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CONTENTS
PARTICULARS PAGE NO
CHAPTER 1: FOUNDATION
1.1INTRODUCTION 1
1.2TYPES OF FOUNDATION 1
1.2.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 1
1.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION 4
CHAPTER 2: SOFTWARE ANALYSIS

2.1STAAD 6
2.1.1 STAAD EDITOR 6
2.1.2 ALTERNATIVES FOR STAAD 7
2.2STAAD FOUNDATION 7
2.3 AUTOCAD 8
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1MODELLING(COLUMNS) 9
3.2 LOADS 10
3.2.1 DEAD LOADS 10
3.2.2 LIVE LOADS 10
3.2.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS 10
3.3 ANALYZE 11
3.4 DESIGN 12
3.4.1 DESIGN CONSTANTS: 12
3.5 OUTPUT 13
3.5.1 ESTIMATION 14
i
CHAPTER 4: STAAD FOUNDATION
4.1 GENERAL 16
4.2 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL 16
4.3 FOUNDATION DESIGN 16
4.3.1 COLUMN POSITION 17
4.3.2 COLUMN DIMENSION 17
4.3.3 LOAD GENERATION 17
4.3.4 CREATING COMBINED FOOTING JOB 18
4.3.5 DEFINING THE DESIGN PARAMETERS 18
4.3.6 CONCRETE AND REBAR 18
4.3.7 COVER AND SOIL 19
4.3.8 FOOTING GEOMETRY 19
4.3.9 DESIGN 19
4.4 RESULTS 20
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 21
REFERENCES 22
APPENDIX - Ⅰ 23
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

1.1 Isolated Footing 2
1.2 Combined Footing 2
1.3 Spread Footing 3
1.4 Mat Foundation 3
1.5 Pile Foundation 4
1.6 Drilled Shafts 5
3.1 Property assign for two columns 9
3.2 After assign Complete loads on the 11
columns
3.3 Analyze columns 11
3.4 Axial force 11
3.5 Assigning the design parameter 13
3.6 Property of column 1 14
3.7 Property of column 2 15
3.8 Design of column 2 15
4.1 Column positions 17
4.2 Check column dimension 17
4.3 Check load generation 17
4.4 Job create 18
4.5 Concrete and rebar 18
4.6 Cover and soil 19
4.7 Footing geometry 19
4.8 Shear Force And Bending Moment 20
Software Result
4.9 Shear Force And Bending Moment 20
Manual Calculation Result
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

5.1 Results Of Manual And Software Calculation 21
iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
FM Fixed moments
FC Characteristic Compressive strength of concrete
Fy main Yield strength of main reinforcement
Fy sec Yield strength of secondary reinforcement
Max main Maximum diameter of main reinforcement
Max sec Maximum diameter of secondary reinforcement
Min main Minimum diameter of main reinforcement
Min sec Minimum diameter of secondary reinforcement
S.F.D Shear force diagram
B.M.D Bending moment diagram
D Depth
B Breadth
L Length
W Transverse Load
A Area
KN Kilo newton
m Meter
mm Millimeter
L.L Live load
D.L Dead load
Dia Diameter
iv
TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON FOOTING DESIGN
CHAPTER 1
FOUNDATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the
ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground.
Foundations are classified as shallow and deep foundations. Types of foundations
under shallow and deep foundations for building construction and their uses are
discussed.
It is advisable to know suitability of each types of foundation before their
selection in any construction project.
1.2 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Following are different types of foundations used in construction:
1.2.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

According to Terzaghi, a foundation shallow if its depth is equal to or less than its
width. Following are the types of shallow foundation.
 Individual footing or isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Strip foundation
 Raft or mat foundation
1.2.1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTING OR ISOLATED FOOTING
Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common type of foundation

used for building construction. This foundation is constructed for single column and also
called as pad foundation.
The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads from
structure is carried by the columns. Size is calculated based on the load on the column
and safe bearing capacity of soil.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 1

Rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences moments

due to eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces.
Fig.1.1:Isolated Footing
1.2.1.2 COMBINED FOOTING
Combined footing is constructed when two or more columns are close enough and
their isolated footings overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated footings, but
their structural design differs.
The shape of this footing is rectangle and is used when loads from structure is
carried by the columns.
Fig.1.2: Combined Footing

1.2.1.3 SPREAD FOOTINGS OR STRIP FOOTINGS AND WALL FOOTINGS
Spread footings are those whose base is more wider than a typical load bearing
wall foundations. The wider base of this footing type spreads the weight from the
building structure over more area and provides better stability.
Fig 1.3 :Spread Footing

Spread footings and wall footings are used for individual columns, walls and
bridge piers where the bearing soil layer is within 3m (10 feet) from the ground surface.
Soil bearing capacity must be sufficient to support the weight of the structure over the
base area of the structure.
These should not be used on soils where there is any possibility of ground flow of
water above bearing layer of soil which may result in scour or liquefaction.
1.2.1.4 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS
Raft or mat foundations are the types of foundation which are spread across the
entire area of the building to support heavy structural loads from columns and walls.
Fig 1.4 :Mat Foundation

The use of mat foundation is for columns and walls foundations where the loads
from structure on columns and walls are very high. This is used to prevent differential
settlement of individual footings, thus designed as a single mat (or combined footing) of
all the load bearing elements of the structure.
It is suitable for expansive soils whose bearing capacity is less for suitability of
spread footings and wall footings. Raft foundation is economical when one-half area of
the structure is covered with individual footings and wall footings are provided.
These foundations should not be used where the groundwater table is above the
bearing surface of the soil. Use of foundation in such conditions may lead to scour and
liquefaction.
1.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION

According to Terzaghi, the depth of foundation is larger than its width is called as
deep foundation. Following are the types of shallow foundation.
 Pile foundation
 Drilled Shafts or caissons
1.2.2.1 PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation which is used to transfer heavy loads
from the structure to a hard rock strata much deep below the ground level.
Pile foundations are used to transfer heavy loads of structures through columns to
hard soil strata which is much below ground level where shallow foundations such as
spread footings and mat footings cannot be used. This is also used to prevent uplift of
structure due to lateral loads such as earthquake and wind forces.
Fig 1.5:Pile Foundation

Pile foundations are generally used for soils where soil conditions near the ground
surface is not suitable for heavy loads The depth of hard rock strata may be 5m to 50m
(15 feet to 150 feet) deep from the ground surface. Pile foundation resists the loads from
structure by skin friction and by end bearing. Use of pile foundations also prevents
differential settlement of foundations.
1.2.2.2 DRILLED SHAFTS OR CAISSON FOUNDATION
Drilled shafts, also called as caissons, is a type of deep foundation and has action
similar to pile foundations discussed above, but are high capacity cast-in-situ foundations.
It resists loads from structure through shaft resistance, toe resistance and / or combination
of both of these. The construction of drilled shafts or caissons are done using an auger.
Drilled shafts can transfer column loads larger than pile foundations. It is used
where depth of hard strata below ground level is location within 10m to 100m (25 feet to
300 feet).
Fig 1.6:Drilled Shafts

Drilled shafts or caisson foundation is not suitable when deep deposits of soft
clays and loose, water-bearing granular soils exists. It is also not suitable for soils where
caving formations are difficult to stabilize, soils made up of boulders.

