ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Mr. S. K. Srivastava(A.E.)

Doordarshan Kendra Allahabad who provided me all facilities and interacted
in such a way that I never hesitated in approaching him in time need .I am
also thankful to Mr. A.A. Ansari who extended all his help and support
during my training and helped me a lot in understanding several principles
of transmitters.
I would also like to pay my sincere thanks to all my teachers
in my institute whose selfless efforts in teaching in past few years were
realized by me during numerous in past few years were realized by me
during numerous stages of my training.

Date: 29 July 2010 AKASH SINGH YADAV

Place: Allahabad B.tech (3rd year)
Electronic
I.E.R.T. Allahabad
 CERTIFCATE

This is the certify that MR. AKASH SINGH YADAV of I.E.R.T.

Allahabad, studying in 3rd year of B. tech in Electronic has undergone “
Practical Training” as vocational trainee in our organization from 1 July to
30 july2010(four week).

During his training period his character and conduct were found
excellent.

Date: 29 July 2010 Mr.S.K. Srivastava

Place: Allahabad (A.E.)
Doordarshan Kendra
Allahabad
INTRODUCTION:

The very first program which was broadcasted in India was

provided by UNESCO. It was broadcast in 1959 from experimental TV
centre installed in New Delhi.
In 1983, 15th of august a low Transmitter of Doordarshan was
established in Allahabad. It was low height transmitter having 30 mtr. The
range of this transmitter initially 25 km.
But now this transmitter is High Power Transmitter which has 155 mtr
height. It has 70 km range. Initially it was only on really basis, now it is
capable of transmitting recorded programs. The studio of Doordarshan
Kendra was established in 1990 near Mumfordganj.
Doordarshan Kendra

Doordarshan Kendra has following rooms for functioning the

apparatus and controlling them :
1. Studio
2. Central Apparatus Room (CAR)
3. Production Control room (PCR)
4. Remote Control Unit (RCU)
5. Dimmer Room
6. Switch Gear Room
7. A.C. Plant Unit
8. Electronic News Gathering Room (ENG)
TV Studio:

It consists of following equipments:

1. Lights
2. Hoist
3. T.V.Camera

1. Lights :

Lights used in studio are basically halogen tubes and halogen bulbs. The
maximum temperature generated in these lights is approximately 8200K. It
consist of mainly halogen tubes and halogen bulbs. The power of these light
are 2KW, 1KW and 500W.

2. Hoist :

It is a lifting device which has a long metallic tube. It can bear a limit of
100 Kg weight. It can be moved up and down by using Servo Mechanism
Principle

3.T.V. Camera :

At Doordarshan Kendra Allahabad Bosch company’s camera model no.

KCM 125 is used. But now SK 888 CCD is used which modulates 12
channels.
Central Apparatus Room(CAR):

This room has the mainframes of all the equipment. It is

divided in five racks. These five racks have different mainframes hardware
of different system. This rack contains camera rack, SPG (Sync pulse
generator). This rack contains main frames of stab amplifier, VDA and
switcher. Other two racks have main frames of other system like remoter
control etc.

Program Control Room(PCR):

It also known as production control room. The video and

audio o/ps from different studios and other sources are terminated on
separate control panel.

1. Switcher :

It is the circuit by which we can preview or present the opps.

We can introduce so many special effects in the scene. It has two types
system by which it can operated either manually or automatically. By
switcher we can control the proportional of saturation, iluminance and hue in
scene.
It has three types of bars:
Cross bar : 1,2,3,4……………….
White bar : Used for present or preview.
Green bar : It is known as o/p bar.
Following special effects can be operated on the scene:
1. Mixing or Dissolve
2. wipe
3. Keying
• Downstream keying
• Upstream keying
• Chroma keying
 2.Audio control panel :

This pannel has all controlling circuitry used for controlling audio
signal so that we can obtain good audio signal. It has two separate pannels
each having 8 channels. Each pannel have gain control, noise control
switches and power supply.
• Audio tape recorder is used for audio recording.
• PCR also contain a computer to control the various aspects of
outputs of the signals.
• PCR contains monitors having output of cameras, preview
(PRW), program (PROG), VTR.
Remote Control Unit (RCU) :

RCU has the remote circuitry of all remote handled units. It has remote
control of stablising amplifier and remote control circuit of studio. RCU also
has many CROs and other measuring instruments as which we can saw the
variation, by changing them remotely.
STAB (Stabilising Amplifier) :

The RCU has all remote circuitry of stab. We can vary the
properties of saturation, luminance, hue and burst etc. according to
our requirements.

