Chapter 1

Problem Statement

1.1 Structural Economics

The variation in the design lateral loads affects the size of the structural members like
beams, columns and foundations, which in turn will influence the structural cost of the
building. In present work, the structural cost refers to the cost of the materials that are
structural steel and concrete. The other factors such as labour, non-structural members,
electrical and water fittings, etc, have not been considered.
The comparison of structural costs for the cases considered in current study is called as
structural economics.

1.2 Cases Considered

The structural economics of the building, i.e., the change in the structural cost when the
buildings in the same zone (Zone IV) [15] and with the same plan geometry are analyzed,
designed and detailed for varying soil conditions. Therefore, three cases are formed viz.,
Case I: hard soil case, Case II: medium soil case, and Case III: soft soil case.

1.3 Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) Considerations

The SSI may not be considered in seismic analysis for structures supported on rock or
rock-like material (Cl. 6.1.4, [15]). Therefore, Case-I does not include SSI effects while
other two cases include it.
The SSI effects are incorporated in the analysis as per provisions given in [6, 5, 3] for
Case II and Case III.

1.4 Common Data of Buildings

The live loads are considered as per [13]:
• 1.5 kN/m2, on terrace, for flat roof with access.
• 1.5 kN/m2, on floors, for residential buildings with dwelling units for low-income
housing.

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The dead loads are considered as per [14]:
• 1.0 kN/m2, Floor finishes (including Ceiling finish)
• 2.0 kN/m2, Terrace Water proofing
• 1.0 kN/m2, Terrace finishes (including ceiling finish)
Tie beams are provided at 100 mm below ground level.

1.4.1 Material Properties

Concrete: M20 grade (Since mild conditions, Cl. 6.1.2 [11])
Modulus of Elasticity of concrete, Ec = 5000√fck N/mm2
= 22360.68 N/mm2
Steel: Fe 415 grade
Yield stress, fy = 415 N/mm2

1.4.2 General Assumptions

1. The thickness of external walls and internal walls are 230 mm and 115 mm,
respectively. The thickness of the plaster on both sides of wall is 15 mm. The openings
and balconies are not considered.
2. At ground floor, slabs are not provided and the floor will directly rest on ground.
Therefore, only ground beams passing through columns are provided as tie beams. The
floor beams are thus absent in the ground floor.
3. The main beams rest centrally on columns to avoid local eccentricity.
4. Sizes of all columns are kept same.
5. The floor diaphragms are assumed as rigid.
6. Centre-line dimensions are followed for analysis and design.
9. For analysis purpose, the beams are assumed as rectangular in order to distribute
slightly larger moment in columns. In practice, a beam that fulfils requirement of flanged
section in design behaves in between a rectangular and a flanged section for moment
distribution.
10. Seismic loads will be considered acting in the horizontal direction (along either of the
two principal directions) and not along the vertical direction, since it is not considered to
be significant.

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11. At ground level, the floor beams (FB) are not provided as the floor directly rests on
ground (earth filling and 1:4:8 c.c. at plinth level) and no slab is provided. The ground
beams will be provided at 100 mm below ground level.
12. All dimensions are in mm, unless specified otherwise.

1.4.3 Geometry of Buildings:

All Four-storied RC buildings have plan and elevation as shown in Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2,
respectively.

Fig. 1.1: Plan of Buildings

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 Fig. 1.2: Elevation of Buildings

1.5 Loadings

1.5.1 Dead Loads

The total seismic weight W of the building is calculated by considering all dead loads and
percentage of the live load. The simplest procedure to perform this work is to first
prepare the lumped mass model [1] and then add all the weights at all floor level. The
unit weight of material used in the construction of the building is given in Table 1.1. The
dimensions of the building components are given in Table 1.2. The Dead load of building
components is shown in Table 1.3. The lumped mass model of the building is shown in
Fig. 1.3.

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Table 1.1: Unit Weight of Material of Building Components [12]
Member Density
Beam, Column & Slab 25(kN/m3)
Infills & Parapet 19(kN/m3)
Plaster 20.4(kN/m3)
Water proofing 2 ( kN/m2)
Floor finish 1 (kN/m2)

Roof
M4

K4

M3 G+3

K3

M2
G+2

K2

M1
G+1

K1
G (Tie Beam)

Fig. 1.3: Lumped Mass Model of Buildings

Table 1.2: Dimensions and Number of Building Components

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 No. of Length(m Width(m Depth(m
Building Component Elements ) ) )
Beams 40 4.05 0.25 0.40
Columns Below Tie Beam 25 1.05 0.40 0.40
Columns Above Tie Beam 25 2.75 0.40 0.40
Slab 1 18 18 0.15
Roof (or floor) Finishes 1 17.86 17.86
Outer Walls 16 4.05 0.23 2.75
Inner Walls 24 4.05 0.115 2.75
Plaster & Finishing on Outer Walls 16 4.5 0.015 3.2
Plaster & Finishing on Inner Walls 64 4.05 0.015 2.75
Parapet Wall 1 72 0.115 1
Parapet Finish 2 73.2 0.015 1

