User Guide v2.

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 User Guide v2.0

Table of Contents
1.  Preface 1
2.  Operating System Support 1
2.1.  Microsoft Operating Systems 1
2.2.  Installing the Dongle 4
2.3.  Installing the X-Rite i1 Pro Spectrophotometer 4
3.  Color Profiles Overview 6
3.1. Optimizing the MFP 6
3.2. Color Profiles 6
3.3. Target Chooser 6
3.4. Target Reader 7
3.5. Target Averager 7
3.6. Data Viewer 7
3.7. Profile Builder 7
3.8. Profile Viewer 8
4.  Target Chooser 9
4.1. CMYK Characterization Targets 9
4.2. The User Interface 9
4.3. Printing Characterization Targets 10
5.  Target Reader 12
5.1. The Measurement Instrument 12
5.2. Measuring Targets 12
6.  Target Averager 18
6.1. Average Targets 18
7.  Data Viewer 19
7.1. The Overall Structure 19
7.2. The Left Pane 20
7.3. The Center, Bottom and Right Panes 20
8.  Profile Builder 25
8.1. The Menu Bar  25

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8.2. Profile Parameter Optimization 26

8.3. Characterization Data 27
8.4. Rendering Intent, Table Size and Version 27
8.5. Black Width 29
8.6. User Comments 29
8.7. Build Profile  30
9.  Profile Viewer 31
9.1. Main Window 31
9.2. Profile Selection 32
9.3. Profile Header 32
9.4. Profile Views 33
10.   Technical Background  44
10.1. The Problem of Color Reproduction 44
10.2. Color Management 44
10.3. Device-Independent Color and Colorimetry 44
10.4. Color Matching and Color Difference 45
10.5. The Architecture of Color Management 46
10.6. Generic and Custom Profiles 48
10.7. Calibration and Characterization 48
10.8. The ICC Profile Format 49
10.9. ICC Workflows 50
10.10.  ICC Rendering Intents 50
10.11.  Printer Characterization 52
10.12.  The Forward Model 52
10.13.  The Role of the Black Colorant 53
10.14.  Gamut Mapping 54
10.15.  Profile Construction 54
10.16. A Note About Optical Brightening Agents 55
11.  Spot Colors Overview 57
11.1. The Use of Spot Colors in Industry 57
12.  Workflow Overview 59

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12.1. Setting Preferences 59
12.2. Defining the Printing System 59
12.3. Defining the Colors 60
12.4. The Import Window 60
12.5. The Export Window 62
12.6. Soft Proofing 62
12.7. Using the Named Color Profile 62
12.8. Spot Color Printing via PDF File 62
13.  Spot Color Profile Creator 63
13.1. The Import and Export Windows 63
13.2. Spectrophotometer Selection 66
13.3. The Profile Creator Window 67
14.  Profile Manager 72
14.1. Named Color Profile Selection 73
14.2. Printer Selection 74
14.3. Action Selection 74
14.4. Selecting Named Color Patches 76
14.5. Printing Named Color Patches 77
15.  Patch Reader 80
15.1. File Selection 80
15.2. Spectrophotometer Selection 81
15.3. Color Patch Measurement 81
16.  Spectrophotometers Usage 85
17.  Spot Colors in Adobe® Applications 86
17.1. Printing Spot Colors from PDF  86
18.  References  96
19.  Glossary  96
Appendix 1 - Printing the Characterization Test Target 101

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1.  Preface
Welcome to the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool. Color Profile Tool software is designed
to optimize the accuracy of color reproduction in the TOSHIBA family of Multi-Function
Printer (MFP) products. It does so by producing ICC output device profiles and ICC
named color profiles from characterization data. Profiles are data objects in color man-
aged workflows, where color flows from input devices to output devices. Color Profiles
application provides all the functionality necessary to measure characterization targets
and view the resulting data, generate ICC output profiles and examine their content.
Spot Colors application provides all the functionality necessary to generate ICC named
color profiles, manage the profile data communication with the MFP and measure the
spot color reproduction accuracy.
The resulting improvements in color reproduction will appear only with the print path of
the MFP. e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool will not affect scanner or copier color reproduc-
tion.

2.  Operating System Support

e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool is a suite of software applications that run on:
• Microsoft™ Windows XP or newer and either 32-bit or 64-bit
The application is delivered to you as “e-BRIDGEColorProfileTool.msi” installer pack-
age downloaded from a central distribution location.

2.1.  Microsoft Operating Systems

2.1.1. Installation
To install e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool onto your computer, simply double-
click on the downloaded “e-BRIDGEColorProfileTool.msi” installer package. If
you already have an installed older
version (i.e. e-BRIDGE Color Pro-
file Tool V1.0) on your computer, a
message box will appear, instruct-
ing you to remove the already in -
stalled version prior to continuing
with the current installation. In or-
der to remove the installed older
version, you can either use Add/
Remove Programs (in Windows
XP) or Programs and Features (in
Windows 7) from the Control Pan -
el. Alternatively, you can use the “Uninstall e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool” from
the Start Menu → All Programs → e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool. After suc-
cessfully removing the older version of the software, you are able to install the
new version by double-clicking on the new “e-BRIDGEColorProfileTool.msi”
installer package. In a moment, the Installer will present the setup welcome

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screen shown below.

Simply click the ‘Next’ button to proceed though the installer wizard. The
installer will first prompt you to read and accept the License Agreement as
shown in the following figure.

The installer will next prompt you for an installation location. The e-BRIDGE
Color Profile Tool will be installed in the Program Files directory and it is rec-
ommended you accept this default location, as shown below.

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Press “Next” button to install the software in the chosen location. The “Ready
to Install” window appears as shown below.

Only “Typical” Setup Type is available for installation. Confirm the Destination
folder location and press “Install” button to proceed with the installation. The
installation process may take a few minutes to complete. Once the installation
is complete, you will have a desktop shortcut and a program group populated
with all the applications and documentation for the e-BRIDGE Color Profile
Tool applications.

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2.1.2. Removal
From the Start menu, go to All Programs → e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool and
select “Uninstall e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool”.

2.2.  Installing the Dongle

Without the dongle attached, e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool applications will
run with limited functionality. The dongle driver installation is completed as
part of the software installation. The dongle is plugged into any USB port of
your PC after installing the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool software. If you al-
ready had the USB dongle connected during the software installation, you will
need to unplug the dongle and plug it back to the USB port. You may need to
wait until the Windows operating system finds the device driver. You can skip
obtaining driver software from Windows™ Update.

2.3.  Installing the X-Rite i1 Pro Spectrophotometer

For Windows, the driver for your X-Rite i1 Pro spectrophotometer must be
installed on your computer prior to using the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool
software that requires the spectrophotometer. This can be downloaded from
the X-Rite web page (www.xrite.com). Select the “Support” tab and choose
“Downloads”. Download the file to a temporary folder on your hard drive and
unzip the package. When you attach the i1 Pro to your computer and the
“New Hardware” wizard starts, point to this folder for the drivers. You can
skip obtaining driver software from Windows™ Update. After the wizard com-
pletes, you can remove the temporary folder.

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3.  Color Profiles Overview

Welcome to the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool, Color Profiles application! In this section,
we will present methodology to help you get the best results from the e-BRIDGE Color
Profile Tool. The following describes this procedure in greater detail.