CHAPTER 2
SOFTWARE ANALYSIS
This project is mostly based on software and it is essential to know the details about these
Software’s.
List of software’s used
1. Staad pro (v8i)
2. Staad foundations 5(v8i)
3. Auto cad
2.1 STAAD
Structural analysis and design programming is abbreviated as STAAD.PRO.This
software licensed by Bentley .Staad stands for structural analysis and design. Any object
which is stable under a given loading can be considered as structure. So first find the
outline of the structure, where as analysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads
that acts on the beam and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under
analysis stage. Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist
the load. This we do after the analysis.
To calculate S.F.D and B.M.D of a complex loading beam it takes about an hour.
So when it comes into the building with several members it will take a week. Staad pro is
a very powerful tool which does this job in just an hour’s staad is a best alternative for
high rise buildings. Now a days most of the high rise buildings are designed by staad
which makes a compulsion for a civil engineer to know about this software.These
software can be used to carry rcc ,steel, bridge , truss etc according to various country
codes.
2.1.1 STAAD EDITOR

Staad has very great advantage to other software’s i.e., staad editor. staad editor is
the programming.For the structure we created and loads we taken all details are presented
in programming format in staad editor. This program can be used to analyze another
structures also by just making some modifications, but this require some programming
skills. So load cases created for a structure can be used for another structure using staad
editor.

Limitations of Staad pro:

 Huge output data
 Even analysis of a small beam creates large output.
 Unable to show plinth beams.
2.1.2 ALTERNATIVES FOR STAAD
struts, robot, sap, adds pro which gives details very clearly regarding
reinforcement and manual calculations. But these software’s are restricted to some
designs only where as staad can deal with several types of structure.
2.2 STAAD FOUNDATION

Staad foundation is used to calculate different types of foundations. It is also
licensed by Bentley software’s. All Bentley software’s cost about 10 lakhs and so all
engineers cannot use it due to heavy cost. Analysis and design carried in Staad and post
processing in staad gives the load at various supports. These supports are to be imported
into these software to calculate the footing details i.e., regarding the geometry and
reinforcement details.
This software can deal different types of foundations
1.Isolated (Spread) Footing
2.Combined (Strip) Footing
3.Mat (Raft) Foundation
4.Pile Cap
 Isolated footing is spread footing which is common type of footing.
 Combined Footing or Strap footing is generally laid when two columns are
very near to each other.
 Mat foundation is generally laid at places where soil has less soil bearing
capacity.
 pile foundation is laid at places with very loose soils and where deep
excavations are required.
 So depending on the soil at type we has to decide the type of foundation
required.
 Also lot of input data is required regarding safety factors, soil, materials
used should be given in respective units.

After input data is give software design the details for each and every footing and gives
the details regarding
 Geometry of footing
 Reinforcement
 Column layout
 Graphs
 Manual calculations
These details will be given in detail for each and every column.
Another advantage of foundations is even after the design; properties of the
members can be updated if required.
The following properties can be updated
 Column Position
 Column Shape
 Column Size
 Load Cases
 Support List
It is very easy deal with this software and we don’t have any best alternative to
this.
2.3 AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is licensed by auto desk. The word auto came from auto desk company
and cad stands for computer aided design. AutoCAD is used for drawing different
layouts, details, plans, elevations, sections and different sections can be shown in auto
cad.It is very useful software for civil, mechanical and also electrical engineer.
The importance of this software makes every engineer a compulsion to learn this
software’s. We used AutoCAD for drawing the plan, elevation of a residential building.
We also used AutoCAD to show the reinforcement details and design details of a stair
case. AutoCAD is very easy software to learn and much user friendly for anyone to
handle and can be learn quickly Learning of certain commands is required to draw in
AutoCAD.

