-lifting etc.

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28. MEDIA AND ADS - Advantages and disadvantages of various media for ads

NEWSPAPERS : They are one of the traditional medium.

ADVANTAGES
1. Newspapers allow you to reach a

huge number of people in one area.

2. You can decide on the size and placement of ad according to budget.
3. Readers can read and re-read the ad.
4. Quick - today you decide - and in 2-3 days the ad is in the hand of customers.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Ad space can be expensive.
2. Your ad has to compete against the clutter of other ads.
3. Photo reproduction in a newspaper can be poor.
4. Your ad will have a shorter shelf life as most people read the paper once and discard it.
5. Because of the increasing popularity of the internet, newspapers are declining in popularity.
Many readers prefer the online version of a newspaper.
 *****************

MAGAZINES

ADVANTAGES

1. Highly targeted audiences.

2. Paper quality is better and so photographs look better.
3. As the page is smaller, so even smaller ads stand out.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Space and ad layout costs are higher.

2. You have to plan weeks in advance.

*******************

RADIO

ADVANTAGES

1. Radio is a universal medium enjoyed by people at one time or the other during the day, at
home, at work or even in the car.
2. During the past 10 years, radio ad rates have seen less inflation.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Because radio listeners are spread on various stations, you may have the advertise
simultaneously on several stations to reach your target audience.
2. Radio is a background medium. Most listeners are doing something else while listening. So,
your ad has to work hard to get their attention.

****************************

TELEVISION

ADVANTAGES

You can reach a large number of people on a national or regional level in a short span of time.
Independent stations and cable offer new opportunities to pinpoint local audiences. TV can
convey messages with sight, sound and motion.

DISADVANTAGES
Relatively expensive in terms of creation, production and air time costs.
Preferred ad times are often sold out far in advance.
Multiple exposures are needed for the ad to rise above the rest.

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DIRECT MAIL OR DIRECT MARKETING

Seller sends marketing message directly to the buyer

- catalogues
- sales letters
- brochures

ADVANTAGES

Direct to target audience.

Can be as long as you want.
Ad campaigns are hidden from your competitors.

DISADVANTAGES

Some people throw the mail without even opening it. Resources need to be allocated carefully
Can be expensive
Depends on list size
Quality of campaign.

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TELEMARKETING ( TELEPHONE SALES)

ADVANTAGES

1. You can call global, national and local customer

2. You can interact with the customer answering any questions or concerns they may have.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Many people react adversely to these calls.

2. Many people use technology to screen out unwanted callers.
3. You may have the hire professionals.

29. Graffiti

Graffiti began in 1960s when someone started writing his signature or tag on as many
surfaces as he could. Other young people copied him and soon there were designs and paintings
on walls everywhere. Graffiti also takes the form of slogans which put across the artists opinions
about certain social and political issues. Graffiti is something you either love or hate. Some
people feel that Graffiti makes city ugly. On the other hand some people feel that it is a form of
artistic expression and Graffiti may even be found on display in famous art galleries.
Graffiti is actually illegal and some countries try to deal with the problem by not allowing
people under age of 18 to buy spray paints. In other countries the authorities provide special
walls on which people can practice graffiti. Whichever way you look at it, Graffiti is a popular
form of expression.

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30. Capital punishment

For:

1. Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime. Fear of the death penalty stops people
from committing offences. It is a form of revenge which gives solace to the victims family.
2. The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated.
3. The cost of imprisonment is avoided.
4. The offender cannot pose a threat to others.

AGAINST CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

1. Innocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed. Capital punishment is

irrevocable.
2. Crime rates are not necessarily reduced because many criminals do not think they will be
caught. So capital punishment is not a good deterrent.
3. Executing prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge.
4. We have no right to take another human life.

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31. Reasons for Urbanization

1. People move to cities in search of job opportunities.

2. Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living.
3. People migrate to cities from the countryside.
4. Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays.

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32. Negatives of City Life

1. The cost of living is higher than in rural areas. Housing is usually much more expensive.
2. Some people do not manage to find work. Homelessness and poverty are common on cities.
There is a gap between rich and poor. Life in cities can be extremely stressful.
3. There are problems like traffic congestion and crime.
4. Cities lack a sense of community. People do not even know their neighbour.
5. Cities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles” - Pollution.