3.1. Optimizing the MFP

Perform any required maintenance on the machine to ensure that the print qual-
ity is at an optimum level before proceeding.
Before beginning the process of creating a profile, make sure that the MFP is
properly warmed up. Otherwise the profile may not correspond to the actual
print conditions in normal use. A typical warm-up time is 25 prints.
Following warm-up, perform a standard “of f-the-glass” calibration, in which a
print is output and scanned from the platen glass. This calibration procedure
is accessible through User Functions on the MFP Operations Panel. After the
target is printed, it is recommended that several sheets of the same media be
placed on top of the calibration page as it is being scanned by the MFP. This
allows the system to calibrate itself without any other tools or equipment. For
further details see the MFP User Guide.

3.2. Color Profiles
To begin the process, launch e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool by double clicking
the “feather” icon. It opens a window which has two icons, Create Profiles and
Spot Colors.
The bottom left icon enables the user to exit the application. The user can ac-
cess help by clicking on the help icon in the bottom right.
Preferences can be accessed using the File pull down menu. Preferences al-
low the user to define the default locations in which the e-BRIDGE Color Profile
Tool will store the output data and profiles. It also allows the user to specify the
Monitor profile to be used when using the applications.
The Color Profiles icon opens a new window that provides access to all the op-
erations to create an output profile, enabling the user to measure targets, view
the measured data, build profiles and view the contents of the profile after it has
been constructed. These operations will now be described.

3.3. Target Chooser
Several CMYK characterization targets are provided that work
very well with Color Profiles. It is recommended that these targets
be used. The targets are described with details in Section 4. The
CMYK characterization target should be printed without color
management on the MFP. These procedures are described in
Appendix 1.

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3.4. Target Reader
The next step after printing the characterization target is to measure it using the
X-Rite i1 Pro spectrophotometer. Note that the EFI ES-1000 is also i1 Pro and
is fully compatible with e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool applications.
For Target Reader to work, an X-Rite i1 Pro must be plugged
into a USB port of the computer. The application provides
spectrophotometer selection interface to reserve the connected
spectrophotometer for exclusive use by this application. The user
must release the spectrophotometer from this application for it to
be able to be used by another application in the e-BRIDGE Color
Profile Tool.
A sophisticated interface is provided, so the user can quickly and
easily measure the targets. See Section 5 for details.

3.5. Target Averager
The best accuracy is obtained whenever multiple targets are
used and averaged, so it is recommended that you print at least
two sets of targets - one rotated 180 degrees and then average
the readings. See Section 6 for details.

3.6. Data Viewer
After measurement, the user can view the data in several ways. Clicking on
the Data Viewer icon starts the Data Viewer application. The
last measured target is persistent across applications, so you
can stop one day and pick up where you left off on the next day.
Data Viewer not only displays the data, but takes it through the
forward model (CMYK to LAB) and displays adherence to the
forward model. If appropriate, the LAB values can be corrected
manually.
Characterization File Details provides some basic CGATS header information
about the data. More details of Data Viewer can be found in Section 7.

3.7. Profile Builder
Clicking on Profile Builder icon starts the application which pro-
duces an ICC output profile from the CGATS characterization
data, for a CMYK device.
By default, Profile Builder’s parameters are set to produce high-
quality profiles for Toshiba MFPs. The user can change these
default settings if necessary -- for instance, to make a profile op-
timized for graphics. See Section 8 for an in-depth explanation
of these control parameters.

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3.8. Profile Viewer
Clicking on the Profile Viewer icon starts the Profile Viewer appli-
cation. While the best way to test an ICC profile is to use it to print
a number of different critical test images, this application allows
the user to view internal profile data in a number of ways.
Analysis can be made of RGB data through a source and the
destination profile to examine the neutral scale, color scales and
color gamuts. Profile Viewer functionality is described with details in Section 9.

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4.  Target Chooser
4.1. CMYK Characterization Targets
To characterize an output device, a target file is selected and printed. A set
of characterization targets has been prepared for Toshiba printer characteriza-
tions and this application helps you to select an appropriate target file.
The targets were made to be measured using the X-Rite i1 Pro Spectrophotometer.
They are in PDF format and must be printed without any color correction en-
abled in the print path.
They have associated CGATS data defining the CMYK values. When the tar-
gets are measured, the CMYK and LAB data are merged into a CGATS-format-
ted file and used for building the ICC profile.
The following table summarizes the available CGATS data sets.

Filename Number Number File Source Visual or

Patches Pages Random

CharTarget_320.pdf 320 1 Toshiba Designed V

CharTarget_IT8-73R.pdf 928 3 ANSI/IT8.7/3-2005 R

CharTarget_ECI2002R.pdf 1485 5 ECI R

CharTarget_IT8-74R.pdf 1617 6 ANSI/IT8.7/4-2005 R

Although other industry standard targets can work well with Profile Builder, the
above targets have been thoroughly tested for this application. Use of targets
different from those listed above are not recommended.
The Choose Target application enables easy selection of one of these four files.
The files should open in a PDF reader and typically this is Adobe Acrobat or
Acrobat Reader (a free application). Other readers such as Global Graphics
qDoc Fusion will also work well. If no application can be found which handles
PDF files, then an error window will open.

4.2. The User Interface

The main window, shown in the figure below, is divided into three panels. The
left panel contains a list of available target files you may use to characterize
your device. The main panel provides a visual display for each page in the
characterization target file. The bottom panel allows you to open the character-
ization target file with the application associated with PDF files, such as Adobe

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Reader. You may print the characterization target with this application. The
center of the bottom panel displays the name of the characterization target file
and the current page within that file. You navigate back and forth through the
pages with the green arrow icons on either side of the file name. You can also
use the keyboard to navigate the pages with the “Page Up” and “Page Down”
keys.
You can open the current file by either clicking on “Open Target” or use the
keyboard with <CTRL>+P.

4.3. Printing Characterization Targets

The following is a checklist for printing characterization targets on Toshiba MFP
products.
• The MFP must be well maintained. Make sure you service it regularly.
• Make sure the MFP is warmed up before calibration.
• Perform a glass calibration on the print media used to print characterization
targets.
• Turn off all color management and disable any driver color alteration.

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• Use the PostScript pass-through printer driver for the selected Toshiba
MFP.
• Select smooth halftoning mode for general profiles.
• Print from Adobe Acrobat™ or Adobe Reader™.
• Print rotated samples -- for example at 00, 900, 1800 and 2700.
• Do not resize the test targets.
• Specific directions for your Toshiba MFP are listed in Appendix 1 at the end
of this document.

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5.  Target Reader
5.1. The Measurement Instrument
All the above test targets have been generated with patch arrangements and
separations for X-Rite i1 Pro readings (note that the X-Rite i1 Pro may also
be referred to as the Eye-One Pro). If the media has significant amounts of
brighteners, it is recommended that an instrument with a UV cut filter be used.

5.2. Measuring Targets
The Read Target application is easy to use and provides feedback to the user
about the accuracy of readings.

5.2.1. Spectrophotometer Selection

From the “File” drop-down menu, select “Spectrophotometers”, which will open
the following window. If you already have one or more i1 Pro Spectrophotometers
connected to your PC, their serial numbers will be listed on the window.
If there are any non-reserved
spectrophotometers available, one of
them will be automatically reserved
by the application. If you prefer to
use another spectrophotometer in
the list, first release the spectrometer
already reserved, by selecting the
appropriate entry and selecting
the “Release” button. Select the
Spectrophotometer you would like
to use for target measurem ent, and
then select “Reserve” button. The
application name “Target Reader”
will appear next to the selected
Spectrophotometer serial number.
The “Target Reader” application now
owns the spectrophotometer until it is released using this window, or until the
application is closed.

5.2.2. Target Selection

Target Reader opens with the following window. There are two tabs on the left
pane, one to select a target file and the other to examine the patch details. To get
started, click on the target you want to measure and the target will be displayed
in the large right pane. If the target has multiple pages, you can double click
in the white area surrounding the targets to change the view to the entire set of
targets.
The bottom pane shows items important in the measurement of the targets.

