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994 Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives

EXERCISES 14.3

Calculating First-Order Partial Derivatives 27. ƒsx, y, zd = sin-1 sxyzd 28. ƒsx, y, zd = sec-1 sx + yzd
In Exercises 1–22, find 0ƒ>0x and 0ƒ>0y . 29. ƒsx, y, zd = ln sx + 2y + 3zd
2
+ y2 + z2d
1. ƒsx, yd = 2x 2 - 3y - 4 2. ƒsx, yd = x 2 - xy + y 2 30. ƒsx, y, zd = yz ln sxyd 31. ƒsx, y, zd = e -sx
3. ƒsx, yd = sx 2 - 1ds y + 2d 32. ƒsx, y, zd = e-xyz
4. ƒsx, yd = 5xy - 7x 2 - y 2 + 3x - 6y + 2 33. ƒsx, y, zd = tanh sx + 2y + 3zd
5. ƒsx, yd = sxy - 1d 2
6. ƒsx, yd = s2x - 3yd 3 34. ƒsx, y, zd = sinh sxy - z 2 d
7. ƒsx, yd = 2x 2 + y 2 8. ƒsx, yd = sx 3 + s y>2dd2>3 In Exercises 35–40, find the partial derivative of the function with
9. ƒsx, yd = 1>sx + yd 10. ƒsx, yd = x>sx 2 + y 2 d respect to each variable.
11. ƒsx, yd = sx + yd>sxy - 1d 12. ƒsx, yd = tan-1 s y>xd 35. ƒst, ad = cos s2pt - ad 36. g su, yd = y2e s2u>yd
13. ƒsx, yd = e sx + y + 1d 14. ƒsx, yd = e-x sin sx + yd 37. hsr, f, ud = r sin f cos u 38. g sr, u, zd = r s1 - cos ud - z
15. ƒsx, yd = ln sx + yd 16. ƒsx, yd = e xy ln y 39. Work done by the heart (Section 3.8, Exercise 51)
17. ƒsx, yd = sin2 sx - 3yd 18. ƒsx, yd = cos2 s3x - y 2 d Vdy 2
WsP, V, d, y, gd = PV +
19. ƒsx, yd = x y 20. ƒsx, yd = logy x 2g
y
21. ƒsx, yd = g std dt sg continuous for all td 40. Wilson lot size formula (Section 4.5, Exercise 45)
Lx
q km hq
Asc, h, k, m, qd = q + cm +
22. ƒsx, yd = a sxyd n
s ƒ xy ƒ 6 1d 2
n=0

In Exercises 23–34, find ƒx , ƒy , and ƒz . Calculating Second-Order Partial Derivatives

23. ƒsx, y, zd = 1 + xy 2 - 2z 2 24. ƒsx, y, zd = xy + yz + xz Find all the second-order partial derivatives of the functions in
25. ƒsx, y, zd = x - 2y + z 2 2 Exercises 41–46.
26. ƒsx, y, zd = sx 2 + y 2 + z 2 d-1>2 41. ƒsx, yd = x + y + xy 42. ƒsx, yd = sin xy

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14.3 Partial Derivatives 995

43. g sx, yd = x 2y + cos y + y sin x defines z as a function of the two independent variables x and y
y and the partial derivative exists.
44. hsx, yd = xe + y + 1 45. r sx, yd = ln sx + yd
58. Find the value of 0x>0z at the point s1, -1, -3d if the equation
46. ssx, yd = tan -1
s y>xd

Mixed Partial Derivatives xz + y ln x - x 2 + 4 = 0

In Exercises 47–50, verify that wxy = wyx . defines x as a function of the two independent variables y and z
47. w = ln s2x + 3yd 48. w = e x + x ln y + y ln x and the partial derivative exists.
49. w = xy 2 + x 2y 3 + x 3y 4 50. w = x sin y + y sin x + xy
Exercises 59 and 60 are about the triangle shown here.
51. Which order of differentiation will calculate fxy faster: x first or y
first? Try to answer without writing anything down.
a. ƒsx, yd = x sin y + e y B
b. ƒsx, yd = 1>x c
a
c. ƒsx, yd = y + sx>yd
A
d. ƒsx, yd = y + x 2y + 4y 3 - ln s y 2 + 1d C b