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33. Importance of banning cars from city centres

1. Pedestrian Zones in city centre can improve the local environment - less noise and air
pollution.
2. Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle. Many European cities have built bicycle
lanes.
3. Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity. People who walk or cycle
regularly are generally healthier.
4. Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists.

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34. Modernization of Buildings

ADVANTAGES OF MODERNIZING

1. To meet the needs of the growing population.

2. Some old buildings may be a threat to life.
3. Modern materials are more practical.
4. Energy efficient houses.

DISADVANTAGES OF MODERNIZING

1. Loss of architectural diversity.

2. Loss of tourism.

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35. Modernization of cities -

Advantages and Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES OF MODERNIZING

1. To meet the needs of the growing population.

2. Modern material are more practical.
3. Energy efficient houses.
4. Expanding road system.
5. To expand trade.

DISADVANTAGES OF MODERNIZATION

1. Loss of architectural diversity.

2. Loss of tourism.

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36. Historic Buildings - should be destroyed or not

ADVANTAGES OF DESTROYING HISTORIC BUILDINGS

1. To meet the needs of the growing population.

2. Will not be a threat to life.
3. Road systems are being expanded.

ADVANTAGES OF NOT DESTROYING

1. Serves a very good purpose.

2. Attract tourists and good revenue.
3. Helps our children understand our cultural heritage

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37. Prisons

NEGATIVES OF PRISONS

1. Prisons act as universities of crime. Criminals are put together. They make friends with other
offenders. Petty criminals learn felony and other serious crime.
2. Many prisoners re-offend when they are released. A criminal record makes finding a job
more difficult.
3. Maintaining prisons is a burden on government.
4. Makes prisoners behaviour works

POSITIVE OF PRISONS

1. Punishment. Deters those who are thinking of committing crime

2. Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation. Prisoners receive education of vocational training.
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills.

Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens.

Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend

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38. Community Service - VS - Imprisonment

FOR COMMUNITY SERVICE

1. Community service is a way to reform offenders.
2. It could be a solution to prison overcrowding.
3. It avoids the cost of imprisonment.
4. It makes offenders useful in their local communities. They are required to clean streets or talk
to school groups.
5. Offenders repay their community.
6. They avoid the negative influence that prison can have.

AGAINST COMMUNITY SERVICE

Community service is not a sufficient punishment

Criminals should be locked up, away from their victims.
No guarantees of any reform

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39. Vegetarianism

ARGUMENTS FOR VEGETARIANISM

Vegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals

1. Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral reasons. It is unnecessary to kill animal for
food. Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms.
2. A healthy diet is possible without eating meat. Some foods like soyabeans have protein
content that is equivalent to non-vegetarian diet.
3. A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of disease like cancer. Vegetarian diet contains fibre
which reduces the risk of cancer of the large intestine or colon.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST VEGETARIANISM

1. Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet. In many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in
traditional meals.
2. Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain. It is completely natural
for us to kill them for food.

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40. Positives and Negatives of Zoos

POSITIVES OF ZOOS

1. Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation. They can help to protect
endangered species.
2. Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behavior.
3. Zoos are educational, interesting and fun. Children, in particular, enjoy learning about
animals.
4. Zoos provide job opportunities.
5. Zoos attract tourists - economy is boosted.

2. NEGATIVES OF ZOOS

1. Zoo animals are kept in artificial environments. They are kept in cages or have limited
space.
2. Zoo animals rely on humans. They lose the freedom to hunt for food.
3. The best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats.
4. Some people believe that Zoos are unethical. Zoos exhibits animals with the aim of
making money. We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Zoos - (This is just to teach simple paragraph
writing)