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The i1 Pro should be calibrated by clicking on Calibrate. The application will

prompt you to place the spectrophotometer on the cradle to calibrate the device,
as shown below.

The instrument must be placed on the calibration cradle and calibration takes a
few seconds.

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5.2.3. Target Reader Preferences

The preferences for measurement, display and storage of measured data can
be set using File → Preferences. The Reference Device setting represents a
similar device to the one that is currently being characterised. It is simply used
to determine whether that each measured row generally represents the intended
color and to determine the direction
of scanning (i.e. left to right or right
to left). There is only one selection
“Generic” for this selection, which
represents FOGRA39™ data
set. The Display Configuration
setting allows the user to nominate
the display profile to be used to
represent the measured data on the
display device. It is recommended
that you use a recently calibrated
monitor to display the measured
data, using the monitor profile
constructed during the calibration
process. You can either use the
system monitor profile via tick-box
or choose another available profile from the drop-down list. The measurement
options setting allows the user to choose the information that will be saved at
the time of saving the measurement data. There are three possible options: (1)
Lab data; (2) Lab and XYZ data and (3) Lab, XYZ and Spectral data. Lab data
is mandatory since it is used for determining the Forward data model. If Spectral
data is saved, it is possible to view the Spectral Power Distribution when the
saved CGATS data file is re-opened by the Target Reader application.

5.2.4. Target Measurement

After the instrument is calibrated, reading can begin. For new measurements, the
first page should be selected and reading starts at row 1. The red arrow steps to
the next row after each row is successfully read. There are two tones provided,
a higher tone for success and a lower tone for failure. If the movement of the i1
Pro is too fast or if a wrong row is scanned, a low tone is provided and the reading
is not recorded. Some diagnostics are provided at the bottom right corner of the
window.
You can repeat the measurement of any row by clicking on any patch within that
row. Single patches can be read by changing the Measurement Mode to Single
Patches and clicking on the patch to read.
The following figure shows the target after successfully reading two rows.

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After the entire target is read, calculations are made to see how well the readings
fit the forward model. The results are shown in the bottom pane titled Data
Model and an indication of overall Quality is provided. When you select DE2000
in Display Options, the main window indicates forward model deviation and the
color key in the Data Model pane indicates the extent of deviations.
In the following figure, there was a problem with patches in row 3, column F. The
red patch shows a deltaE between 10 and 25. The model shows a poor result
and clearly, this is not acceptable. To fix this, either re-measure the single patch,
or the whole row could be re-measured.

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The row was re-measured and the figure below resulted. Note that the overall
Quality is now very good and there are no significant data outliers.
The target data can now be saved and another target which was rotated 180
degrees and printed at the same time can now be measured. After multiple,
rotated targets are measured, they should be averaged and this is explained in
Section 6.

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6.  Target Averager
6.1. Average Targets
The accuracy of the characterization data can be improved by averaging sev-
eral measurements. When multiple targets have been measured, the Read
Target application provides the functionality to average measurements from the
targets.
Add the CGATS data by clicking “Add targets” and locating the files. Then click
Average to average the LAB data. The View Data application can then be used
to examine the before and after-averaged data if desired.
In this example one 320-patch target was printed in two rotations and each rota-
tion measured and will now be averaged.

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7.  Data Viewer
One of the main factors affecting the quality of an ICC profile made with e-BRIDGE Color
Profile Tool, is the quality of the characterization data used to derive the profile. It is im-
portant to detect excessive noise or inconsistencies in the color measurements prior to
invoking the profile-construction process. Noise can arise from the marking engine, the
printing of the patches, and the measurement process. It is recommended that the target
be printed and measured several times and that the data be averaged.
After measurement, the user can view the data in several ways. Clicking on the Data
Viewer icon opens the application window shown below. The following explains the de-
tails of this application.

7.1. The Overall Structure

There are four main sub-windows to View Data.
The left pane is for selection of CGATS data sets.
The center pane displays the target, the data inspector results and three
CIELAB views of the data.
The bottom pane is for examining the results of the Data Model

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The right pane displays detailed patch data, comparing measured data with
the computed values using the forward model.

7.2. The Left Pane

This area enables you to select one or more data sets for analysis and see
their header information.
Select Data Sets
This pane enables you to specify the measurement data file to be examined.
To select a file, either type the path into the text box, or use Browse to navi-
gate to the desired folder.
Data Sets
One or more data sets can be chosen for comparison and these are listed in
the Data Sets window. Past MFP measurements can be used as references
to compare with currently measured data sets. Also, readings from rotated
targets can easily be compared with View Data.
The Remove button eliminates the CGATS data from the list but does not
eliminate it from the computer.
Data Set Details
The CGATS data contains header information and selected items are listed in
this section of the left pane.
Reference Data
Various reference printing conditions from the printing industry are available
on the internet. Three useful sources can be:
• http://www.fogra.org/
• http://www.npes.org/
• http://www.color.org/
After file selection, there are several ways to examine the characterization
data.

7.3. The Center, Bottom and Right Panes

These three panes enable the assessment of measure data quality . The
main center display window has several important views.

7.3.1. Data Inspector

Clicking on the Data Inspector tab provides two views of the test target.
These are selected by clicking on one of the Display Options at the bottom
of the right pane.
The following figures show the display options: the original color patches and
the deltaE values between the measured values and the model.

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A single page can be displayed by double clicking on the specific page.

The deltaE view shown in the right figure above is color coded by deltaE values
shown in the bottom pane. Selecting the Data Inspector button opens a new
window, which provides information on the state of the characterization data.
The most prominent feature in this window is an im -
age showing the grid of color patches as contained in
the target printed by the MFP.
You have two options for the grid display, The first
view is a colorimetric display of the color patches as
defined by the measured Lab values in the characterization data file. This view
is selected by choosing the Colors option in the Grid Display pane. The second

option, selected by choosing DE2000, presents a pseudo color display of the

grid and will be discussed further below.
Not only is a view of the color patches provided, but insight on how much noise
the data contain is enabled by fitting a mathematical model to the data. This
tool allows you to assess the fit of the model to the measurement data. You
may find some data points lie outside of an acceptable delta-E tolerance. Large
delta-E’s may arise from the color measurement device errors or noise intro-
duced into the printing process. The Data Inspector allows you to modify the
color values for the patches in question or to simply erase them from the data
set.
Clicking on any patch invokes a display of the information about this patch.
For example, double clicking on page 1 of the test target, and then clicking on
the patch E10, we can compare the measured with the modeled data using the
right pane as shown in the following figure.
The pane on the right hand side of the window provides the following informa-
tion:

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Patch Details
• Patch – column and row of the
patch
• SAMPLE_ID – sequential po-
sition of patch in characterization
data file
• Page – target page number

Patch Preview/Compare
• In the top right corner of the
right pane is a single large patch.
The color patch actually pres-
ents two color rectangles, one
on top of the other . The larger
rectangle represents the color
of the measured patch, and the
smaller rectangle represents the
color patch as computed by the
mathematical model. Patches
with particularly large values of
delta-E may be outliers. Such
patches can be re-measured,
with the new Lab values replacing the old values, or they can be deleted.
This capability should be used with caution, since it may be that the data
is not in error and may be reflecting very non-linear behavior of the printing
device.
Patch Information
• Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black – percent dot of given colorant (not editable)
• mod_X – Lab values calculated from the forward model (not editable)
• LAB_X – measured Lab values (absolute colorimetry, editable values)
Display Options
• Color – display in true color
• ΔE2000 – display showing deltaE 2000 units between the measured and
the model data. Differences greater than 1 are generally noticeable. How-
ever, only very large differences should be a cause for concern. The color-
ized grid indicates deviation in CIE DE2000 units between the mathematical
model and the measured color data.
Controls
• Update – updates the model after a change to the L*, a* and/or b* mea-
sured data.
• Remove – deletes this point from the characterization data set (Note: it

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can be restored with the reset button; original characterization data file is
always preserved.)
• Reset – resets any change that has not been saved.
• File → Save – saves current edited state of characterization data; option
to write to new CGATS characterization data file. (Note: the original file is
never overwritten; a new file name will always have the word ‘modified’ ap-
pended to it before file extension).
• File → Quit – quits the View Data application.
Notice that most of the patches are green or blue meaning that the deltaE
values are less than 3.0. There are 12 Yellow patches which shows a deltaE
between 3 and 5.
The Data Quality indicator on the right side of the Data Model panel is a sub-
jective rating of the fit to the forward model. On the figure above, the quality
is marginal. If data is averaged over several printings of the characterization
target, including multiple rotations, it is possible for the data quality to be im-
proved.

