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ABSTRACT
Use of fibres is not new to the construction industry. the use of horse manure/dung, a natural organic fibre
But the way they are being used and its ever
ever-growing by some percentage in the concrete mix to get
varieties have always made it a burning topic for the favourable workability, compressive and flexural
researchers. The principal reason to incorporate fi
fibres strength.
into a cement matrix is to increase the compressive
strength and to improve the soundness characteristics Keywords: High Strength Concrete, Natural Organic
of the resultant composite. Previous studies related to Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Horse Manure/dung,
the use of natural organic fibres in concrete have Designed Mix, Workability, Flexural Strength,
shown strength variation with respect to the various Compressive strength
types of fibres and fibres content. In the present
investigation, an attempt has been made to design a I. INTRODUCTION
high strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete by 1.1 Concrete
proportioning the mix with moisture free pulverized Concrete is a complex corporeality comprises of
natural organic fibres obtained from horse aggregate i.e. coarse and fine compressedunitedly
manure/dung. 11 mixes were prepared separately to with hydrous cement which after desiccation forms a
determine the characteristics and properties of freshly compound stuff. When these collocate aggregate and
laid concrete. 33 cubes were casted for the delicate sand is mixed together with cement and
determination of compressive strength and 12 beams water, the mixture frames easy slurry that is easily
were casted for the determination of flexural strength poured and molded into precise shape. Oftentimes
of concrete. Later study was carried out on this habituation (such as fibrous) is included in the
designed concrete mix by considering different concoction to amend the physical properties of wet
parameters such as fibre content, proportioning of fine mix. Since aggregates occupy about 60–70%
60 or more
aggregates, time (days) and types of tests (Destructive than 70% of the volume of a concrete mix, they play a
and Non Destructive test). Results of the study have significant role on the properties of concrete,
shown that the performance of designed concrete mix including rheological properties of fresh concrete mix,
with different mix proportions and different reflex behavior and durability of hardened concrete
percentage of fibres as additive and replacement of which directly depends on the presence of C-S-H
C gel
fine aggregates are far more efficient and superior to in concrete mass.
the conventional mix. As the proportion of perc
percentage
of fibers is increased, the performance and strength of 1.2 High Strength Concrete
freshly mixed as well as of hardened concrete cubes High-strength
strength concrete is typically recognized as
gets improved. After increment in percentage of fibers concrete with a 28-day
day cylinder compressive strength
in mixes, a stage comes where the quantity of fibers is greater than 35 MPa as per IS code. The deformation
well enough to affect the performance
ormance as well as characteristic of Normal strength concrete is lesser
strength of concrete cube. This research summarized linear performance than High strength concrete. Many
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Aspect ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length animals excrete. The explanation behind this is size of
(l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross stomach of horses which are comparatively small than
section use an equivalent diameter for the calculation other animals. So the duration of food to remain in
of aspect ratio. If the modulus of elasticity of the fiber their stomach is very less which helps in protecting
is higher than the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), their manure somehow from biological effects from
they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile other animals. Horse manure is alternative source of
strength of the material. Increase in the aspect ratio of paper making in paper industry as it is waste material.
the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and It is eco friendly, as it doesn’t have any bad
toughness of the matrix. However, fibers which are environmental effect. . The regular fiber length of the
too long tend to ball in the mix and create workability manure is 10-15 mm. The fiber has a diameter of 0.1-
problems. Some recent research indicated that using 0.3 mm. About 5.56 Megatons of manure is produced
fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact annually in India.
resistance of concrete materials.
1.7 Objective of the Study
1.6 Utilization of Concrete for effective Waste As this study can be done in many ways and with
Disposal many parameters, but according to further clear
Concrete under broad definition of this term, can be objectives are as follows:
an excellent material for the encapsulation of 1. To compare the effect of using horse manure as a
hazardous wastes. Fundamentally, two types of coarse aggregate in concrete by partial
encapsulation are possible. One is a condensed waste replacement of sand.
storage for those wastes, which can later re-processed 2. To compare the effect of using horse manure as an
and recycled and second is dispersed waste disposal additive in concrete by partially addingit as the
system, in which low concentration of hazardous weight of cement.
waste does not produce harmful effects in the 3. To make the comparative study of properties of
encapsulating concrete which therefore can be used as concrete with the parameter likefiber content.
building and construction material. The composition
of Portland cement concrete can be optimized using II. LITERATURE REVIEW
mineral and chemical admixtures, which in 1. “Wastepaper Fibers in Cementitious
themselves can be waste products, for the Composites” by Craig O. Thomas, Robert C.