Animals have been kept in captivity for many years and there are many advantages of
Zoos. Firstly, in modern Zoos animals are placed in enclosures which try to simulate their
natural habitats. IN these enclosures they are protected from their natural predators and well
looked after. The animals are provided with shelter, food and medical attention. Secondly,
Zoos provide the public with educational information about animals. They increase the
public’s knowledge of the dangers many animals face and the kind of habitats they live in.
Lastly, Zoos often rescue animals which would have otherwise been killed or animals in
captivity which have been treated cruelly by humans.
On the other hand, there are also some disadvantages of Zoos.
Campaigners argue that Zoos are cruel for animals and that the enclosures where they
are kept are far too small. They also argue that some animals are taken out of their
natural environments. Problems have arisen for animals that are faced with different
climates, especially those from hot countries that then have to survive cold winters
somewhere in Europe for example. Finally, not all Zoos provide their animals with the
care and attention they require. In some Zoos animals are kept in dirty cages, are
undernourished and not given any medical treatment.

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41. Benefits of education

1. Education gives people knowledge and skills.

2. People with qualification are more likely to find work.
3. They can earn a higher salary.
4. They can contribute positively to society. Schools prepare children to be members of a
society.
3. 5. Schools aim to teach young people moral values such as tolerance and sharing.

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4. 42. Overseas study
 ADVANTAGES

1. More advanced education systems in developed countries

- University courses in these countries are more job oriented, more responsive to labour
market, more integrated in socio-economic development trends, university in most
developing countries by contrast focus more on providing academic knowledge and skills
needed by the labour market.
2. Overseas students can access modern technologies, even state-of-the-art ones, and be
involved in research project; gain practical skills.
3. More independent and mature
4. Exposure to different culture

DISADVANTAGES

1. Culture shock : New climate; New natural & social environment; Homesickness and
loneliness
2. Financial difficulties facing private students.
3. High cost of living/living cost
4. Brain-drain

****************

43. Technology in Education :

TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION : OPINION

1. Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology.

Technology is part of everyday life. It can enhance a teacher’s lessons.
2. Students can use online resources to help with homework.
3. Students must still learn to write by hand.
4. They should still use traditional sources of information such as books.

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44. Education in Developing countries :

PROBLEMS

1.
Children often have to work from an early age.
2.
There are no schools in many areas.
3.
Families do not have access to books or computers.
4.
Literacy rates are often low.
5. People in developing countries need knowledge and skills Education is the key to
improving the economy of these countries.
SOLUTIONS

1. Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money. They could invest in
schools and technology. They could supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers.
Children need to have access to free schooling. Computer equipment could be donated. The
Internet can expose students to a World of Knowledge and information.
2. Governments should make education compulsory for all children. They should encourage
parents to send their children to school.
3. Governments of developed and developing countries must work together.

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45. Higher Education : Advantages and Disadvantages

HIGHER EDUCATION : ADVANTAGES

There are many benefits to going to University

1. A degree can open the door to better employment prospects.
2. Economies are becoming increasingly knowledge-based.
3. Most jobs require specific knowledge and skills. Skilled workers are needed for sectors such
as information technology and engineering.
4. Repetitive manual jobs are now done by machine.
5. Many factories have moved to developing countries.

HIGHER EDUCATION : DISADVANTAGES

1. A healthy economy needs a wide range of workers. Some manual workers will always be
needed.
2. A university degree is not necessary for many service professions. Practical training is more
important in some industries. In the UK, for example, there is currently a shortage of plumbers.
Their services are therefore becoming more and more expensive.

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46. Home-schooling

ADVANTAGE OF HOME-SCHOOLING

Some parents decide to educate their children at home

1. Some families live in isolated areas with poor transport.

2. Other parents are not satisfied with local schools.
3. Parents can respond to what their children need and how they learn

SOLUTIONS
1. Schools need a clear code of conduct. Schools need a clear set of rules about behavior.
2. They need to create a positive working atmosphere. Teachers must have the power to punish
disruptive students.
3. Schools need to work closely with parents. Discipline could be lacking at home. Parents
must support the school rules. They should take responsibility for their children’s behavior.
4. A separate section could be made for the disruptive students.

48. Corporal Punishment : Opinion

Corporal Punishment is not a good idea

Physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear
This does not promote trust between adults and children
Children who are punished physically may become shy or resentful
Corporal punishment creates and atmosphere of fear and anger.

