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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The advent of wavelet transform techniques with their ability to

focus on system transients provide an effective and reliable method for
accurate and fast protection of power system components. A wavelet based
signal-processing technique is an effective tool for power system transient
analysis and feature extraction. Robi Polikar’s Tutorials on Wavelets Part I –
IV has been referred for understanding wavelets and its basics. The efficient
representation of a signal as a linear combination of elementary atoms or
building blocks is central to much signal processing theory and many
applications. Wavelet provides a powerful, flexible, and efficient method for
selecting an Orthonormal Wavelet. That is matched to a given signal in the
sense that the squared error between the signal and some finite resolution
wavelet representation of it is minimized. An efficient design of Orthonormal
Wavelet bases for signal representation has been explained by Jian-Kang
Zhang et al (2004).

2.2 WAVELET TRANSFORM APPLIED TO POWER SYSTEMS

Robertson et al (1996) has explained the use of wavelet transform

to analyze electromagnetic transients associated with power system faults and
switching. It shows that the frequency domain data produced by the wavelet
transform may be useful for analyzing the sources of transients through
manual or automated feature detection schemes. Santoso et al (1996) have
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explained about the choice of mother wavelet for different power system
applications. For short and fast transient disturbances db2, db4 and db6 are
recommended while for slow transient disturbances db8 and db10 are
particularly good.Heydt and Galli (1997) have used wavelets for identifying
power system transients. Fernando and Ali Abur (1998) have discussed the
use of wavelet transform for time resolution of high frequency components of
fault transients. Hongkyun Kim et al (2004) have explained a wavelet based
neural network technology for the detection and classification of the various
types of power quality disturbances. Zhu (2004) has worked out the method
for calculating effective values of voltage and current in the wavelet domain.
Chilukuri et al (2004) have expressed about a simple time-frequency based
pattern recognition technique for detection, classification and quantization of
power quality disturbance waveforms. This paper uses S-Transform to obtain
the time-frequency characteristics of power quality events. It also suggests
wavelet transform for the same purpose.

Zhang H. et al (2007) describes implementation of wavelet

transform techniques to reject noise from on-line partial discharge
measurements on cables. A new wavelet threshold determination method is
proposed with the technique. With implementation of this novel de-noising
method, PD measurement sensitivity has been greatly improved. Zhou-Sheng
Zhang and Deng-Ming Xiao (2008) proposed a new wavelet-based denoising
technique for on-site PD measurement of power cables. It aimed at applying
discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with better denoising effect to on-site PD
measurement. Ma et al (2002) proposed a new selection procedure for
automated wavelet and thresholding for Partial Discharge signal detection in
the cables.
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2.3 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION

Ampol Tungkanawanich and Zen-Ichiro Kawasaki (2000) have

discussed the ground fault discrimination in power distribution systems based
on wavelet transform using artificial neural network. In that, wavelet
transform is used for the time-frequency analysis of transients. Youssef
(2002) has experimented classification techniques and feature extraction
schemes using wavelet transform for the protection of long transmission line.

Francisco Martin and Aguado (2003) have focused the Wavelet

Based ANN Approach for Single Transmission Line Protection which
explains a preprocessing module based on discrete wavelet transforms in
combination with an artificial neural network for detecting and classifying
fault events. The DWT acts as an extractor of distinctive features in the
signals at the relay location. This information is then fed into an ANN for
classifying fault conditions.

Osman and Malik (2004) have discussed the Protection of Parallel

transmission Lines Using Wavelet Transform which depends on three line
voltages and six line currents of the two parallel lines at each end and Wavelet
Transform for fault detection and fault discrimination in the lines. Guobing
Song et al (2005) have implemented a novel time-domain fault location
algorithm for parallel transmission lines using two terminal currents.

2.4 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR PROTECTION

The sample synchronous generator details are referred from the

work of Pope (1984). Taalab et al (1999) have given an artificial neural
network based internal fault detector algorithm for generator protection.
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Barendse et al (2005) have discussed the use of Motor Current

Signatures Analysis, the Extended Park’s Vector Approach and the Discrete
Wavelet Transform to detect the turn faults in a doubly-fed induction
generator. For simulating interturn fault in the generator winding, parallel
connected resistor scheme is given in this paper.

Ferran Garcia Garcia and Ramon Julian Alcantara (2006) have

described about “100% stator ground fault protection of unit connected
generators - a comparison of two protection methods”. Subharmonic
Injection Simulation technique for stator earth fault is referred from their
report.

2.5 POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Santhosh Kumar Pandey and Sathish (1998) have explained a new

tool for fault detection in power transformers during impulse tests using
Multiresolution signal decomposition. This approach is based on wavelet
transform analysis, particularly the dyadic Orthonormal Wavelet Transform.
The key idea underlying the approach is to decompose a given faulty neutral
current response into other signals represent a smoothed and detailed version
of the original.

Jong-Wood Kim et al (2005) have analyzed fault diagnosis of a

power transformer using an improved frequency-response analysis. In this
paper, the frequency-response analysis, deemed as a suitable diagnostic
method for electrical and mechanical faults of a transformer, is employed to
make a decision over a defective phase.

The structure and algorithm of ANFIS are reported in the paper

“Nonlinear System Identification based on ANFIS” by ZhixiangHou et al
(2003).
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2.6 CONCLUSION

From the literature survey, it is found that the researchers working

in the area of power system protection so far used wavelet for feature
extraction purpose and to estimate the fault current. Based on the fault
current, magnitude type of fault is classified. Wavelet based computational
intelligence approaches like ANN/Fuzzy are used by the researchers for the
analysis of Power Quality problems. In this work, the wavelet based
Computational Intelligence Approaches such as ANN, GA-BPN AND ANFIS
are proposed for the classification and detection of fault in the protection of
parallel transmission lines, Synchronous Generator and Power Transformers.