TECHNICAL SEMINAR RE
REPORT
PORT ON FOOTING DESIGN
DESI
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 MODELLING (COLUMNS)

(
A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primary

prima to support
axial compressive loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dimension. A
reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of the
resultant thrust of loads supported by column is coincident wit
withh the line of C.G 0f the
column I the longitudinal direction.
Depending upon the architectural requirements and loads to be supported,R.C
columns may be cast in various shapes i.e ssquare
quare ,rectangle, and hexagonal
octagonal,circular.Columns of L shaped or T shaped are also sometimes used in
multistoried buildings.
The longitudinal bars in columns help to bear the load in the combination with the
concrete.The longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral
binders.The binders prevent
event displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting
operation and also check the tendency of their buckling towards under loads.
Fig 3.1 :Property assign for two columns

3.2 LOADS
3.2.1 DEAD LOADS:
Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads compressing the
roof, floor, wall, and foundation systems, including claddings, finishes and fixed
equipment. Dead load is the total load of all of the components of the components of the
building that generally do not change over time, such as the steel columns, concrete
floors, bricks, roofing material etc.
In staad pro assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property
of the member.In load case we have option called self weight which automatically
calculates weights using theproperties of material i.e., density and after assignment of
dead load.
Dead load calculation
Weight=Volume x Density
Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1
3.2.2 LIVE LOADS:

Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include
those from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construction
and maintenance activities. As required to adequately define the loading condition, loads
are presented in terms of uniform area loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line loads.
The uniform and concentrated live loads should not be applied simultaneously n a
structural evaluation. Concentrated loads should be applied to a small area or surface
consistent with the application and should b e located or directed to give the maximum
load effect possible in endues conditions.
In staad we assign live load in terms of U.D.L .we has to create a load case for
live load and select all the beams to carry such load. For our structure live load is taken as
25 N/mm for design.
Live loads are calculated as per IS 875 part 2
3.2.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS:

All the load cases are tested by taking load factors and analyzing the building in
different load combination as per IS456 and analyzed the building for all the load

REPORT
DESI
combinations and results are taken and maximum load combination is selected for the
design Load factors as per IS456
IS456-2000
Fig 3.2 :After

After assign Complete loads on the columns
3.3 ANALYZE
Fig 3.3 :Analyze columns
Fig 3.4: Axial force

3.4 DESIGN
Assumptions in Design:
 Using partial safety factor for loads in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-
2000 as ϒt=1.5
 Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2 is IS-456-
2000 is taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
 Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000
combination of load.
D.L+L.L. 1.5
D.L+L.L+W.L 1.2
Density of materials used:
i) Plain concrete 24.0KN/m3
ii) Reinforced 25.0KN/m3
3.4.1 DESIGN CONSTANTS:

Using M20 and Fe 415 grade of concrete and steel for beams, slabs, footings,
columns.
Therefore:-
fck = Characteristic strength for M20-20N/mm2
fy = Characteristic strength of steel-415N/mm2
 The column design is done by selecting the column and from geometry page
assigns the dimensions of the columns. Now analyze the column for loads to
see the reactions and total loads on the column by seeing the loads design
column by giving appropriate parameters as follows Minimum reinforcement,
max, bar sizes, maximum and minimum spicing.
 Select the appropriate design code and input design column command to all
the column.
 Now run analysis and select any column to collect the reinforcement details

REPORT
DESI
Fig 3.5 :Assigning the design parameter
3.5 OUTPUT:
Due to very huge and detailed explanation of staad output for each and every
coloumn we have shown a column design results below showing the amount of
load,moments,amount of steel required,section adopted etc.
Out put for coloumn 1 and column 2 design :

REPORT
DESI
3.5.1 ESTIMATION:
Fig 3.6 :Property of column 1

REPORT
DESI
Fig 3.7 :Property of column 2
Fig 3.8 :Design of column 2

CHAPTER 4
STAAD FOUNDATION
4.1 GENERAL
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the building or
individual column to the earth .If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations
must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential
settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning.
 Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and
forces and the induced reactions and to assure that any settlements
which may occur will be as nearly uniform as possible and the safe
bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.
 Thickness at the edge of the footing: in reinforced and plain concrete
footing at the edge shall be not less than 150 mm for footing on the soil
nor less than 300mm above the tops of the pile for footing on piles.
4.2 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