7.3.2. Views of CIELAB Data

The measured CIELAB data can be displayed in three views by checking tabs
at the bottom of the main window. You can identify multiple data sets and easily
toggle between them using the keyboard’s up-down arrow keys or you can click
on the dataset name. For example, you may want to compare a characteriza-
tion of the MFP done in the past with one done recently or you may want to
examine the different measurements which have been averaged.

The three plots below show views of the dataset FOGRA39L obtainable from
the Fogra.org web site. This data was created by printing the IT8-73R.pdf tar-
get in two orientations and averaging the data. Irregularities would be reduced
if more printings were averaged.
Note that the plots can be saved (.png files) or printed.

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8.  Profile Builder
8.1. The Menu Bar
Two drop-down menus can be accessed from the Menu Bar by clicking: File
and Help:

8.1.1. File
This menu manages I/O for files which typically contain the set of parameters
controlling profile construction. In addition, you can
read in a profile previously built with Build Profile.

8.1.1.1. Open
Opens either an XML Profile Parameter File (PPF)
or an ICC profile (*.icc) previously created by
Profile Builder. A PPF contains the set of control
parameters to be used by Profile Builder in the
construction of a profile.
If there are problems with color profile generation, the PPF can be sent to
Toshiba Technical Support and a technology expert can diagnose problems,
make changes and return the modified PPF for use in building a profile.
Initially a set of XML files can be found in the Build Profile directory containing
default parameters recommended for Toshiba printers.
Parameter settings are also saved by Profile Builder in private tags of ICC
profiles along with the original characterization data. When opening an
ICC profile, Profile Builder extracts both the parameter settings and the
characterization data. If these private tags don’t exist, an error is displayed.
8.1.1.2. Save
Saves the current parameters in an encrypted PPF under its current name
in XML format.
8.1.1.3. Save As
Saves the current parameters in a PPF, allowing you to change its name and
location. It will notify you if you try to overwrite an existing file.
8.1.1.4. Build Profile
Initiates the construction of the ICC profile. When you select this command,
Profile Builder validates the parameters and asks you to name the new
profile. Once the build process is started, the parameters are fixed.
8.1.1.5. Quit
Closes Profile Builder. The application asks you to confirm saving when you
quit. If you quit without saving parameter changes into a PPF, they will be
lost.

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8.1.2. Help
This menu allows you to access the online help utility for the application and
other information about Profile Builder. You can press F1 at any time while using
Profile Builder for context-sensitive help. You can also access the help system
and browse for the information you need.

8.1.2.1. Profile Builder Help

Opens the help menu for Profile Builder.
8.1.2.2. About
Opens a dialog box with information about Profile Builder, including the
current installed version and copyright data.
8.1.2.3. Legal Notices
Opens a dialog box with legal information about Profile Builder application.

8.2. Profile Parameter Optimization

This provides a selection of the kind of gamut being utilized. There are four
Parameter Optimizations provided initially.
ISO Coated (Version 2)
This setup provides an optimal set of parameters for use with Fogra charac-
terization data.
Optimized for Graphics
This builds a gamut designed to enhance graphic images containing saturated
colors. Selection of this gamut type disables the Black Width control.
Optimized for Images
This default selection is for image rendering which builds a gamut intended
to optimally render contone images. Selection of this gamut type enables the
Black Width control described in Section 8.5.

Custom
This allows you to create your own profile parameter file.

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8.3. Characterization Data
This pane enables you to specify the measurement data file which characterizes

the MFP for Build Profile action. To select a file, either type the path into the text
box, or use the Browse button to navigate to the desired folder.
Mousing over the Data Viewer button indicates its function: “Open the Data Viewer
with the current characterization data”. Selecting the Data Viewer button opens a
new window which provides information on the state of the characterization data.
There is considerable functionality with View Data and a complete description is
provided in Section 7 of this User Guide.

8.4. Rendering Intent, Table Size and Version

Several parameters can be set on the next line.

8.4.1. Rendering Intent

This parameter specifies the default style of reproduction to be used when this
profile is combined with another. In most systems, this parameter is informative
and plays no role in the imaging pipeline. In the ICC system, there are 4 types of
rendering intents which can be specified:
1. Perceptual—This rendering intent adjusts the colors for the most
pleasing reproduction possible on the actual output medium or device; it
is usually the best choice for photographs and similar complex images.
2. Relative Colorimetric—This is the default rendering intent. It is typically
used for proofing, simulation, or other applications where a close match
to the appearance of the original image is desired.
3. Absolute Colorimetric—This option is also used in proofing applications
where a colorimetric match, simulating the paper color, is desired.
4. Saturation—This rendering intent provides the best impact for saturated
graphic images, like charts, diagrams, graphs, cartoons, and other
images where subtle shades and blending aren’t common.
8.4.2. Separation Table Size
This parameter allows you to select the size of the 3-dimensional color look-up

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table which generates the output CMYK values (PCS to device transform). The
options are Small, Medium, and Large. The Large size produces the most accurate
results, but takes the longest to generate. Smaller sizes are useful for testing and
experiment, because they are faster and require less computation to construct.

8.4.3. Neutral Axis Settings

The Neutral Axis Settings pane controls the generation of toner employed to
reproduce neutral tones, from paper white to the darkest achromatic color (Black
Point). In the construction of a profile for a CMYK
printer, the neutral toner balance is defined by
specifying the curve shape of black toner used.
Profile Builder then calculates the CMY amounts in
relation to this black.
There are some additional controls which can be
accessed by clicking on the colored cube icon
button on the right side of the pane. The following
window will then appear.
You can adjust the follow controls:
1. Black Curve Shape (GCR)
The Black Curve Shape is sometimes referred to as
Gray Component Replacement (GCR). It defines
the shape of the curve describing the usage of black
toner on the neutral axis. The slider default value
of 0.5 produces a concave curve; moving it toward
0 increases the degree of concavity, while moving
it toward one shapes the curve into a straight line
between Black Start and Max Black. The CMY
curves are calculated to provide a smoothly varying
neutral gray from black to white.
2. Max Black
Specifies the upper limit on the amount of black
colorant in printing any achromatic color. The
maximum setting is 1.0 (or 100%).
3. TAC
Defines a limit on the Total Area Coverage of all toners
combined in printing any achromatic color. Increasing the TAC limit usually
results in a darker Black Point. Many devices have physical limitations on
toner volume; permitted values range from 2 to 4, representing 200% to
400% area coverage.
4. Black Start (% Cyan)
Sets the percentage of cyan at which black begins to be introduced on
the neutral axis. A Black Start of 0 can increase the stability of the gray
balance, and a higher value can reduce graininess in the highlights.
5. Enforce Monotonicity

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Check this box to prevent CMY colorants from decreasing in value in

the darker neutrals. This setting may alter the achievable TAC value,
because the toners are all constrained to increase or remain constant as
the neutrals get darker.
6. Blue Ridge Check
This is an error condition that can exist if the blue inking (100% cyan
and 100% magenta) is darker than the bottom of the neutral axis. If this
situation is encountered, an optimal profile may not be created. It can be
fixed by doing at least one of the following: (1) increase TAC, (2) if Max
Black is less than 1, make it equal to 1 (3) uncheck “Enforce Monotonicity”
box. It is likely that doing one or more of these will fix the Blue Ridge
violation condition. However, if the violation persists, then you should
reprint and re-measure the characterization targets.