Table 1.3: Dead Load of Building Components Lumped at Different Floor Levels
Building component Nomenclature Load (kN)
Columns below tie beam a 105.00
Columns in each storey b 275.00
Outer walls c 778.70
Slab d 1215.00
Floor and ceiling finishes e 318.98
Roof finishes f 956.90
Beam g 405.00
Parapet h 157.30
Inner wall i 584.10
Plaster and finishes on outer wall j 69.90
Plaster and finishes on inner wall k 218.80
Parapet finishes l 44.80

1.5.2 Live Load

The Unit Live Loads acting on building components like roof and floors is taken
according to Table 1.4. The Live Loads acting on the building components are calculated
in Table 1.5 by multiplying their dimensions shown in Table 1.1 and the respective unit
live loads shown in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4: Unit Live Load [13]

Live load on floor 3 kN/m2
Live load on roof 1.5 kN/m2

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Table 1.5: Live Load Acting on Building Components
Building component on which Live Load is Acting Nomenclature Load (kN)
Roof m 121.5
Floor(except ground floor and roof) n 243

1.5.3 Seismic Loads

The total seismic weight W of the building is calculated by considering all dead load and
percentage of the live load. The weight to be lumped at individual floor is calculated and
the total weight W is calculated by adding all the lumped floor weights as shown in Table
1.6. The representation of lumped mass model can be better understood by lumped mass
matrix format as shown in Table 1.7.
As the column sizes are constant, stiffness of all columns will be same. Stiffness of one
column is shown in Table 1.8. The stiffness matrix for the lumped mass model is shown
in Table 1.9. We can easily calculate the mode shapes and frequencies with the help of
stiffness (K) and mass (M) matrices by using the equation given below:
| [K] - 2 [M] | = 0 (1.1)

Table 1.6: Lumped Mass Calculations

Procedure to calculate Weight {Refer Lumped
Table 3.3 & Table 3.5} Weight, Wi Masses
Position (kN) (tonnes)
Roof(14.3) 0.5*b+0.5*(c+i)+d+f+g+h+m+l+0.5*(j+k) 3863.4653 393.8293
G+3(11.1) b+c+i+d+e+g+n+j+k 4107.7958 418.7356
G+2(7.9) b+c+i+d+e+g+n+j+k 4107.7958 418.7356
G+1(4.7) b+c+i+d+e+g+n+j+k 4107.7958 418.7356
Ground(1.5) 0.5*a+0.5*b+g 595.0000 60.6524
Total W=16186.853 M=1650.036

Table 1.7: Mass Matrix for Lumped Mass Model (M) (in tonnes)

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418.74 0 0 0 G+1
0 418.74 0 0 G+2
0 0 418.74 0 G+3
0 0 0 393.83 Roof

Table 1.8: Column Stiffness

column size 400 mm x 400 mm
fck 20 N/mm2
Ec 22360.68 kN/mm2
Ic 2.13E+09 mm4
Height, h 3200 mm
Stiffness, K 436732.03 kN/mm

Table 1.9: Stiffness Matrix for Lumped Mass Model (K) (in N/mm)
8.73E+06 -4.37E+05 0.0 0.0 G+1
-4.37E+05 8.73E+06 -4.37E+05 0.0 G+2
0.0 -4.37E+05 8.73E+06 -4.37E+05 G+3
0.0 0.0 -4.37E+05 4.37E+05 Roof

The calculated base shear V′B by seismic coefficient method for fixed-base building for
all cases is shown in Table 1.10, where seismic weight of building is taken from Table
1.6.

Table 1.10: Calculation of Base Reactions by Seismic Coefficient Method

Quantities Case I Case II Case III
Length (m) 18 18 18
Height (m) 14.3 14.3 14.3
Soil Type Hard Medium Soft
Ta (s) 0.303 0.303 0.303
Z (Zone-IV) 0.24 0.24 0.24
I 1 1 1
R 5 5 5
Sa/g 2.5 2.5 2.5
Seismic Weight (kN) 16186.853 16186.853 16186.853
Ah 0.06 0.06 0.06
V′B (kN) 1118.79 1118.79 1118.79

1.5.4 Load Combinations

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The load combinations as per clause 6.3.1.2 [15] are used for the analysis of building as
given below:
1) 1.5 (DL + IL)
2) 1.2 (DL + IL ± EL)
3) 1.5 (DL ± EL)
4) 0.9 DL ± 1.5 EL
Earthquake load must be considered for +X, -X, +Y and –Y directions. Moreover,
accidental eccentricity can be such that it causes clockwise or anticlockwise moments.
Thus, ±EL above implies 8 cases, and in all, 25 cases as per Table 1.11 must be
considered. The load combinations are reduced to 13 instead of 25 by not using negative
torsion as the building is symmetric. Since earthquake load along Y-direction (EYTP and
EYTN) induces very small moments and shears, the same can be neglected from load
combinations. Load combinations 6 to 9, 14 to 17, and 22 to 25 are thus not considered.
Also, the effect of positive torsion (due to accidental eccentricity) for beams will be more
than that of negative torsion [9]. Hence, the combinations 3, 5, 11, 13, 19 and 21 will not
be considered in design. Thus, the combinations to be used for the designs are 1, 2, 4, 10,
12, 18 and 20, which are shown in bold face in Table 1.11.