The size foundation depends on permissible bearing capacity of soil. The total
load per unit area under the footing must be less than the permissible bearing capacity of
soil to the excessive settlements.
4.3 FOUNDATION DESIGN

Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual
column to earth this loads are to be properly transmitted foundations must be designed to
prevent excessive settlement are rotation to minimize differential settlements and to
provide adequate safety isolated footings for multi storey buildings. These may be square
rectangle are circular in plan that the choice of type of foundation to be used in a given
situation depends on a number of factors.
 Bearing capacity of soil
 Type of structure
 Type of loads
 Permissible differential settlements
 Economy

REPORT
DESI
A footing is the bottom most part of the structure and last member to transfer the
load. In order to design footings we used staad foundation software.
After this input various properties of the structure and click on design.
After the analysis detailed cal
calculation
culation of each and every footing is given with plan
and elevation of footing including the manual calculation.
4.3.1 COLUMN POSITION
Fig 4.1 :Column positions
4.3.2 COLUMN DIMENSION
Fig 4.2 ::check column dimension
4.3.3 LOAD GENERATION
Fig 4.3 :Check load generation

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4.3.4 CREATING COMBINED FOOTING JOB

Now let us create a new job inside this same project to illustrate the process for
designing a combined footing. Click on the “Create a new Job” leaf under “Job Setup”
group in main navigator pane. The Createe a New Job form will open in data area pane.
Enter job name as “Strip1”. Choose Job type as “Combined”” and design code as US.
Transfer both load cases to “Selected load cases” by clicking button. Now click on
“Create Job” button to create a new combined footing job.
Fig 4.4 :Job create
4.3.5 DEFINING THE DESIGN PARAMETERS

Note that after you have created a combined footing job, the left side main
navigator tree view is populated with the “Design Parameter” for “Combined Footing
Job”.
4.3.6 CONCRETE AND REBAR

Here you have to give all the necessary inputs related to concrete and
reinforcement bar to be used.
Fig 4.5 :concrete and rebar

REPORT
DESI
4.3.7 COVER AND SOIL

In this page you have to enter parameters related to clear covers and soil data.
Fig 4.6 :cover and soil
4.3.8 FOOTING GEOMETRY
These are the geometrical parameter used for design.
Fig 4.7 :footing geometry
4.3.9 DESIGN
Next click on “Design”. The design progress report will be generated in the
“Design Progress Report” window. A detailed calculation sheet will bee generated
gene in the
“Calculation Sheet” tab. A graphical report of Bending Moment and Shear Force for the
footing will be generated in the “Combined
“ Footing Graph”

REPORT
DESI
4.4 RESULTS
Fig 4.8 :Shear

Shear F
Force And Bending Moment Software Result
Fig 4.9:Shear Force

orce And Bending Moment Manual Calculation Result

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The results obtained from the analyze software and the manual calculation are
tabulated as follows in the table no.5.1.the results obtained from software analysis shows
higher values compare to manual calculation. The variation in result due to load
combination parameter included in software and which is not involved in manual
calculation.
Table no 5.1: Results Of Manual And Software Calculation
Particulars Manual calculation Software calculation

Maximum B.M 3020.6 kn-m 3449.29kn-m
Maximum S.F 1102.74kn 1250kn
Main Reinforcement top 12mm dia @70mm c/c 10 mm dia @ 60mm c/c
Main Reinforcement bottom 22 mm dia @ 95mm c/c 20mm dia @ 70mm c/c
Distribution Bars top 10 mm dai @ 80 mm c/c 10 mm dia @ 60 mm c/c

Distribution Bars bottom 16 mm dia @ 60 mm c/c 16mm dia @ 70mm c/c
It can also be concluded that the usage of software analysis is advantageous than
manual calculation as it reduce the time of calculation, reduces time in recalculation in
case of failures. It will give a cad file drawing also it can be easily edit. Load combination
will be generated automatically as per the Indian standards codes.