8.5. Black Width
To access this con-
trol select the colored
button on the right
side of the pane. A
dialogue window will
appear. This slider
control determines
the amount of black
toner incorporated
into chromatic colors
off the neutral axis.
The default setting is
0.5; moving the slider
toward 1 increases
the overall amount of
K in the black sepa-
ration; vice-versa
for 0. This behavior
is shown by the 4
CMYK separations
of the test image.
Note how the relative
amounts of CMY to K
vary inversely to one
another as the slider
is moved in its 0 to 1 range. This control in no way affects the toner mix on the
neutral axis. However, it is generally a good idea to have the Black Width set-
ting be proportional to the shape of the Black curve on neutral; i.e. a heavy GCR
shape on neutral will work best with a slider setting greater than .5; similarly, a
very concave K curve, which reflects a light GCR setting, works best with a Black
Width setting less than 0.5.

8.6. User Comments
This pane allows you to insert notes regarding the nature of this set of profile

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parameters, when to use it, and anything else you want to enter . The notes are
stored within the ICC profile and may be viewed with any tool which exposes the
structure and contents of an ICC profile such as the ICC Profile Inspector.

8.7. Build Profile
When you are ready to build the profile, click the “Build Profile” button. Once you
supply the name of the profile, a window appears providing information on the
current state of profile construction.
You may also cancel the build operation with the “Cancel” button.
Note: The profile’s internal description tag will contain the file name because
Adobe applications and Toshiba MFP TopAccess application present the internal
name in their user interfaces instead of the file name.

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9.  Profile Viewer
e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool contains the Profile Viewer application to assist you in verify-
ing the integrity of your ICC Color Profiles. The Profile Viewer application can be started
from the Color Profiles branch. If you launch View Profile from the Color Profiles button,
the last profile you built will be opened. You may also invoke Profile Viewer from the Start
menu, but, in that case, it will not open the last profile created.
Profile Viewer helps you to verify the correctness and performance of an ICC Color Profile.
See Section 10, for a full discussion of ICC profiles and their role in color-management
systems.
Different views, available for each Rendering Intent (see Glossary), provide insight into
various aspects of the profile. The plots are discussed in more detail below.

9.1. Main Window
Profile Viewer’s main window is shown below.

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It is divided into several sections:

• The first section allows you to specify the profile to be examined and shows
the profiles being compared.
• Tabs at the bottom can be selected to see the header information for each
profile.
• There is a section to specify plotting parameters for the different plots shown
on the right-hand window.
• Below the plots are tabs which select the different ways to view the profile
information.
The following sections describe the user interface of Profile Viewer in detail.

9.2. Profile Selection
You can select one or more profiles for viewing using the drop-down selection box
in the ICC Printer Profile section.
Selecting the “Browse…” item from the drop-down selection box
will invoke a standard file-selection dialog, allowing you to choose
the profile you wish to view. All other ICC profiles within the folder
of the profile you select will appear in the drop-down selection for
your convenience.
The figure to the left
shows that two profiles
are being compared,
GRACoL and SWOP.
There is no limit to the
number of profiles that
can be added, but the
plots can become clut-
tered if too many are
displayed.

9.3. Profile
Header
An ICC profile consists of two parts,
a header and the tags. The profile
header contains fields which allow a
color management system to properly
parse and use the profile.
Once you have selected the profile,
you can use the tab at the bottom of
the Profile Header section to view the
header information.
In addi tion to the standard header
fields, profiles created with Color Pro-
file Tool provide a user comment field

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which is also displayed in this section.

The MD5 Signature field is only populated for some ICC Version 4 profiles if the
application which generated the profiles created the signature. The signature
provides a checksum of the profile’s contents to verify that the profile contains the
information the profile designer intended.

9.4. Profile Views
The plotting section of the Profile Viewer window allows you to view effects of
the mathematical transformations contained in the profile. The data plots are
grouped together by function; some plot windows contain multiple plots acces-
sible as tabs within the plot window. The different views can be selected using
the tabs at the bottom of the Profile Views section.

Each plot button is labeled to indicate which aspect of the profile will be present-
ed. The buttons are state retentive, remaining in the pressed-down state while
the plot window is visible. Closing the plot window -- either by pressing the button
or by clicking on the plot window’s Close box -- will release the button from the
pressed-down state.
All plot windows provide a Rendering Intent selection. The plot windows are ini-
tially opened with the default intent displayed in the profile header section. You
are free to change the Rendering Intent for each plot window individually.
“Print…” and “Save…” buttons are available to you if you wish to print or save the
current plot. Pressing the “Print…” button invokes a standard Print dialog where
you may choose the printer and page format. Each plot within the plot
window is printed on a separate page. You may find it more convenient
to save the plots to a folder on your computer. The “Save...” button
invokes a folder selection dialog where you may select the folder into
which View Profile will generate the plot files. The plots are saved in
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format within the selected folder and
given obvious names representing the particular feature of the plot.

9.4.1. Controlling the Plots

Beneath the profile selection sections is an interface to control display
parameters of the plots. For two-dimensional plots, the line style and
line color can be selected. For three-dimensional plots, a number of
parameters can be specified and these will be described in greater
detail in Section 9.4.6 when 3D Gamut plots are described.

9.4.2. Neutral Axis Plot

The Neutral Axis plot displays the profile’s inkings along the neutral axis
from the black point to the white point. The plot displays ink percentage
versus L* (lightness). Each colorant (cyan, magenta, yellow and black)
is displayed individually.

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A plot of output L* versus input L* is plotted in blue showing the actual L* value
achieved through the profile’s transforms.

In addition, the Total Area Coverage (TAC) is computed and displayed in the upper
right hand corner of the window.

9.4.3. Gamut Girdle Plots

The Gamut Girdle plot contains two views of the gamut girdle. The girdle of a
gamut is the locus of points which represent the maximum chroma at a given hue
angle; points on the gamut surface above the girdle contain no black ink whereas
points below the girdle contain some black ink.
Girdle Plot
The Girdle plot displays the profile inkings along the path of the girdle, starting at a
hue angle of 0 and sweeping around the full gamut in a counter-clockwise manner.
The plot displays the ink percentage for each of the primary colorants versus hue
angle in degrees, where the +a* axis is at hue angle 0.
An indicator of profile quality is the purity of colors and the lack of black colorant
on the girdle. The plot was generated in three steps:
1. Generate CMYK values at the gamut girdle.

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2. Map the CMYK through the profile’s device-to-PCS transform (of the
selected Rendering Intent).
3. Convert these LAB values back through the profile’s PCS-to-device
transform (of the same Rendering Intent).

