E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION

ENGG DRAWING: CONIC

OFSECTIONS
LINES S.RAMANATHAN
S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF
ASST PROFDRKIST
MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 CONTPh:
ACT9989717732
NO: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

1) The distance between the end projectors (ii) Below x-y, draw a line ║to x-y at 25
of a line AB is 70 mm and the projectors mm & the point where it cuts the line
through the traces are 100 mm apart. The end A through h, mark HT.
of the line is 10 mm above HP. The HT of the (iii) Similarly, above x-y, draw a line║ to x-
line is 25 mm in front of VP and the VT is 50 y at 50 mm & the point where it cuts
mm above the HP. Draw the projections of the the line through v, mark VT.
line & determine its inclinations with HP & VP.
VT
Ans) Given data:

Dist between the projectors (dp) = 70

Dist between the traces (dT) = 100 100 50
End A from HP (a’) (above HP) = 10
HT (below xy as it is in front of VP) = 25
VT (above xy as it is in above HP) = 50 h v
x y
Logic: 25
Æ Whenever distance between traces (dT) is
given, draw two vertical lines at the given
distance to mark h & v on x-y where these HT
two lines cut x-y.
Æ On h & v, locate HT & VT.
Æ Join (h, VT) & (v, HT). On these lines, the
Front View (FV) & Top View (TV) will (iv) Now join (h, VT) & (v, HT).
lie.
VT
Æ Locate starting point a’ & then draw 2 FV lies on this line
vertical lines (dp) starting from a’ which
will cut (h, VT) & (v, HT).
Æ Since the FV & TV lie between dp, we can
get the FV & TV. Then the True Length a’
(TL) & angles can be found.
Steps:
10

h v

i) Draw x-y line & draw 2 vertical lines

(dT) 100 mm apart. Mark h & v at
points where these 2 lines cut x-y line. HT

TV lies on this line

100 (dT)
(v) To mark a’, draw a line ║ to x-y
(above) at 10 mm cutting (h, VT) at a’.
h v
x y If we observe the above figure, the FV & TV
will lie on lines joining (h, VT) & (v, HT).

1
E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION OF LINES S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

(vi) Now, draw 2 vertical lines (dp) at 70 mm (viii) Now, we know how to draw the TL when
apart on a’. These lines are called as projectors FV & TV are given. All we need to do is rotate
& the final FV & TV lie between these lines. the FV & TV to get TL in the opposite
projections.

The true length is obtained as follows:

VT (a) Draw Locus lines on b2’ & b2.

70 (dP)
(b) Rotate FV (a’ b2’) about a’ by
drawing an arc of radius a’-b2’ up to
a’ level & project onto locus of b2 to
get b1.
a’ (c) Join a b1 to get the True Length (TL) a-b1.
10

h v
VT
TL
a b2’ b’
HT FV

α
θ
a’
(vii) To locate FV & TV, start with a’.
h v
Locate a on line (v, HT) and below a’. b2 b1
TV
Since FV & TV lie on dp lines, we get FV & TV
by joining the points between dp on (h, VT) & β TL
(v, HT) through a’ & a. a Ф

Thus we get FV (a’, b2’) & TV (a, b2). HT

VT
b2’

FV (d) Similarly to get TL in FV, rotate TV a b2

about a by drawing an arc of radius a-b2 to
line on a level & project on to locus of b2’
a’ to get b’.
(e) Join a’ b’ to get the TL.
h v (f) The angles θ, Ф, α & β can be measured
from the figure.
b2
a TV The answer is as follows:
HT TL = 58 mm; θ = 300; Ф = 180; α = 330; β = 220

2
E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION
ENGG DRAWING: CONIC
OFSECTIONS
LINES S.RAMANATHAN
S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF
ASST PROFDRKIST
MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 CONTPh:
ACT9989717732
NO: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

2) The distance between the end projectors
of a line AB is 45 mm and the projectors
through the traces are 90 mm apart. The end A
of the line is in the HP. The HT of the line is 60
mm in front of VP and the VT is 36 mm above
the HP. Draw the projections of the line &
determine its inclinations with HP & VP.
(ii) Below x-y, draw a line ║to x-y at 60 mm
& the point where it cuts the line through
h, mark HT.
(iii) Similarly, above x-y, draw a line║ to x-y
at 36 mm & the point where it cuts the
line through v, mark VT.