Table 1.11: Load Combinations

S. No. Load combination S. No. Load combination
1 1.5 (DL + IL) 14 1.5 (DL + EYTP)
2 1.2 (DL + IL + EXTP) 15 1.5 (DL + EYTN)
3 1.2 (DL + IL + EXTN) 16 1.5 (DL – EYTP)
4 1.2 (DL + IL – EXTP) 17 1.5 (DL – EYTN)
5 1.2 (DL + IL – EXTN) 18 0.9 DL + 1.5 EXTP
6 1.2 (DL + IL + EYTP) 19 0.9 DL + 1.5 EXTN
7 1.2 (DL + IL + EYTN) 20 0.9 DL - 1.5 EXTP
8 1.2 (DL + IL – EYTP) 21 0.9 DL - 1.5 EXTN
9 1.2 (DL + IL – EYTN) 22 0.9 DL + 1.5 EYTP
10 1.5 (DL + EXTP) 23 0.9 DL + 1.5 EYTN
11 1.5 (DL + EXTN) 24 0.9 DL - 1.5 EYTP
12 1.5 (DL – EXTP) 25 0.9 DL - 1.5 EYTN
13 1.5 (DL – EXTN)

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1.6 Modeling
The frame-model developed in SAP [28] consists of beams, columns and footings with
fixed base. The material properties (as defined in section 1.4.1) of these elements are
assigned to the model. Slabs have not been modeled, rather to give a slab action, rigid
floor diaphragm are applied in model so that a particular floor because of slab action
behaves as a rigid body, i.e., all the nodes of the slab in the same plane have same amount
of displacement in its plane. As we know that the superimposed loads are transferred to
the slabs, and then the superimposed loads along with the loads of slab get transferred to
the beams. After this the superimposed load, the slab load and the beam load get
transferred to the columns, and finally these loads are transferred to the footings and
ultimately whole weight of building is transferred to the soil. This is known as load
transfer action.
The dead load of the slab and the superimposed load on the slab are considered as if they
are acting on the beams. Table 1.12 shows the unit load definition of loads acting on the
beam in model. Table 1.13 shows the calculations of these unit loads to be applied on
beams.
The frame consists of beams at floors and roof and they are further subdivided into
exterior and interior beams. This nomenclature is made to distinguish the loading pattern
on these beams. Table 1.14 shows the load application procedure on these beams.
After the load application, the parameters such as response spectrum function (Sa/g Vs Tn)
and scale factor (SF = ZIg/2R) are assigned for our building. The scale factor and
response spectrum used here are equivalent to horizontal seismic coefficient (Ah).

Table 1.12: Unit Load Definition for Modeling

Load Loading Description
Symbo term
l used in SAP
A Slab_Dead Dead load of roof slab on external beams at roof level.

B Floor_Finish Finishes load [roof finish + ceiling finish] on external beams at

roof level.
C Parapet Dead load of parapet wall on exterior beams at roof level.

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D Roof_Live Imposed load on roof slab transferring to exterior beams at roof
level.
E Infill Dead Load of exterior wall on exterior beams at floor level.

F Floor_live Imposed load on floor slab transferring to exterior beams at

floor level.

Table 1.13: Unit Load Calculations for Modeling

Nature Load Dimensions of
Load of Distribution Unit associated Load
Symbol Load Factor weight building part (kN/m)
Width Thickness
kN/m3 kN/m2 (m) (m)
lar
A ∆ 0.5 25 4.50 0.15 8.44
B ∆lar 0.5 1.0 4.50 2.25
C UDL 1 20 1.00 0.13 2.60
D ∆lar 0.5 1.5 4.50 3.38
E UDL 1 20 2.75 0.26 14.30
F ∆lar 0.5 3.0 4.50 6.75

Table 1.14: Loads Applied on Beam Members in Model

Beam Type Load Type Loads
Exterior D.L. of roof slab + Finishes load [roof finishes (including
Roof Terrace waterproofing) + ceiling finish] + D.L. of parapet
Beams wall + Imposed load on roof slab A+3B+C+D
Interior D.L. of roof slab + Finishes load [roof finishes (including
Roof Terrace waterproofing) + ceiling finishes] + Imposed load
Beams on roof slab 2A+6B+2D
Exterior D.L. of floor slab + Finishes load [floor finishes + ceiling
Floor finish] + D.L. of exterior wall + Imposed load on floor
Beams slab A+B+E+F
Interior D.L. of floor slab + Finishes load [floor finishes + ceiling
Floor finish] + D.L. of interior walls + Imposed load on floor 2A+2B+E/2+2
Beams slab F

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12