e. ƒsx, yd = x 2 + 5xy + sin x + 7e x

f. ƒsx, yd = x ln xy 59. Express A implicitly as a function of a, b, and c and calculate
5 2 3 0A>0a and 0A>0b .
52. The fifth-order partial derivative 0 ƒ>0x 0y is zero for each of
the following functions. To show this as quickly as possible, 60. Express a implicitly as a function of A, b, and B and calculate
which variable would you differentiate with respect to first: x or 0a>0A and 0a>0B .
y? Try to answer without writing anything down. 61. Two dependent variables Express yx in terms of u and y if the
2 4 x equations x = y ln u and y = u ln y define u and y as functions
a. ƒsx, yd = y x e + 2
of the independent variables x and y, and if yx exists. (Hint: Dif-
b. ƒsx, yd = y2 + yssin x - x4 d ferentiate both equations with respect to x and solve for yx by
c. ƒsx, yd = x 2 + 5xy + sin x + 7e x eliminating ux .)
2
>2
d. ƒsx, yd = xe y 62. Two dependent variables Find 0x>0u and 0y>0u if the equa-
tions u = x 2 - y 2 and y = x 2 - y define x and y as functions
Using the Partial Derivative Definition of the independent variables u and y, and the partial derivatives
exist. (See the hint in Exercise 61.) Then let s = x 2 + y 2 and
In Exercises 53 and 54, use the limit definition of partial derivative
find 0s>0u.
to compute the partial derivatives of the functions at the specified
points.

53. ƒsx, yd = 1 - x + y - 3x 2y,

0ƒ
and
0ƒ
at s1, 2d Laplace Equations
0x 0y
The three-dimensional Laplace equation
0ƒ 0ƒ
54. ƒsx, yd = 4 + 2x - 3y - xy 2, and at s -2, 1d
0x 0y 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ
+ + = 0
55. Three variables Let w = ƒsx, y, zd be a function of three inde- 0x 2 0y 2 0z 2
pendent variables and write the formal definition of the partial
derivative 0ƒ>0z at sx0 , y0 , z0 d. Use this definition to find 0ƒ>0z at is satisfied by steady-state temperature distributions T = ƒsx, y, zd in
(1, 2, 3) for ƒsx, y, zd = x 2yz 2. space, by gravitational potentials, and by electrostatic potentials. The
two-dimensional Laplace equation
56. Three variables Let w = ƒsx, y, zd be a function of three inde-
pendent variables and write the formal definition of the partial
0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ
derivative 0ƒ>0y at sx0 , y0 , z0 d. Use this definition to find 0ƒ>0y at + = 0,
s -1, 0, 3d for ƒsx, y, zd = -2xy 2 + yz 2. 0x 2 0y 2

Differentiating Implicitly obtained by dropping the 0 2ƒ>0z 2 term from the previous equation, de-
scribes potentials and steady-state temperature distributions in a plane
57. Find the value of 0z>0x at the point (1, 1, 1) if the equation
(see the accompanying figure). The plane (a) may be treated as a thin
xy + z 3x - 2yz = 0 slice of the solid (b) perpendicular to the z-axis.

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996 Chapter 14: Partial Derivatives

∂ 2f ∂ 2f water as the waves go by. We see periodic vertical motion in time.

 20 In physics, this beautiful symmetry is expressed by the one-dimen-
∂x 2 ∂y
sional wave equation

0 2w 0 2w
(a)
2
= c2 2 ,
0t 0x

where w is the wave height, x is the distance variable, t is the time vari-
able, and c is the velocity with which the waves are propagated.

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
 2  2 0
∂x 2 ∂y ∂z

(b) x
x

In our example, x is the distance across the ocean’s surface, but in

other applications, x might be the distance along a vibrating string,
distance through air (sound waves), or distance through space (light
Boundary temperatures controlled
waves). The number c varies with the medium and type of wave.
Show that the functions in Exercises 69–75 are all solutions of
the wave equation.
Show that each function in Exercises 63–68 satisfies a Laplace 69. w = sin sx + ctd 70. w = cos s2x + 2ctd
equation.
71. w = sin sx + ctd + cos s2x + 2ctd
63. ƒsx, y, zd = x 2 + y 2 - 2z 2
72. w = ln s2x + 2ctd 73. w = tan s2x - 2ctd
64. ƒsx, y, zd = 2z 3 - 3sx 2 + y 2 dz x + ct
74. w = 5 cos s3x + 3ctd + e
65. ƒsx, yd = e-2y cos 2x
75. w = ƒsud, where ƒ is a differentiable function of u, and u =
66. ƒsx, yd = ln 2x 2 + y 2 asx + ctd, where a is a constant
67. ƒsx, y, zd = sx 2 + y 2 + z 2 d-1>2
68. ƒsx, y, zd = e 3x + 4y cos 5z Continuous Partial Derivatives
76. Does a function ƒ(x, y) with continuous first partial derivatives
The Wave Equation throughout an open region R have to be continuous on R? Give
If we stand on an ocean shore and take a snapshot of the waves, the reasons for your answer.
picture shows a regular pattern of peaks and valleys in an instant of 77. If a function ƒ(x, y) has continuous second partial derivatives
time. We see periodic vertical motion in space, with respect to throughout an open region R, must the first-order partial deriva-
distance. If we stand in the water, we can feel the rise and fall of the tives of ƒ be continuous on R? Give reasons for your answer.

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