VCR :

Video cassette recorder is used to record a program shooted in the

studio.
Light Control Disk(LCD) :

LCD panel is used to control the lights intensity in the studio. It has
3- phase supply R-Y-B, each having 24 keys. So there are 72 light switches.
These scene can be applied at scene A & scene B keys. For changing the
appropriate scene we can change the corresponding power supply. It has also
provided a master key by which we can control the light.
Dimmer Room :

This room has main frame of LCD. It has dual electronic

dimmers. Thyristors are used to control the light intensity in dimmers. It also
has frequency meter, voltmeter and ammeter to measure the frequency,
current and voltage of the supply respectively.

Patch panel :

Dimmers o/p are connected to patch panel. It specifies that

which light is to be low. It also provides light number. In Patch Panel→ cold
patching is used, therefore, it does not spark.

Switch Gear Room :

In switch gear room 11 KVA supply comes from the power sub
station and after many processing 440 volts supplied to the various
equipments of various room of Doordarshan Kendra. It has given a name
switch gear because it has switched with gears. Gears are used to produce
more torque to easy to switch the supply.

11KVA→OCB→METER→TRANSFORMER →440V
↓

MAIN ← BUSBAR ← ACB(AIR

SWITCHER CIRCUIT BR-
↓ EAKER)
(CCW PANEL)
(600A –ISOLATED)

(ON-OFF SWITCH)
A.C. Plant :

A.C. Plant of Doordarshan is a double story building. The lower

room of A.C. Plant has three system of 10(TR) tons each. This is used to
cool the control room. The upper room of the A. C. Plant has four system of
15 tons each. This is used to cool the studio.

Operation Principle :

The Compressor compressed the Freon-22 at a very high

pressure and send to it into the filter the vapour converted into droplets. Now
this compressed gas is passed through the expansion valve so that an
adiabatic change in volume of Freon-22 is take place, due to change in the
state of Freon-22 from liquid to gas phase. Due to this adiabatic change the
temp of Freon-22 goes very down. This gas is passed through a cooling coil.
The air is blow over the coils so that it becomes cold. The Freon is now
taken through the condenser coil. Now it is at low pressure and high temp.
The cold water is continuously fall on these coils and cold water is taken
again into the compressor. The hot water is taken into the cooling bar whose
where by sprinkle fall of water it is cooled again.
The cooled air is taken through the duct and reached at
required area. The return duct pulls the air from the different areas and
passed over the cooling coils so that the extra humidity changes into water
droplets. Thus the humidity control and cooling action takes place. There are
thermostats as sensors and relay are in operation for the required temp.
maintain the required area.
FILTER→EXPANSION VALVE→COOLING COIL→CONDENSER
↑ COIL
↓
← ← ← ← ← COMPRESSOR

Electronic News Gathering (ENG) Room :

This room is used to collect the news from outside the studios.
It has following equipments:
Camera and other equipments related to news gathering.
TRANSMITTER :

The 10 KW Thom cast TV Transmitter consist of dual

Drivers, One CPU Card, Five 50V/120A PSUs. Ten numbers of P.A. Units,
Two numbers of 12V Power supply for Driver units, One +5/+12/+24V
PSU for CPU, LCD touch screen, Mux Board, Motherboard for Driver and
CPU, WILKINSON Combiner, Load Network, Diplexer, Input rack,
Monitoring rack, Isolation transformer, AVR, Dummy load and air handling
unit.
Sound and vision channel are amplified separately.
Transmitter is designed to operate in negative modulation.
DRIVER :

A Dual Driver is provided in 10 KW Thomcast Transmitter. In

Auto mode. If one Driver fails, the other Driver is taken- over automatically.
Each Driver is having the following sub-modules.
a. Video +IF Processing.
b. Video IF/RF Converter.
c. Audio + IF Processing.
d. Audio IF/RF Converter.
e. Local Frequency +Interface.