encapsulation of each particular hazardous waste. Thomas and Kenneth C. Hover(1987)
However, the best results in most cases can be The use of cellulose fibers, reclaimed from waste
obtained with concretes based on hydraulic cements water from paper recycling, as reinforcement in
other than Portland, or on the organic cements and cementitious building products was discussed. An
sometimes with concrete based on the hybrid of two experimental program was based on the development
of the above types. Slag alkaline cements, geo of a material composed of Portland cement mixed
polymer and silica water absorption suspension binder with sludge produced by the treatment of wastewater
can be particularly effective for long term from a paper recycling plant. This sludge was
immobilization of hazardous waste in concrete. composed primarily of cellulose fibers and Kaolinite
clay. The primary obstacle in the development of a
1.6.1 Horse Manure/Dung mixing process was the problem of achieving an
In this research, natural organic fiber from waste intimate mixing of the fibers and the cement, as the
(horse manure) is used as admixture in concrete. The fibers tend to coalesce and form soft inclusions in the
physical composition of horse manure consists of hardened mass. This problem was overcome by
straw, straw pellets, straw flax, flax, wood pellets, introducing the cement in to the sludge prior to
saw dust. The chemical composition of the excreta is chemical or mechanical dewatering, followed by
24.63% crude fiber, 32.84% dry matter, 81.83% vibratory and pressure dewatering of the
volatile organic matter, 18.17% ash and 2.95% ether cement/sludge slurry. Optical and electron microscope
extract. The fibrous amount in the manure would be photographs clearly indicated the differences between
higher of such horses whose diet content having green mixing techniques. Physical properties of the resulting
grasses, plant hay (rice, wheat). The horses does mass were measured as a function of varying mix
anaerobic digestion so their compost, after receiving proportions and mixing techniques. Compressive
moisture free doesn’t smell bad as compare to other strength on the order of 10.3 MPa (1,500 psi) and
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
tensile strength on the order of 2.8 MPa (400 psi) light-weight composites is an emerging field of
have been obtained. research in the field of polymer science and
technology. While, these bio-fibers have numerous
2. “Characteristics of concrete reinforced with advantages, such as low densities, low cost, non-
San fibers” by Siddique R.(1996) abrasive nature, low energy consumption, high
He compared experimental results of the mechanical specific properties, high filling level possible,
properties of the San Fiber reinforced concrete to the biodegradability, etc., over synthetic fibers, the
theoretical model developed by Pakotiprapha et al. absorption of moisture by untreated bio-fibers, poor
Comparison of the theoretical and experimental wetting-ability and insufficient adhesion between the
results showed good agreement. The aim was to polymer matrix and fiber deteriorate the mechanical
determine the physical and mechanical properties of properties of composites made up of these bio-fibers.
natural San (CrotolariaJuncea) fibre and its effect on Therefore, the modification of these fibers is a key
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and area of research at present to obtain optimum fiber-
flexural strength (modulus of rupture) of concrete by matrix properties in the mix.
experimental investigation. The parameters of this
work was Concrete mixtures were prepared with three 5. “Compressive and Flexural Properties of
volume fractions of San fibers viz. 0.25%, 0.50%, Hemp Fibre Reinforced Concrete” by
0.75%, and three fiber lengths viz. 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 Zhijian Li Lijing Wang and Xungai Wang
mm. (2006)
The compressive strength and flexural strength
3. “Toughness Characteristics of ArengaPinnata properties of hemp fiber reinforced concretes (FRC)
Fibre Concrete” by H. Abdul Razakand T. were examined in this research paper. Natural hemp
Ferdiansyah(2004) fiber was mixed. They concluded that by using hemp
They concluded that addition of ArengaPinnata fibre fiber reinforced concrete beneath the optimum
increased the toughness characteristic of concrete, the conditions, compressive strength increased by 4 %,
positive effects of the fibre become less significant flexural strength increased by 9%, flexural toughness
after 28 days, but still sufficient to give the concrete increased by approximately 144%, and flexural
better toughness properties compared to the plain toughness index increased by around 214%.
concrete. This is due to reaction of the fibers with the Mechanical properties of the FRC were investigated
alkaline pore water in the cement matrix. The study by mixing natural hemp using dry and wet mixing
results an examination on the toughness methods to fabricate the FRC. The main factors
characteristics of the cement concrete containing affecting compressive and flexural properties of the
Arengapinnata fibre. The parameters used in this FRC materials were evaluated with an orthogonal test
specific study were 3fibre lengths of 15 mm, 25 mm, design. Fiber content by weight has the largest effect.
and 35 mm used in two volume portions, i.e., 0.6% The method for casting hemp FRC has been
and 0.8%. The values of toughness index, first crack optimized.
deflection, first crack toughness, toughness indices,
and residual strength factors were presented for ages 6. “A Novel Oil Well Cementing Technology
up to around 180 days. Using Natural Fibers” by M. M. Al. Darbi, N.