REFERENCES
1. Reinforced concrete Structures by A.K. Jain and B.C. Punmia for design of
columns
2. Fundamentals of Reinforced concrete structure by N. C. Sinha.
3. Reinforced Concrete Vol 1 DR.H.J.SHAH.
4. Reinforced concrete design S N SINHA 3rd edition 2015
Code Books
 IS 456-2000 code book for design of columns.
 SP-16 for design of columns.
 IS 875-Part 1 ( Dead Load ).
 IS 875-Part 2 ( Live Load ).

APPENDIX - Ⅰ
COMBINED FOUNDATION DESIGN(IS 456-2000)
Design For Combined Footing 1
Result Summary
Left Overhang Right Overhang Length Width Thickness
Footing No.
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
1 4.975 4.975 13.950 8.950 1.120
Footing No. Footing Reinforcement

- Main Steel Top Main Steel Bottom Secondary Steel Top Secondary Steel Bottom
1 Ø12 @ 150 mm c/c Ø16 @ 185 mm c/c Ø10 @ 140 mm c/c Ø12 @ 160 mm c/c
Combined Footing 1
For Column 1
Column Dimensions
Column Shape : Rectangular
Column Length - X (Pl) : 0.500 m
Column Width - Z (Pw) : 0.500 m

For Column 3
Column Dimensions
Column Shape : Rectangular
Column Length - X (Pl) : 0.600 m
Column Width - Z (Pw) : 0.600 m
Length of left overhang : 1.000 m
Length of right overhang : 1.000 m
Is the length of left overhang fixed? No
Is the length of right overhang fixed? No
Minimum width of footing (Wo) : 1.000 m
Minimum Thickness of footing (Do) : 100.000 mm
Maximum Width of Footing (Wo) : 40000.000 mm
Maximum Thickness of Footing (Do) : 1500.000 mm
Maximum Length of Footing (Lo) : 40000.000 mm
Length Increment : 50.000 mm
Depth Increment : 50.000 mm
Cover and Soil Properties

Pedestal Clear Cover : 50.000 mm
Footing Clear Cover : 60.000 mm
Unit Weight of soil : 22.000 kN/m3
Soil Bearing Capacity : 100.000 kN/m2
Soil Surcharge : 0.000 kip/in2
Depth of Soil above Footing : 0.000 in
Depth of Water Table : 120.000 in
Concrete and Rebar Properties

Unit Weight of Concrete : 25.000 kN/m3
Compressive Strength of Concrete : 25.000 N/mm2
Yield Strength of Steel : 415.000 N/mm2
Minimum Bar Size : Ø6
Maximum Bar Size : Ø60
Minimum Bar Spacing : 50.000 mm

Maximum Bar Spacing : 400.000 mm

Design Calculations
Footing Size Calculations
Reduction of force due to buoyancy = 0.000 kN
Area from initial length and width, Ao = Lo X Wo = 6.000 sq m
Min. area required from bearing pressure, Amin = P / qmax = 109.137 sq m
Note: Amin is an initial estimation.
P = Critical Factored Axial Load(without self weight/buoyancy/soil).
qmax = Respective Factored Bearing Capacity.
Final footing dimensions are:

Length of footing, L : 13.950 m
Width of footing, W : 8.950 m
Depth of footing, Do : 1.120 m
Area, A : 124.853 sq m
Length of left overhang, Lleft_overhang : 4.975 m
Length of right overhang, Lright_overhang : 4.975 m
Load Combination/s- Service Stress Level

Load Combination
Load Combination Title
Number
1 LOAD CASE 1 DEAD LOAD
2 LOAD CASE 2 LIVE LOAD
3 Generated Indian Code Genral_Structures 1
101 1.000 x DL+1.000 x DL+1.000 x DL+1.000 x DL+1.000 x DL+1.000 x DL
Load Combination/s- Strength Level
Load Combination
Load Combination Title
Number
1 LOAD CASE 1 DEAD LOAD
2 LOAD CASE 2 LIVE LOAD