Ans) Given data:

Dist between the projectors (dp) = 45

90
Dist between the traces (dT) = 90
End A from HP (a’) (in HP) =0 VT
HT (below xy as it is in front of VP) = 60
36
VT (above xy as it is in above HP) = 36 h a’ v
x y
Logic: Same as earlier problem with only change
of position of a’ 60
Æ Whenever distance between traces (dT) is
given, draw two vertical lines at the given
distance to mark h & v on x-y where these HT
two lines cut x-y.
Æ On h & v, locate HT & VT.
Æ Join (h, VT) & (v, HT). On these lines, the (iv) Now join (h, VT) & (v, HT).
Front View (FV) & Top View (TV) will
lie. FV lies on this line
Æ Locate starting point a’ & then draw 2 VT
vertical lines (dp) starting from a’ which
will cut (h, VT) & (v, HT).
Æ Since the FV & TV lie between dp, we can h, a’ v
get the FV & TV. Then the True Length
(TL) & angles can be found.
Steps:
i) Draw x-y line & draw 2 vertical lines
(dT) 90 mm apart. Mark h & v at
points where these 2 lines cut x-y line. TV lies on this line
HT

90 (dT)
(v) To mark a’, since it is on HP, h itself
becomes a’.
h v
x y If we observe the above figure, the FV & TV
will lie on lines joining (h, VT) & (v, HT).

3
E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION OF LINES S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

(vi) Now, draw 2 vertical lines (dp) at 45 mm (viii) Now, we know how to draw the TL when
apart on a’. These lines are called as projectors FV & TV are given. All we need to do is rotate
& the final FV & TV lie between these lines. the FV & TV to get TL in the opposite
projections.
The true length is obtained as follows:

(a) Draw Locus lines on b2’ & b2.

(b) Rotate FV (a’ b2’) about a’ by
45 (dP)
drawing an arc of radius a’-b2’
up to a’ level & project onto
locus of b2 to get b1.
VT (c) Join a b1 to get the True Length
(TL) a-b1 & angle Ф

h, a’ v
VT
TL
b2’ b’
FV

HT, a α
θ
h, a’ v
(vii) To locate FV & TV, start with a’.
b2 b1
TV
Locate a on line (v, HT) and below a’.
Here a coincides with HT. β TL
Since FV & TV lie on dp lines, we get FV & TV HT,a Ф
by joining the points between dp on (h, VT) &
(v, HT) through a’ & a.
Thus we get FV (a’, b2’) & TV (a, b2).

(d)Similarly to get TL in FV, rotate TV a b2

45 (dP) about a by drawing an arc of radius a-b2 to
line on a level & project on to locus of b2’ to
VT get b’.
b2’
FV
(e)Join a’ b’ to get the TL & angle θ.

h, a’ v (f)The angles θ, Ф, α & β can be measured

from the figure.
The answer is as follows:
b2 TL = 58 mm; θ = 190; Ф = 310; α = 220; β = 340
TV

HT, a
4
E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION
ENGG DRAWING: CONIC
OFSECTIONS
LINES S.RAMANATHAN
S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF
ASST PROFDRKIST
MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 CONTPh:
ACT9989717732
NO: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

This is Prob 10.28 of pg 208 in text book.

3) The distance between the end projectors (ii) On h, draw a line at 600 to cut v at VT.
of a line AB is 70 mm and the projectors (iii) On v, draw a line at 300 to cut h at HT.
through the traces are 110 mm apart. The end A
of the line is 10 mm above HP. If the top view &
VT
front view of the line make 300 & 600 with xy
respectively, draw the projections of the line and
find the true length, inclinations with HP & VP
& the traces. ?

Ans) Given data: 600

Dist between the projectors (dp) = 70 h v
Dist between the traces (dT) = 110 x y
300
End A from HP (a’) (above HP) = 10 ?
α (angle made by FV with xy) = 600
β (angle made by TV with xy) = 300
HT
Logic:
Æ Whenever distance between traces (dT) is Measure and find out distances of HT & VT.
given, draw two vertical lines at the given
distance to mark h & v on x-y where these
two lines cut x-y.
Æ On h & v, draw lines at 600 & 300 to cut
VT
the dT at VT & HT respectively. FV lies on this line
Æ Join (h, VT) & (v, HT). On these lines, the
Front View (FV) & Top View (TV) will
lie.
Æ Locate starting point a’ & then draw 2 a’
vertical lines (dp) starting from a’ which
10

will cut (h, VT) & (v, HT). h v

Æ Since the FV & TV lie between dp, we can
get the FV & TV. Then the True Length
(TL) & angles can be found.
Steps: HT

i) Draw x-y line & draw 2 vertical lines

TV lies on this line
(dT) 110 mm apart. Mark h & v at
points where these 2 lines cut x-y line.

110 (dT) (iv) To mark a’, draw a line ║ to x-y (above)

at 10 mm cutting (h, VT) at a’.

h v
x y If we observe the above figure, the FV & TV
will lie on lines joining (h, VT) & (v, HT).

5
E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION OF LINES S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

(v) Now, draw 2 vertical lines (dp) at 70 mm (vii) Now, we know how to draw the TL when
apart on a’. These lines are called as projectors FV & TV are given. All we need to do is rotate
& the final FV & TV lie between these lines. the FV & TV to get TL in the opposite
projections.

The true length is obtained as follows:

VT (g) Draw Locus lines on b2’ & b2.