O. Saeed, L. O. Ajijolaiya and M. R. Islam
4. “A Review on Pineapple Leaf Fibers, Sisal (2006)
Fibers and their Biocomposites” by Supriya They concluded that the use of human hair, a waste
Mishra, Amar K Mohanty, Lawrence T Drazal, material, in order to replace polymer fibers. Hair
Manjusri Mishra and Georg Hinrichsen(2004) waste has been used as a new natural fiber to reinforce
The review article is concerned with the structure, mortar and cement and improve their impermeability.
composition and properties of PALF and sisal, the The result concerns the effects of human hair fibers
chemical modifications of these fibers and pineapple on the reduction of shrinkage cracking of mortar. The
leaf fibre reinforced thermo-sets, thermoplastics, influence of mix proportions on the plastic shrinkage
cement, hybrids, rubber and bio-composites. The use of human hair fiber reinforced mortar has been
of lingo-cellulosic fibers, pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) studied. The approach selected in this study was based
and sisal as reinforcements in thermoplastic and on the factorial design of experiments. The considered
thermosetting resins for developing low cost and parameters are cement/sand ratio, water/cement ratio,
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
and human hair fibers content. The results showed most strength retention after aging. Recently
that the human hair fibers are effective in reducing the conducted plant trials with these fibers have
plastic shrinkage cracks area of mortar by a confirmed laboratory findings. These fibers are longer
remarkable percentage up to 92%. The aim of the and coarser than most wood fibers and have been
project was to check the damaging effect of plastic found to provide many benefits in fiber cement
shrinkage in cement mortar, and thus the formation of applications due to their high modulus and high fiber
cracks. In the past, the most common research topic strength. The parameters were finely controlled
has been in the areas of polymer fibers that are ranging from 0% to 4%. Laboratory preparations of
expensive and environmentally unacceptable. In the multiple formulations of fiber cement products have
quest of pursuing technologies that are been carried out incorporating these fibers.
environmentally friendly, inexpensive and innovative.
The application for this project concerned was for III. METHODOLOGY & MATERIALS USED
such industries where the pipeline systems are lined
with a protective layer of cement mortar. In petroleum 3. METHODOLOGY
wells, cement slurry is placed in a wellbore to be 3.1 Experiment Background
hardened into an impermeable mass that seals the In order to analyze the strength of concrete, the
annulus from fluid flow and protects the casing from concrete is formed as plain and fibre reinforced
corrosion for the life of the well. When uniform concrete molded as cube of side 150 mm and beam of
linings of neat cement fail in tension, one or more size (700X150X150) mm. The load is applied on the
large cracks are formed and the pressurizing fluid or cube block under universal testing machine for
mud easily flows through the cracks. compressive strength and 3 point loading on beam for
flexural strength, which causes crack or fracture
7. “Chemically and Thermally Treated Vegetable developed on the surface of cube. For this a proper
Fibers for Reinforcement of Cement-Based maintained proportion of fiber is used to attain various
Composites” by M. A. Arsene, A. Okwo, K. data. Using this maintained proportion of fibers, the
Bilba, A. B. O. Soboyeio and W. O. behavior of fresh concrete is also determined.
Soboyejo(2007)
They concluded that acid attack generally degraded 3.2 Mix Design of High Strength Concrete
the strengths, while alkali attack had only a limited Mix design can be defined as the procedure of
effect. Pyrolyzed banana leaves, coconut coir, and selecting appropriate ingredients of concrete and
coconut sheaths fibers were also tested. The determining their virtual proportions with the
implications of the results were discussed for the objective of producing concrete of certain minimum
development of strong cementitious matrix strength and durability as economically as possible.
composites. This paper presents the effects of The purpose of designing as can be seen from the
chemical and thermal treatments on the strength of above definition is twofold. The primary objective is
vegetable fibers that were being considered as to achieve the stipulated target strength and durability.