Applied Loads - Service Stress Level
Axial Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
LC
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
-
Column Number : 1
1 23.562 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1250.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1910.343 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1528.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 35.342 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 21.205 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
101 4768.726 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
102 3814.981 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
-
Column Number : 3
1 33.929 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1600.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 2450.893 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1960.715 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 50.893 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 30.536 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
101 6126.966 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
102 4901.573 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Applied Loads - Strength Level

Axial Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
LC
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
-
Column Number : 1
1 23.562 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1250.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1910.343 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1528.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 35.342 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 21.205 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
201 7153.089 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

202 4577.976 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

203 5722.471 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
204 4291.854 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
-
Column Number : 3
1 33.929 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1600.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 2450.893 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1960.715 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
5 50.893 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 30.536 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
201 9190.449 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
202 5881.887 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
203 7352.358 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
204 5514.269 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Calculated Pressures at Four Corners
Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at

Area of footing
corner 1 corner 2 corner 3 corner 4
Load Case in uplift (Au)
(q1) (q2) (q3) (q4)
(sq. m)
(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (kN/m^2)
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266 0.000
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266 0.000
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266 0.000
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266 0.000

REPORT
DESI
If Au is zero, there is no uplift and no pressure adjustment is necessary. Otherwise,

to account for uplift, areas of negative pressure will be set to zero and the pressure will be
redistributed to remaining corners.
Summary of Adjusted Pressures at Four Corne
Corners
Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at Pressure at

Load
corner 1 (q1) corner 2 (q2) corner 3 (q3) corner 4 (q4)
Case
(kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (kN/m^2) (kN/m^2)
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266
101 99.1266 80.4104 80.4104 99.1266
Check for stability against overturning
Moment Moment Resisting Resisting

Load Ratio Ratio
X Z Moment X Moment Z
Case X Z
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
1 0.000 20.734 1936.678 3018.621 N/A 145.589
2 0.000 699.987 14432.931 22496.022 N/A 32.138
3 0.000 1081.082 21195.587 33036.697 N/A 30.559
4 0.000 864.866 17292.353 26952.885 N/A 31.164
5 0.000 31.101 2065.310 3219.115 N/A 103.506
6 0.000 18.660 1910.952 2978.522 N/A 159.617
101 0.000 2716.430 50436.744 78613.696 N/A 28.940
102 0.000 2173.143 40685.277 63414.483 N/A 29.181
Design for Flexure

Sagging moment along length
Critical load case : 201
Effective Depth = = 1.150m

Governing moment (Mu) =15417.309
15417.309kNm
As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G
G-1.1C
Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) = = 0.479107

REPORT
DESI
Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =
= 3444.291kN/m2
Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) =
= 40783.9270kN
Mu <= Mumax
Hence, safe
Hogging moment along length

m
Governing moment (Mu) = 0.000kNm
kNm
G-1.1C

= 3444.291146kN/m2
Limit Moment Of Resistance (M

( umax) = = 41139.267013kNm
41139.267013
Mu <= Mumax
Hence, safe
Transverse direction

Governing moment (Mu) = 16404.028kNm
G-1.1C

= 3444.291 kN/m2
Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) = = 63789.496332kNm

Mu <= Mumax
Hence, safe

REPORT
DESI
Check trial depth for one way shear(along length)

Critical load case for maximum shear force along the length of footing : 201
Shear Force(S) = 4451.840kN
4451.840
Shear Stress(Tv) = 429.82kN/m2
Percentage Of Steel(Pt) = 0.3803
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19
Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc) = 436.43kN/m2
Tv< Tc
Hence, safe
Check trial depth for two way shear

Critical Load case for Punching Shear Check : 201
For Column 1
6804.628
Shear Stress(Tv) = 887.02kN/m2
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1
Ks = = 1.000
Shear Strength(Tc)= = 1250.0kN/m2