Round-trip Plot
The round-trip plot displays how accurately the profile’s device-to-PCS and PCS-
to-device transforms are mathematical inverses of each other. The plot contains
two projections onto the a*b*-plane.
The blue projection shows the result of transforming the device coordinates of the
girdle through the profile’s device-to-PCS transform (CMYK to L*a*b*) to obtain the
colorimetric coordinates of the girdle.
The red projection is obtained by passing the colorimetric coordinates of the
girdle (as obtained from the blue projection) through the profile’s PCS-to-device
transform (L*a*b* to CMYK) and then again through the device-to-PCS transform
(CMYK to L*a*b*).

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In a well-constructed ICC profile, the blue and the red projections should be
closely overlaid. Appreciable deviations between the two may indicate errors in
profile construction.

9.4.4. RGB Analysis

The RGB Analysis plots help convey how a photographic image would be
rendered through the profile. You can specify both the Rendering Intent and an
RGB ICC Profile which best represents the color gamut of the source data. The
plots reflect how RGB data is transformed by the profile you selected.
There are two RGB source profiles which can be selected:

o eciRGB-v2
o sRGB IEC61966-2.1

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RGB Neutral Axis

The RGB Neutral Axis plot maps RGB neutral values (R=G=B) over the full digital
range to both ink percentages and CIELAB L* values. The ink percentages
and L* values share a common scale on the left of the plot (0…100), and the
RGB code values are presented on the X-axis of the plot from 0 to 255. The
tone scale is drawn in blue from the minimum to the maximum L* values of the
selected Rendering Intent in the profile.
The TAC values and the CIELAB minimum and maximum values are displayed
in the upper right corner of the plot window.

RGB Girdle
The RGB Girdle plot reflects the inkings produced by the selected profile’s gamut
mapping of the RGB girdle. The plot displays the ink percentages versus the
hue angle of the RGB girdle for the selected Rendering Intent.
This plot is similar to the one described in Section 9.4.2, but reflects the entire
RGB to CMYK conversion.
The plot on the right shows the CMYK inkings for an sRGB gamut using the
Perceptual Rendering Intent. Note that pure colors are usually not obtained

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from the pure RGB data, particularly in the cyan region when the sRGB gamut
exceeds the gamut of the CMYK device.

Principal Hue Ramps

The principal hue ramps in the RGB profile can be passed through the PCS-to-
device transform of the selected output profile. The resulting inkings are plotted
from the white point to
the fully saturated color.
The plot is presented
as ink percentages
versus RGB code
value. The code value
represents the removal
of the secondary, or
“unwanted”, colorants,
as the color progresses
from white to the
principal color. For
example, the Red hue
ramp starts at white
(R=G=B=255) and
progresses to pure
red (R=255, G=0,
B=0). In this case, the
code value represents
the amount of the
secondary colorants, G
and B.

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9.4.5. Lattice View

The Lattice Views can be used to evaluate the smoothness of the B2An tables
included in your output CMYK ICC profile. In B2An, the “n” represent the rendering
intents (0 = Perceptual, 1 = Relative colorimetric, 2 = Saturation and 3 = Absolute
Colorimetric). In the Lattice View tab, there are 4 options for separation colorants
(i.e. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black) that can be chosen to view using a radio
button. The following figure shows Cyan colorant selected:

This Lattice view for Cyan colorant attempts to visualize the variation of Cyan
ink over the entire cube of LAB data. There are 32 distinct square areas (i.e.
8 columns and 4 rows) to represent 32 different L* levels from 0 to 100. The
top left corner square represents the L* = 0 whereas the bottom right square
represents the L* = 100. Scanning the squares top to bottom and left to right
increases the L* values in almost equal intervals of 3 or 4. Each square with
a constant L* value contains a* values changing from -127 to 126 in steps of
3 or 4 from left to right (horizontal) direction, whereas b* values change from
126 to -127 in steps of 3 or 4 from top to bottom (vertical) direction. The gray
scale color representation in the Lattice view represents the amount of Cyan ink

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used to represent a particular LAB combination. The darker gray shades represent
low ink amoun ts whereas lighter gray shades represent high ink amounts. The
smoothness of the ink amounts show that the B2A tables of that ICC profile are
well behaved and smooth when representing out-of-gamut colors (gamut mapped),
colors on the gamut boundaries and the in-gamut colors.

9.4.6. Gamut Slices

You can visualize the profile gamut, chroma and hue coverage (gamut boundary)
for each luminance L* level using the Gamut Slices view option tab a*/b*. The a*
and b* axis are drawn at selected L* value ranging from 0 to 100 . The L* selection
can be made using the slider to the left of the plot.
If you choose the L*/Chroma tab for Gamut Slice display, the luminance and
chroma coverage (gamut boundary) for a selected hue can be visualized. The
hue selection, ranging from 0 to 360 degrees, can be made using the slider to the
bottom of the plot.
The gamut slice views are available for all the possible rendering intents of the given
ICC profile. This view can also be used to compare the gamut slices of 2 or more
profiles. The following figure shows a comparison of the gamut boundary between
a Toshiba MFP against the standard FOGRA™ gamut at L* = 50. Different line
styles can be set using the left panel to each of the ICC profiles being compared,
so that they can be identified easily. Profiles being compared on the same plot can
be added or removed by simply double-clicking on the “eye” to the left of the profile
name, on the list.

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There are two different scaling options are available, one to scale the axes to best
fit the current data being displayed and another fixing the range regardless of the
displayed data.

9.4.7. 3D Gamut
You can visualize the profile gamut in three dimensions with the 3D Gamut tool.
The gamut can be displayed in several ways - the gamut surface, a wireframe, the
data points or just the girdle. Some combinations are available.
Various plotting controls
enable you to resize and
Plotting Controls for 3D Gamut move the display and a list
Preset Views: Right-click mouse on plot and choose view is shown in the box to the
left.
Resize: Hold <Shift> + move the mouse from left to right
Multiple gamuts can be
Move Plot: Hold <Shift + Ctl> and use mouse to move plot
compared and views
Rotate: Move mouse over drawing. eliminated by double-
Rotate and keep plot orientation: <Ctl> and move mouse over drawing clicking on the eye to the
Show Grid: Click box in upper right. Increments are 10 CIELAB units left of the profile name.
Eliminate internal views: Check Depth Clipping The figure below shows
the “Look from +L* view” of
Eliminate back surface: Check Black face culling box.
two gamuts. A wireframe
is selected for one and a
surface for the other gamut.

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Double clicking the tab un-docks the window as shown in the next figure and
clicking on the red X in the upper right re-docks the window. For this figure, the
entire gamut of the Toshiba MFP is compared with standard FOGRA39™ gamut.
Toshiba MFP gamut girdle and surface are displayed with the surface opacity set
to 50%. FOGRA39™ is shown using wireframe set to brown.

9.4.8. A2B/B2A Gamut

The A2B/B2A Gamut view is used to compare the forward and inverse transform
characteristics of an ICC profile. Well behaved ICC profiles with matching A2B
and B2A tables will produce gamuts that are quite similar in the shape and the
size, so that when viewed superimposed, will overlap with each other. The follow-
ing figure shows the A2B and B2A gamuts for Perceptual rendering intent, from
a profile constructed using Toshiba MFP characterization data. The A2B gamut
is viewed using a wireframe whereas the B2A gamut is viewed with a true color
surface.

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10.   Technical Background

This section covers some of the conceptual background for understanding the role of
e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool in color printing.