reinforcements in cementitious matrix composites for The subsequent objective is to make the concrete most
affordable housing. These include vegetable fibers economical. Cost wise all concretes depend primarily
extracted from banana trunks and sugar cane residues. on two factors; namely cost of material and labor cost,
The results suggested that pyrolysis increased the by way of formworks, batching, mixing, transporting
fiber strength, at least by a factor three. and curing is nearly same for high-quality concrete
and low quality concrete. Therefore attention is
8. “Performance of Slash Pine Fibers in Fiber mainly directed to the cost of materials. Since the cost
Cement Products” by J. H. Morton, T. Cooke of cement is many times more than the cost of other
and S. A. S. Akers (2009) ingredients, attention is mainly directed to the use of
They observed High modulus of rupture, high fracture as little cement as possible consistent with strength
energy (toughness), excellent dimensional stability, and durability.
and low water absorption by evaluating Cellulosic
fibers produced by the kraft pulping process from 3.3 Concept used for Concrete Mix Design
slash pine trees (Pinuselliottii), softwood from the It will be important to recall at this stage the
south-eastern US. Accelerated aging tests were also relationship between aggregates and paste which are
run and high performance mix designs showed the the two essential ingredients of concrete. Workability
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
of the mass is provided by the lubricating effect of the sand with 4.75 mm maximum size was used as fine
paste and is influenced by the amount and dilution of aggregates, having specific gravity, fineness modulus
paste. The strength of concrete is limited by the bulk density water absorption as given in the table
strength of paste, since mineral aggregates with rare 3.2. The coarse aggregate with 20mm maximum size
exception are far than the paste compound. The having specific gravity, fineness modulus and bulk
permeability of concrete is governed by the quality density as below (also shown in table 3.2) was used as
and stability of the paste, since slight amount of water coarse aggregates. Both fine aggregate and coarse
flows through aggregate either under pressure or by aggregate validating to Indian Standard Specifications
capillarity. Further, the prime contribution to drying IS: 383-1970
shrinkage of concrete is that of paste. Since the
properties of concrete are governed to a substantial Table No. 3.2 - Properties of Aggregates used in the
amount by the quality of paste, it is accommodation to Study
consider more closely the structure of the paste. The Physical Properties of
fresh paste is a deferment, not a solution of cement in Coarse and Fine Coarse Fine
water. Aggregates Physical Aggregates Aggregates
tests
3.4 Materials Used Specific gravity 2.66 2.66
3.5.1 Cement Fineness modulus (mm) 6.86 2.68
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used. Bulk density (kg/m3) 1540 1780
Water Absorption (%) 0.81 0.80
Table No. 3.1 - Properties of cement used in the study
(Source- Specifications given as per the Ultratech IV. RESULTS
cement manufacturing company)
IS: 4.1 TESTS RESULTS
Physical Properties 12269–1987 4.1.1 Results of Fresh Concrete
Specifications 4.1.2 Slump Cone Tests Results
Le Chat Expansion Table No. 4.1- Tests results of Slump Cone Test
0.8
(mm) Mould Slump (mm)
Soundness
Auto Clave Expansion S1 68
0.062
(%) S2 65
Fineness (m2/kg) 330 S3 63
Standard Consistency (%) 30.5 S4 60
Vicat initial setting time (minutes) 150 S5 57
S6 54
Vicat final setting time (minutes) 225
S7 67
Compressive strength 3-days (MPa) 38 S8 65
Compressive strength 7-days (MPa) 47.6 S9 64
Compressive strength 28-days (MPa) 63.6 S10 62
S11 61
Specific gravity 3.15
The results of slump tests determines that due to
3.5.2 Aggregates increase in the fiber content, there is a indication of
The maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate is very low water cement ratio and hence value of slump
taken as 20 mm. Aggregates of size 10 to 12 mm is decreases with increase in fibrous contents. This is
sought-after for structure having blocked-up due to reason that manure is highly porous and
reinforcement arrangement. Well graded rounded somehow viscous material. Thus when the fiber is
aggregates or cubical aggregate are very much used as a additive in mix proportions, the value of
desirable. The test sample should be of uniform slump starts decreasing randomly. Also when the fiber
quality at all. Fine aggregate can be natural type or is used as a replacement of sand in mix proportions,
manufactured type. The grading must be uniform the value of slump also decreases, but doesn’t
throughout the work. The Locally available natural collapse aimlessly.
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
2456
Graph No. 4.1- Variation in Slump values for different Graph No. 4.2- Variation in Compaction Factor for
mix. different mix.