Ks X Tc = 1250.0kN/m2
Tv<= Ks X Tc
Hence safe
Critical Load case for Punching Shear Check : 201

For Column 2
8773.808
2
Shear Stress(Tv) = 1078.6kN/m
1078.6
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1
Ks = = 1.000
2
Shear Strength(Tc)= = 1250.0kN/m
1250.0
Ks X Tc = 1250.0kN/m2
Tv<= Ks X Tc
Hence safe

Selection of reinforcement
Top reinforcement along length
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) =13105.337 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 0.000 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 13105.337 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided
Steel area is accepted
Selected bar Size (db) = Ø20
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 53.133 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size... The
reinforcement is accepted.
Along width
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Provided Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 18752.754 mm2

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000 mm
Bottom reinforcement along length
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 13105.337 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 39661.085 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 39661.085 mm2

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = = 50.000 mm

Along width
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 20426.755mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 41183.702mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 41183.702mm2
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = = 50.000 mm
Provided Reinforcement
Main bar no. for top Reinforcement :Ø10
Spacing of top reinforcement bar :53.133 mm
Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is
Ø10 @ 50 mm c.c.
Main bar no. for bottom Reinforcement :Ø20
Spacing of bottom reinforcement bar : 69.921 mm
Ø20 @ 65 mm c.c.
Distribution bar no :Ø16
Spacing of distribution bars : 67.716 mm
Ø16 @ 65 mm c.c.
Distribution bar no.(Top) :Ø10
Spacing of distribution bars(Top) : 58.067 mm
Ø10 @ 55 mm c.c.

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CONTENTS

1.2.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION 1

1.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION 4

CHAPTER 2: SOFTWARE ANALYSIS

2.1.1 STAAD EDITOR 6

2.1.2 ALTERNATIVES FOR STAAD 7

3.2.1 DEAD LOADS 10

3.2.2 LIVE LOADS 10

3.2.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS 10

3.4.1 DESIGN CONSTANTS: 12

4.2 BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL 16

4.3 FOUNDATION DESIGN 16

4.3.1 COLUMN POSITION 17

4.3.2 COLUMN DIMENSION 17

4.3.3 LOAD GENERATION 17

4.3.4 CREATING COMBINED FOOTING JOB 18

4.3.5 DEFINING THE DESIGN PARAMETERS 18

4.3.6 CONCRETE AND REBAR 18

4.3.7 COVER AND SOIL 19

4.3.8 FOOTING GEOMETRY 19

FIG.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

TABLE NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

1.2 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

1.2.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1.2.1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTING OR ISOLATED FOOTING

Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common type of foundation

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 1

Rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences moments

1.2.1.2 COMBINED FOOTING

Fig.1.2: Combined Footing

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 2

1.2.1.3 SPREAD FOOTINGS OR STRIP FOOTINGS AND WALL FOOTINGS

Fig 1.3 :Spread Footing

1.2.1.4 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS

Fig 1.4 :Mat Foundation

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 3

1.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION

1.2.2.1 PILE FOUNDATIONS

Fig 1.5:Pile Foundation

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 4

1.2.2.2 DRILLED SHAFTS OR CAISSON FOUNDATION

Fig 1.6:Drilled Shafts

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 5

2.1.1 STAAD EDITOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 6

Limitations of Staad pro:

2.1.2 ALTERNATIVES FOR STAAD

2.2 STAAD FOUNDATION

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 7

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 8

3.1 MODELLING (COLUMNS)

A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primary

Fig 3.1 :Property assign for two columns

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 9

3.2.2 LIVE LOADS:

3.2.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 10

Fig 3.2 :After

Fig 3.3 :Analyze columns

Fig 3.4: Axial force

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 11

3.4.1 DESIGN CONSTANTS:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, C.I.T, KODAGU Page No. 12