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49. Grouping Children According to ability

ADVANTAGES OF GROUPING CHILDREN ACCORDING TO ABILITY

1. Teachers can work at the right speed for their students.

2. Teachers can plan more suitable lessons
3. High-level groups may progress faster. Lower level groups can benefits from a slower pace

DISADVANTAGES OF GROUPING

CHILDREN ACCORDING TO ABILITY

1. Grouping by ability may have a negative impact on students, Children do not want to be seen
as less intelligent than others. It could damage students self esteem. They may lose motivation.
2. Students from wealthier families tend to be better prepared. Children from poorer families
may receive less support from parents
Mixed ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their potential

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50. People should read those books that are about real event, real people, and established facts.
Agree or Disagree

DISAGREE
1. The real World is too complicated for children; innocent and inexperienced to know the real
facts and understand what is a real life about
2. Comic books will disappear as well as animated films and fiction movies. There will be
nothing to excite the mind and spirit. Real events, real people and established facts are not
enough to stimulate thought.
3. Stories based on animal characters have been used since ages to teach about life. For e.g.
Tales from Panchtantra written by Pandit Vishnu Sharma were written to educate the sons of a
king about worldly wisdom. Their morals hold good even today.

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51. Exams - for and against

AGAINST

1. sometimes two students with the same ability in a subject get very different exam results.
This is because one is much better at taking exams than the other.
2. exam questions often test how much a student has remembered about the things he or she has
been taught in the classroom. As a result, students are often encouraged to do rote learning,
instead of how to use the information and how to think for themselves.
3. have a bad effect on teaching, as teachers are usually judged by the exam results of their
students. Consequently, they are often more interested in preparing their students for the exams
than in making their lessons lively and stimulating.

FOR

1. Have been going on for ages and have withstood the test of time.
2. Students study because of the fear of exams.
3. Some criteria is needed to judge the progress of students.

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52. Multinationals - MNCs

FOR MULTINATIONALS

1. Offers employment to local workers

2. Promotes peace internationally. Creates sense of community crossing international borders.
Allows entire world to improve standard of living.
3. Gives access to quality products regardless of location
4. Promotes economic stability. Raises standard of living for regions involved in production.
Gives local economies new economic opportunities.

AGAINST MULTINATIONALS
1. Ruin local economies.
2. Deplete local work forces by drawing them to metro cities.
3. Cultural diversity is lost as it creates cultural homogenization
4. Provide little help with problems which are local in nature. Gives political power to outside
interests.
5. Create economic instability by being subject to the whims of the global economy. Makes
local economies subject to mass layoffs
6. Replace traditional values with materialistic values.

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53. Some people prefer to provide help and support directly to those in the local community who
need it. Others, how ever, prefer to give money to national and international charitable
organisations. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT HELP

1. A person remains directly in touch with the needy.

2. You can see how your money is being used - no mediators are there and so no chances of
corruption
3. Moreover, charity begins at home

ADVANTAGES OF JOINING NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION

1. Can work on a larger platform - for global issues - larger platform is a must
2. Help activities can be better spread through a larger network. You feel part of a global
village.

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54. Private Schools - advantages and disadvantages

ADVANTAGES

1. Most of the private schools offer smaller classroom size and so the child can receive more
individual attention from teachers.
2. Better academic and extracurricular programs
3. Lower drop-out rates
4. Less on-campus violence

DISADVANTAGES

1. Less diversity in private schools as compared to public (government) schools. Children will
meet fewer peers from diverse backgrounds because of the tuition fee
2. Private secondary schools don’t conform strictly to educational regulations. So you have to
do a lot of effort to select the right school for your child.
3. Very expensive
4. Increase the gap between the rich and the poor.

55. Euthanasia

FOR :
1. Many people die long and painful deaths from incurable illness. We put animals out of their
misery rather than let them suffer terrible pain; why should we deny humans the same release?
2. The patient him/herself is the best person to judge when life has become too hard to bear.
Suicide ceased to be a crime in the UK in 1961; there has been no increase in the suicide rate
because of this, so it is unlikely that large numbers of people would choose euthanasia if it were
legalized.
3. Many unfortunate people are born with severe physical and/or mental defects that mean they
will never lead a normal life and will be a huge burden to their families. Relatives should have
the right to opt for euthanasia in such cases.