10.1. The Problem of Color Reproduction

Modern computer systems are often used in conjunction with various color pe-
ripheral devices — scanners, cameras, monitors, and printers. The computer
receives color data (text, graphics, or images) from the input devices and sends
color data to the output devices. It is not difficult to arrange for the data transfer:
most color peripherals are designed to handle 3-channel data (RGB) or 4-channel
data (CMYK). However, the quality of the resulting color reproduction can be very
disappointing. The chief problem is that RGB and CMYK are device-dependent
color spaces: the red, green, and blue colors (RGB) corresponding to one device
can be quite different from those of another. Thus, an RGB image captured by a
digital camera and transferred to a computer may not be accurately reproduced
on the computer’s monitor. And the colors seen on a hard-copy print may not be
an acceptable match to those displayed on the monitor. Indeed, the colors dis-
played on a monitor will depend on the display technology (CRT, LCD, etc.), and
the colors on a print will depend on the print technology (ink-jet, thermal, laser,
etc.) Even within the same technology, individual models can reproduce colors
quite differently. For some uses, these discrepancies in color reproduction may
be acceptable, but they can be a serious problem in many applications, especially
in professional environments.

10.2. Color Management
The most effective way to resolve these discrepancies is through the use of digi-
tal color management. Since the devices are connected to each other through
a computer, there is an opportunity to process the color data digitally on the
way from one device to another. The data processing can be done by the host
computer itself or by processors embedded in the peripheral devices. By these
means, the data can be adjusted numerically in such a way that the colors on all
the devices are visually consistent.
To understand how this works, we first need to investigate the concept of device-
independent color.

10.3. Device-Independent Color and Colorimetry

As we have already seen, the main obstacle to consistent and accurate color re-
production is the specification of color in RGB, CMYK, or other device-dependent
color spaces, which mean different things to different devices. Color management
overcomes this obstacle by translating the specification of color into a universal,
device-independent language. This language is based on an understanding of
human color vision: Instead of describing colors in terms of the colorants used in
various processes − inks, dyes, toners, etc. − they can be described in terms of
the interaction of light with the color sensors in the human retina.
Light entering the eye is absorbed in the retina by 4 types of sensor cells, having
different sensitivities. One type is the rod cells, which are active when the eye
is adapted to the dark and do not play a role in normal bright viewing conditions.

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The other 3 are the cone cells. All 3 types of cone are sensitive to the full spec-
trum of visible light, but one type is particularly sensitive to short wavelengths, a
second to medium wavelengths, and the third to long wavelengths. Thus, they
operate independently and provide 3 different views of the world: It is as though
the eye looks out at the world through 3 separation filters. We are not aware of
these separate views as such, because the visual system and the brain com-
bine them to create the subjective experience of a single view in color. But
the separate views captured by the cone cells form the basis of human color
vision. In fact, human color vision is often described as trichromatic, because
it is based on 3 independent views, coming from the 3 types of cone.
The trichromatic system has been analyzed scientifically by conducting experi-
ments in which human subjects are asked to match colors visually that are
made up of different mixtures of colored light. In the early Twentieth Century,
this analysis resulted in the science of colorimetry, which is a system of de-
scribing colors numerically. In this system, it takes 3 numbers to define a color
uniquely, since there are 3 types of cone cells operating independently. The
colorimetric system has been formalized by an organization called the Interna-
tional Commission on Illumination, abbreviated CIE after its name in French
(Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage). A particular set of 3 numbers,
called X, Y, and Z — the coordinates of the CIEXYZ color space —, was es-
tablished by the CIE in 1931 and is still in common use today. Over the years,
the CIE has recommended several other spaces, all based on CIEXYZ. These
other device-independent color spaces include: CIE 1931 xyY, CIE 1960 uvY,
CIE 1976 u’v’Y, CIE 1976 L*u*v* (also called CIELUV), and CIE 1976 L*a*b*
(also called CIELAB). These spaces are colorimetric in the sense that, if two
color samples are presented to an observer with normal color vision and if
they both are described by the same coordinates in any of these spaces, the
observer will find that they are a visual match, even if they have been produced
with different colorants or technologies (inks, dyes, paints, toners, etc.). (The
samples have to be presented under the same viewing conditions; otherwise,
they may not appear as a match.)
The application of colorimetry to practical problems requires a method of de-
termining the XYZ values (or other colorimetric coordinates) corresponding
to given color samples. This amounts to a technique of color measurement.
Optical instruments of various kinds have been designed to provide this ca-
pability, along with software support for analyzing the data and calculating the
quantities of interest. These include colorimeters, spectrophotometers, and
spectroradiometers. The color samples are usually required to be uniform
patches of at least a minimum size, depending on the instrument. For printed
colors, a number of patches will be arranged on a page in a regular pattern
of rows and columns to facilitate the measurement. Some instruments are
manually operated; others can step automatically from patch to patch, record-
ing data for each one. Note that the measurements are specific to a particular
illuminant: If the illumination is changed, the XYZ values will change.

10.4. Color Matching and Color Difference

One may well wonder why the CIE has introduced a number of different color
spaces, when any one of them is sufficient for determining whether two colors
match. One reason has to do with imperfect matches. If two samples have

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identical XYZ values, they will constitute a visual match. But if the values are
slightly different, the samples will not match exactly. It would be useful to have
a method for predicting how large the perceived mismatch will be in such cases.
Some mismatches may be unnoticeable, or barely noticeable, while others may be
quite objectionable. Unfortunately, the differences in the XYZ values do not serve
as a good measure of the perceived difference between the samples because hu-
man visual sensitivity is not uniform over the space. One of the advantages of the
CIELAB space is that the differences in the L*a*b* values provide an approximate
measure of the perceived difference. The CIELAB color-difference formula calcu-
lates a quantity called “delta-E” or “dE”, which has been found to have reasonable
correlation with subjective estimations of color difference. In mathematical nota-
tion, delta-E is properly written as ∆E*ab and is defined as the Euclidean distance
between 2 points (colors) in L*a*b*-space. It is also sometimes called “delta-Eab”
or “delta-E76” to distinguish it from improved color-difference formulas, such as
∆E*94 (“delta-E94” or “dE94”), defined by the CIE in 1994, or ∆E*00 (“delta-E2000”
or “dE2000”), defined by the CIE in 2000, which are also in wide use.

The following table provides an example of the different ∆E*ab , delta-E94 and
delta-E2000 values due to a 1.0 change in a*. Notice that delta-E2000 is greater
than ∆E*ab in neutrals and near neutrals and less than ∆E*ab in the more saturated
colors. The improved color-difference formulas are in better agreement with stud-
ies on subjective estimation.
CIELAB Reference CIELAB Sample
Color ∆E*ab ∆E*94 ∆E*00
L* a* b* L* a* b*

Neutral 50 0 0 50 1 0 1.0 1.0 1.45

Near
50 5 5 50 6 5 1.0 0.83 1.13
Neutral

Dull Red 50 20 20 50 21 20 1.0 0.59 0.65

Red 50 50 50 50 51 50 1.0 0.39 0.44

Bright
50 80 80 50 81 80 1.0 0.29 0.35
Red

For some purposes, instead of looking at the total color difference it is useful to
separate it into components. The L*a*b*-space can be transformed into polar co-
ordinates, called L*C*h*, representing psychometric lightness, chroma, and hue,
respectively. Then the difference between two colors can be resolved into ΔL*,
ΔC*, and Δh*, the lightness difference, chroma difference, and hue difference.
These are also written dL, dC, and dh.