70 (dP)
(h) Rotate FV (a’ b2’) about a’ by
drawing an arc of radius a’-b2’ up to
a’ level & project onto locus of b2 to
get b1.
a’ (i) Join a b1 to get the True Length (TL) a-b1.
10

h v
VT
TL
a b2’ b’
HT FV

α
θ
a’
(vi) To locate FV & TV, start with a’.
h v
Locate a on line (v, HT) and below a’. b2 b1
TV
Since FV & TV lie on dp lines, we get FV & TV
by joining the points between dp on (h, VT) & β TL
(v, HT) through a’ & a. a Ф

Thus we get FV (a’, b2’) & TV (a, b2). HT

VT
b2’

FV (j) Similarly to get TL in FV, rotate TV a b2

about a by drawing an arc of radius a-b2 to
line on a level & project on to locus of b2’
a’ to get b’.
(k) Join a’ b’ to get the TL.
h v (l) The angles θ, Ф, α & β can be measured
from the figure.
b2
a TV TL = 146 mm; θ = 560; Ф = 160; α = 600; β = 300
HT VT = 192 above HP; HT= 64 in front of VP.

6
E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION
ENGG DRAWING: CONIC
OFSECTIONS
LINES S.RAMANATHAN
S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF
ASST PROFDRKIST
MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 CONTPh:
ACT9989717732
NO: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

This is Prob 23 of pg 217 in text book.

4) The front view of a line makes an angle (ii)
of 300 with xy. The HT of the line is 45 mm in
front of VP while its VT is 30 mm below the HP.
One end of the line is 10 mm above the HP & the (iii)
other end is 100 mm in front of the VP. Draw
the projections of the line & determine its true
length & its inclinations with HP & VP.
Below x-y, draw a line ║to x-y at 30 mm
& the point where it cuts the line through
h & a’, mark VT.
On VT, draw a ┴ to meet xy at v. On h,
draw a ┴ to get HT at 45 mm. Join (v,
HT) and extend it.

Ans) Given data:

α (angle made by FV with xy) = 300

End A from HP (a’)(above HP) = 10
HT (below xy as it is in front of VP) = 45
a’
VT (below xy as it is below HP) = 30
End B (locus of B) (below xy) = 100 x v h 300
y
Logic: Since FV angle α is given & a’ is also 30
given, we can get the point h on xy. 45
Æ By drawing locus of VT below xy, we can VT
get VT on the line (h, a’).
Æ On h & VT, locate HT & v. Join (h, VT) HT
& (v, HT). On these lines, the Front View
(FV) & Top View (TV) will lie. Join (v,
HT) & extend below xy to cut locus of B. (iv) Now join (h, VT) & (v, HT).
Æ The point of intersection will give the
point b2 which is the final position of top
FV lies on this line
view. Locate a on projector of a’ and then
join a-b2 to get the top view.
Æ Project top view above to get b2’ on (h, v a’
VT). Since FV & TV are found now, the h
TL can be found by drawing arcs &
projecting onto opposite quadrants.
VT
Steps: HT
i) Draw x-y line & mark a’ at 10 mm
above xy. On a’. draw a line at α = 300 which is TV lies on this line
the FV line. Extend the FV line to cut xy at h.

FV lies on this line

a’ (v) To mark b2, draw the locus line ║ to xy &

10

30 0 below xy at 100 mm. This line represents

h the end B from VP.
x y If we observe the above figure, the FV & TV
will lie on lines joining (h, VT) & (v, HT).

7
E GRAPHICS: PROJECTION OF LINES S.RAMANATHAN ASST PROF MVSREC
(PROBLEMS ON TRACES)-Model 1 Ph: 9989717732 rama_bhp@yahoo.com

(viii) Now, we know how to draw the TL when

(vi) Now, extend the line joining (v, HT) to FV & TV are given. All we need to do is rotate
cut the locus line of B at 100 mm below xy. This the FV & TV to get TL in the opposite
point is end point of top view, b2. projections.
The true length is obtained as follows:

(a) Draw Locus lines on b2’ & b2.

v a’
h
(b) Rotate FV (a’ b2’) about a’ by
drawing an arc of radius a’-b2’
up to a’ level & project onto
VT locus of b2 to get b1.
HT (c) Join a b1 to get the True Length
100
(TL) a-b1 & angle Ф TL
b2’ b’
FV
a’ θ α
v
h

b2
VT
HT
100
a Φ
(vii) To locate FV & TV, start with a’. β
TV
Locate a on line (v, HT) and below a’.
Project b2 to cut FV line (VT, h, a’) at b2’.
a’ b2’ represents the FV & a b2 is the TV. b1
b2
TL
b2’
FV

v a’ (d)Similarly to get TL in FV, rotate TV a b2

h about a by drawing an arc of radius a-b2 to
line on a level & project on to locus of b2’ to
get b’.
VT
HT
(e)Join a’ b’ to get the TL & angle θ.
100
a (f)The angles θ, Ф, α & β can be measured
from the figure.
TV The answer is as follows:

TL = 68 mm; θ = 230; Ф = 370; α = 300; β = 410

b2