AGAINST

1. A cure may be found; for example, patients suffering form so called incurable diseases
such as cancer and AIDS frequently may be cured and live long, productive lives.

2. It may be overused : A request for euthanasia might be the result of temporary

depression; people in great pain are not always responsible for what they say.

3. it may be misused: some relatives might even misuse their power (e.g. in order to inherit
wealth)

4. Many religions teach that it is wrong to take away human life; if we are reluctant to kill
even murderers, we should be even more reluctant to kill innocent people.

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56. Advantages of Producing food within the Country

1. Local farmer benefits

2. Preserves culture and tradition
3. No pollution

i. Fuel used in transport

ii. Excessive packaging
4. Good for health

i. Diseases can come with food

ii. Preservatives

Advantages of importing

1. Variety - choices
2. Improve relations with other countries
......................
57. Advantages of Learning foreign languages

Advantages for children to learn languages - Why it is good to learn languages at younger
age.

1. When children learn multiple languages at a younger age, they develop a lifelong love
of communicating with others.

2. It is much easier to learn foreign language when young. At a later age it becomes
harder to become fluent.

3. Learning a foreign language helps a child’s mind develop. Such children do better in
other subjects. It helps their intellect to develop more

4. Learning a foreign language helps children to expand their knowledge of the world. They
want to know about other people and other countries. They would want to
understand them instead of being afraid of them.

Advantages for the adult learner of a foreign language

1. He has his own language to compare with the second language. So new terms or concepts
are easily understood.
2. They have a strong motivation to learn a new language especially if it is connected to an
employment opportunity
3. Most adult learners have participated in study earlier, So they know what method of
learning works best for them

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58. Importance of Maths

1. No single day can be spent without encountering some form of mathematics. From page
numbers to prices to today’s date, maths puts things in order and enables us to compare
quantitatively.
2. To survive financially you must use maths to allocate your resources. For e.g., invest in
business or stocks..

3. Every discipline from archaeology to zoology benefits from the study of science. For
instance, tracking the orbits of planets and stars in galaxy cannot be done without
numerical comparisons.
4. Finally there are esoteric reasons - some people are just fascinated by the amazing
coincidences found in numbers. For e.g.., in table of 9, the sum of all multiples is nine.

(Esoteric - likely to be understood or enjoyed by few with specialist knowledge.

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59. Importance of Electronic Games

1. Video game playing introduces children to computer technology

2. Some games provide practice in problem solving and logic, e.g. Age of
Empires
3. Video games have proved to improve visual skills.
4. They also improve motor and spatial skills. Children who play video games have better
reflexes.
5. They make learning fun. The cost of failure is lower. This encourages risk taking and
exploration.
6. Some games have therapeutic applications with patients.
7. Games are entertaining and fun.

NEGATIVES OF VIDEO GAMES

1. Overdependence - social isolation - usually played alone

2. Aggressive behaviour - children practice violent acts.
3. Games can make children confuse fantasy with reality
4. Addicting - children forget everything else - their studies, eating etc.

Tips For parents

1. Limit the game playing hours

2. Check the age - game ratings
3. Require that homework and chores be done before games playing
4. Play and enjoy the game with your child

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60. Advantages of hosting international Sporting Events

1. It encourages tourism and the economy related to tourism - athletes, officials, spectators,
sponsors, broadcasters come & spend money
 - money from ticketing
- employment
- jobs related to event
- advertising
- construction projects such as hotels and stadiums.

2. Recognition - the country gets name and fame

3. Infrastructure develops at an accelerated pace and this promotes the city into a world
class city.
4. Opportunity for culture exchange

Disadvantages of hosting International sporting Events

1. Development of that part of the country is at the expense of the other parts. The host,
country usually allocates resources from other parts of the country to that part.

2. tourism to in the other areas is disrupted. All visitors are attracted to the host city
3. Crime - Crime is an issue when places are crowded. So the host city needs more police
officers.
4. Win-at-all-cost attitude encourages unethical means such as drugs etc.