DIPLEXER :

Diplexer are used to transmit more than one channel from

signal antenna. Allahabad, we use two diplexer units to transmit channels
DD1 and DD NEWS from a single transmitting antenna. Basically diplexer
units work as a filter. By using this unit the signal for DD1 channel will not
enter in the path of DD NEWS channel and vice-versa. After combining
DD1 and DD NEWS the RF signal power fed to T- transformer.
Input Rack :

The input rack typically consist of all the essential

equipments required to process route and distribute the program between TV
transmitter & monitoring equipments in the monitoring rack and operators
console.
The program received from satellite receiver is distributed
between the program & monitor switchers when local studio signal is
selected for transmission. The cable between studio master switcher and
transmitter room. The program is routed from one unit to another through
the patch panels. Patch Panels are the heart of input rack. It is from their
panels the operator is transmitter room can bypass the faculty equipment or
route the signal from the place to another. The interconnections between
patch panels and associated equipments are configured, so as to have
minimum patching on the patch panels for normal operations of the
transmitter. When the operator insert the patch cord, the normal route of the
signals breaks and the signal is either diverted out or taken into jack, patch
cord is inserted. The patch panels are labeled on the front panel indicating
normal interconnections between various units.
The remote control panels of these switchers has be either
mounted below the main units in the input rack or in the operator’s console.

Video Processing Amplifier :

Video Processing (STAB) amplifier has been used for

adjusting video signal parameter. The STAB amplifier can be controlled
remotely from console to vary the video gain, chroma gain, black label &
burst phase. The stab output 1 & 2 pre routed via patch panels to the
transmitter as well as selected monitoring in the console.

Audio Line-up :

Using three distribution amplifier the input rack has been

wired to handle stereo program from two TVROs and line i/p. Each dis.
Amplifier is capable of distributing for i/p two ways. One set of output is
routed to a program switcher and other two audio monitor switcher. DA1
distribute the stereo/dual audio program from TVROs and DA2 from line
i/p, DA3 is connected by audio oscillator.
Audio and Video Patching :

Video patch is a vital link distribution network. It is used

as supplement to routing switcher and is useful in real life emergences.

Video line up :

The i/p rack has been used for four program video inputs
and two test patterns generated signal. The VDA and cable equalizer 1 & 2
delivers two video output for each video i/p. The o/p shown a VDA are
distributed between the program switcher and video monitoring switcher is
monitoring rack on video patch panel. Eight channel program switcher has
been used to select inputs. One output of the selected channel available from
the program switcher is fed to the video processing stab amplifier and
second to control console.

Monitoring Rack :

Monitoring rack consists of test and measurement

equipments to monitor various inputs and outputs, while the transmitter is
on. This rack supply with 10 KW TV transmitter is equipped with color
pattern generator. Video test signal generator RF watchman, sideband
analyzer two channel VDA without equalizer, monitoring amp. video
monitor switcher, video patch channel. The watchman displays the forward
and reflected power of the transmitter on the separate analog meters. It also
gives audible alarm in case of high VSWR or excessive power at transmitter
output.
Voice quality can be checked through monitoring
amplifier color pattern generator can be used for transmission of color bars
and other patterns related to receiving testing.
Video test signal generation can be used to check
various parameter like group delays frequency response etc.
Video monitor switcher received the TVRO and line
videos output from equalizer in input rack and set one of them for
monitoring on the preview monitor at the control console.
 CTPG (Color Test Program Generator) offers test
signals for receivers e.g. picture stability, convergence resolution, color
purity.
VTSG (Video Test Signal Generator) used to
check the transmitter performance.

Power Amplification :

The driver generate the low power RF and power

sound RF signal. These signal are applied to chains consisting of identical
parallel wired high gain amplifier. Ten amplifier are used for 10 KW
transmitter system in which two are used for audio amplification and eight
are used for video amplification.

POWER RATING VISION CHANNEL SOUND CHANNEL

5KW 4 AMLIFIER 2 AMPLIFIER
10 KW 8 AMPLIFIER 12 AMPLIFIER

Control System ;

The control unit is a microprocessor board. This

board is associated with control panel and its LCD Touch Screen is to ensure
the command and control function and monitor the safety chain. Safety
chain and power supplies,
a. Monitor and control the transmitter sub-assemblies like Driver,
Amplifier, Safety chain and Power supplies,
b. Automatic operation of transmitter,
c. Interface with operators in local mode,
d. Keeping a log-book concerning the operation the operation of the sub-
assemblies and the executed command.
Control Console :

Under normal operating conditions when the

TV transmitter is used to be operated and monitored remotely, the consol is
used. The CCU is connected with transmitter and other associated racks. The
consol frame has display panel and control panel.
All equipment/components which have in the
monitoring picture/signals quality and transmitter status are mounted on the
display panel. Control units and components are mounted on the control
panel so that the operator can conveniently handle them.
Remote control unit of program switcher,
video/audio monitoring switcher are mounted on the control panel.
A set of header is provided on control panel,
one for varying the program audio to transmitter and other for adjusting the
audio signal kevel to audio monitoring amplifier.