68 67 65
70 65 63 64 62
60 61 0.940.93
57
CF1
CF2
CF3
CF4
CF5
CF6
CF7
CF8
CF9
CF10
CF11
4.2.2 Compaction Factor Test Results Specimen
Table No. 4.2- Tests Results of Compaction Factor
Test
Wt. of 4.3 Results of Hardened Concrete
Wt. of Fully
Partially 4.3.1 Compressive Strength Test Results
Compacted Compaction
Mix Compacted The Characteristics Compressive Strength of concrete
Cylinder Factor
Cylinder at 3,7 and 28 days was found in N/mm2. It was
(kg.)
(kg.) observed that when fibre is used as additive in
CF1 31.17 33.16 0.94 concrete mix, with increases in fiber content the early
age growth of concrete decreases. The reason behind
CF2 30.86 33.19 0.93 that is due to moisture in concrete due to fiber. But
CF3 30.24 33.24 0.91 when fiber is used as a replacement of sand, with
increase in fibre there is a increase in early age
CF4 29.95 33.28 0.90 growth. This is due to reason that the greater bonding
bondin
CF5 29.32 33.32 0.88 of fibre amongst them. However, the best results at 28
days was in batch CT4 when (6%) fibre is used as
CF6 28.68 33.35 0.86 additive and CT10 when (8%) fibre is used as a
replacement of sand.
CF7 30.49 33.15 0.92
CF8 29.81 33.13 0.90 Table No. 4.3- Tests results of Compressive Strength
Test.
CF9 29.13 33.11 0.88 Compressive Strength
CF10 28.77 33.08 0.87 Cube After 3 days After 7 days After 28 days
KN N/mm2 KN N/mm2 KN N/mm2
CF11 28.10 33.06 0.85 CT1 450 20.00 770 34.22 1150 51.11
CT2 490 21.77 780 34.66 1160 51.55
The result of compaction factor tests also determines CT3 485 21.55 775 34.44 1190 52.88
the similar behaviour of fresh concrete as in slump
CT4 490 21.77 785 34.88 1225 54.44
test. Due to increase in fiber content, there is a very
low water cement ratio because of the porosity of CT5 470 20.88 775 34.44 1210 53.77
manure which renders the mix to be dry and less CT6 460 20.44 750 33.33 1185 52.66
water is available for the lubrication of the ingredients CT7 450 20.00 710 31.55 1155 51.33
of the mix. But also somehow viscous of manure CT8 460 20.44 720 32.00 1185 52.66
which makes the concrete ete mix to gain greater bond. CT9 485 21.55 755 33.55 1215 54.00
Hence the value of compaction factor decreases with
CT10 525 23.33 810 36.00 1255 55.77
increase in fibrous contents in concrete mix and thus
workability reduces. CT11 490 21.77 725 32.22 1190 52.88
21.77 21.77
21.55 20.88 21.55 21.77 CT2 18.5 31.1 49.7
22 20 20.442020.44
CT3 18.1 31.0 50.2
(N/mm2)
17
CT4 19.0 32.5 50.9
12
CT5 18.7 32.3 50.6
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
CT5
CT6
CT7
CT8
CT9
CT10
CT11
CT6 17.8 31.2 50.1
Specimen
CT7 18.1 31.3 49.4
CT8 18.3 31.9 49.8
Graph No. 4.4- Variation in Compressive Strength of
Cubes in 7 days. CT9 19.6 32.4 50.2
36
34.66
36 34.22 34.88
34.44 34.44
33.33 33.55
32.22
Variation in results of rebound value of Cubes in 3
31.55 32 days.
(N/mm2)
31
26 3 Days Results
CT10
CT11
CT1
CT2
CT3
CT4
CT5
CT6
CT7
CT8
CT9
Rebound Value
54.44
55 52.88 53.7752.66 52.66 54 51.77 of Cubes in 7 days.
51.1151.55 51.33
50
45
7 Days Results
40
Rebound Value
52 50.2 50 49.6 4
49.349.7 49.449.8
50 3
48 2
46 1
44 0
42 FS1 FS2 FS3 FS4 FS5 FS6
Specimen
Specimen
Graph No 5.1- Variation in cost (kg/m3) with different VI. CONCLUSIONS&FUTURE SCOPE
mix 6.1 CONCLUSION
1. A slump test results and compaction factor test
Cost Estimation results indicates with increase in fiber content,
workability of mix decreases.
3900
2. It has been found that fiber improves bond
3850 strength. Improvements in concrete properties of
Cost (Rs)
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 1074