61. Rote learning

ADVANTAGES
1. Very helpful when verbatim recall of definitions or numbers is required
2. In some situations it is the only method

-learning irregular verbs

-Vocabulary of a foreign language
- mathematical tables

3. useful to pass exams

DISADVANTAGES
1. Knowledge acquired is not retained for long
2. Information learned by rote inhibits subsequent learning of additional similar information

3. information learned by rote cannot be applied in a wide variety of new problems or

concepts whereas in meaningful learning the transferability of knowledge is high

4. Boring
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62. Cars - Advantages and disadvantages

ADVANTAGES
Many people are very attached to their cars. They say that having a car is an essential part of
their lives.
1. Quick and easy transportation
2. offer flexibility and mobility to people’s life and work.
3. enable rapid and timely distribution/delivery of goods.
4. offer people ready access to a variety of services and leisure options.
5. Economic and social benefits
6. The car industry is the largest industry in the world economy.
7. In most parts of the world the motor car is seen as a sign of progress and development.
8. Different makes of with different colors run on the roads, creating beautiful scenery.
9. The car industry in India is developing rapidly, creating millions of job opportunities and
boosting India’s economy
10 The development of car industry is accompanied by / has lead to city expansion

DISADVANTAGES

1. Pollution : The widespread use of cars has real environmental and economic costs. Vehicles
are major sources of urban air pollution and greenhouse gases emissions.

2. Road traffic is the source of one third of all harmful air pollution in the world. Car. exhausts
contain nitrogen oxide which contributes to acid rain, carbon dioxide, which contributes to
global warming and lead, which damages human brain and kidney.

3. The motor car industry requires a vast quantity of raw materials. It uses 20% of all world’s
steel, 10% of Aluminum, 7% of copper, 50% of lead and 60% of natural rubber.

4. The development of motor vehicles has worsened world energy crisis. The transport sector
consumes about one half of the world’s oil production. Car engines use only 10 to 20% of
energy in the fuel. The rest is lost as noise, heat and pollution.

5. Traffic Jams - As more and more people drive to work rather than walk, cycle or take public
transport to work, there are heavy traffic jams almost everyday at rush hours.

6. Road building withdraws large areas of land from agricultural use. Motorways and the
associated exits and entry ramps cover thousands of acres of prime food - producing land. In
places where roads are built. the topsoil is pushed aside, the vegetation is stripped away and
animal habitats are destroyed.

7. In cities close to one third of all land goes to accommodate the car, parking lots, expressways,
roundabouts, bridges, petrol stations and garages. Parking lots devour huge stretches of land and
are empty 80 per cent of the time.

************

Safety
1. Car accidents are causing huge numbers of casualties every year.
2. Large numbers of women, all children, most young people, the elderly and the poor
cannot or do not want to own or use a car. Building more cars and roads does not solve
these people’s transport problems.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Restrict the use of cars, improved public transport and create better facilities for
pedestrians and cyclists.
2. Now car manufacturers are trying to make more environmentally friendly cars, which use
fuel more efficiently and cause less pollution
3. In the future cars may run on solar power, alcohol from plants or fuel cells using
methanol or hydrogen. They will be much lighter with advanced electronics.

63. Pros and cons of Tourism

Pros:

1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.

2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many people have said
good -bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.
3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public,
carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of
resources.

4. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant
history and culture to the outside world.
5. Tourism helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign
investors.
6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape, appreciate the superior
workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of local delicacies (specialties). Many
tourist attractions offer a wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting
local culture.
7. Tourism helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce.
8. Tourism is the world’s largest and faster growing industry. According to recent statistics,
tourism provides 10 % of the world’s income and employs almost one tenth of world’s
workforce. By the year 2020, these numbers will treble. All considered, tourism’s actual and
potential economic impact is astounding.
9. Tourism encourages the prevention of identify, pride and value in our living conditions and the
cultural legacy of generations in danger of extinction.
10. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.
11. Tourism brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.

CONS :

1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one’s own
culture and make the world less colorful then before.
2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life.
3. Tourism may cause serious environmental pollution.