10.5. The Architecture of Color Management

Device-independent color, based on CIE colorimetry, is the key to color manage-
ment. In a typical scenario, an RGB image is acquired from an input device —
for instance, a photographic-print scanner, or more commonly a digital camera.
Images can be sent directly to an output device – say a color laser printer − or

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inserted into a document by using a page construction application, such as

Adobe InDesign or QuarkXpress, and then printed. If the digital RGB values
are simply passed through the computer unchanged, the resulting print is un-
likely to match the colors of the original photographic print. In order to obtain
a match, it is generally necessary for the computer to modify the RGB values.
But how can these modifications be determined?
In principle, it is possible to formulate a mathematical transformation from the
input RGB to the output RGB and to adjust this transformation, by trial and er-
ror, until the results produce a satisfactory visual match. But this transforma-
tion would be specific to a particular combination of input and output conditions
— not only the particular scanner, but the particular photographic paper, and
not only the particular printer, but the particular paper stock. Since a computer
system may have a large variety of color peripherals (scanners, cameras, moni-
tors, printers), many of which can be operated in different modes and condi-
tions and with different materials and media, which are likely to change or be
replaced from time to time, the number of transformations required can become
overwhelming.
A better approach is to separate the transformation into two steps: First, the
RGB values from the input device are converted to a device-independent
space, such as XYZ. Subsequently, the XYZ values are converted into new
RGB values suitable for the output device. There are now two transforma-
tions required, but they are independent: That is, the input transformation is
independent of the output device, and the output transformation is independent
of the input device. In a system with multiple devices, this greatly reduces the
number of transformations that need to be precomputed and stored, because
you don’t need to provide a transformation for every possible input-output com-
bination: The input and output transformations are stored separately and ap -
plied sequentially as needed.
Furthermore, the required transformations are conversions between a device-
dependent space (RGB, CMYK) and a device-independent space (such as
CIEXYZ), so they can be based on colorimetry. In the case of a scanner, for
instance, a set of color patches on a particular photographic paper can be put
through the scanner, and the corresponding RGB values can be acquired and
saved. The same color patches can be measured with a colorimeter to obtain
the corresponding XYZ values. Based on a statistical fit to these data values, a
mathematical transformation can be derived to convert RGB to XYZ — for the
given scanner and photographic paper. This process is called color character-
ization.
A printer or other output device can be characterized through a similar process.
If it is an RGB printer, it can be used to print one or more pages of color patches,
consisting of various combinations of RGB values. The colors of these patches
can be measured with a colorimeter or spectroradiometer to determine their
XYZ values, and a mathematical transformation can be determined to convert
RGB to XYZ. A similar procedure can be used for a CMYK printer. For an
output device, however, it is necessary to determine the inverse transforma-
tion, from XYZ to RGB or CMYK. The inverse process is more complicated,
however, and will be discussed below.
Display devices (monitors) are usually regarded as output devices, but they are

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often used for input. A graphic artist can create images on a computer system,
using visual feedback from the monitor. The colors that need to be reproduced
accurately are then the colors displayed on the monitor. A monitor can be char-
acterized by displaying patches of known RGB drive values and measuring the
colors with a special instrument.
The characterization of a peripheral device results in a device color profile.
This is a data file containing the information the computer needs to process
color data so as to obtain accurate color reproduction from that device. It may
contain one or more transforms from the device space to a device-independent
space or from a device-independent space to the device space.
In modern color-management systems, profiles must be made available for the
color devices connected to the computer. The computer must also have soft-
ware components that make use of these profiles to process color data. These
components constitute a Color Management Module (CMM) and are normally
included with the operating system, but in some cases they are supplied by
software applications, such as Adobe Photoshop.

10.6. Generic and Custom Profiles

Where do the profiles come from? A profile is often created for a particular
device by its manufacturer. This is necessarily a generic profile, corresponding
to a typical example of a particular model. Some profiles are distributed along
with the operating system or a software application. These are also generic.
However, indiv idual units of a given model vary somewh at from one another
(and from the typical unit) in their color characteristics, owing to finite tolerances
in manufacturing. They can also vary because of environmental effects (tem-
perature, humidity) in the site where they are installed. Accordingly, generic
profiles may not be sufficiently accurate for some users’ applications. In that
case, a custom profile may be needed for the device, specific to the individual
unit and its environment.
Color Profile Tool is a set of software applications which creates custom pro-
files, based on the measurement and analysis of color patches printed by the
Toshiba MFP device.

10.7. Calibration and Characterization

A further complication is that color devices tend to change their characteristics
over time. Mechanical parts can wear or loosen, electrical components can
drift, materials can fade or evaporate, and noticeable changes in the reproduc-
tion of color can be the result. Sometimes these changes require maintenance
or repair, but more commonly the device can be readjusted to its initial condi-
tion. Another cause of change is the use of new media, differing with respect
to white point, calendering, coating, etc. A useful way to accommodate these
inevitable changes is to calibrate and recalibrate the device from time to time,
to restore it to a predefined state.
Calibration must be distinguished from characterization. Calibration requires
measurements and the creation of numerical data files, just as characterization
does, but it is a simpler process. For a printer, calibration typically requires

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the printing and measurement of a series of single-colorant patches — for in-

stance, a series of increasingly darker patches of cyan colorant alone, magenta
alone, yellow alone, and black alone. The measurements may be made with
a densitometer, which determines the optical absorption in the colorant layer,
rather than visual color. The measurements can then be analyzed to create
calibration data files, which can then be downloaded into the printer, where they
restore the behavior of the printer to a known condition. Characterization, on
the other hand, requires the printing and measurement of many more patches,
most of them involving overprints of 2, 3, or 4 colorants. And the mathematical
techniques for analyzing these measurements, such as those used in Color
Profile Tool, are correspondingly more complicated.
Typically, a printer is calibrated prior to characterization. The resulting profile
then describes the color-reproduction properties of the printer when it is in the
calibrated state. If there is a drift in the state of the printer, the profile will no
longer be valid, but the printer can subsequently be recalibrated, and the profile
will then be valid again.

10.8. The ICC Profile Format

Early color-management systems were strictly proprietary. The companies
that developed the processing software defined their own file formats for the
device profiles. It was soon realized by the industry that it was preferable to
have a standard format, so that profiles could be interchanged among sys-
tems. Various companies came together in 1993 to form the International Color
Consortium ( ICC), in order to define and promote a common profile format,
so that scanner vendors, monitor vendors, printer vendors, software vendors,
and computer vendors could create compatible profiles that are usable on any
computer platform.
Today the ICC format is in widespread use. Generic ICC profiles are avail-
able for most color peripherals, and ICC-based CMM software is bundled with
Windows and MacOS, as well as popular application programs. There are also
application programs, such as Color Profile Tool, which can create custom ICC
profiles.
The device-independent color space that plays the pivotal role in ICC-based
color-management systems is called the Profile Connection Space, or PCS.
Two choices for the PCS are available in the format: CIEXYZ and CIELAB.
In the ICC system, there are several classes of profiles. There are profiles for
Input devices (scanners, cameras), Display devices (monitors), and Output de-
vices (printers, film recorders). These provide transforms between the device
spaces and the PCS. There is also a provision for DeviceLink profiles, which
connect two device spaces directly, without involving the PCS. ColorSpace
Conversion profiles provide transforms between common color-interchange
spaces and the PCS. Abstract profiles supply artistic effects, implemented as
transforms within the PCS. Named Color profiles provide a conversion from
color names (such as those of the Pantone® system) to the PCS or device
spaces.

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10.9. ICC Workflows
In a typical case (or workflow), a user will want to print a picture captured by a
digital camera. The user will then need an Input profile for the source device
(the camera) and an Output profile for the destination device (the printer). In
some cases, the Input profile will be sent along with the digital picture. (ICC
profiles can be embedded in TIFF/JPEG images.) The Output profile (whether
generic or custom) usually resides on the user’s system. The printing operation
is typically initiated through an application program, which invokes a CMM to
process the color data from source to destination, using the profiles.
Often, the picture is displayed first on the computer monitor before being print-
ed. The destination will then be the monitor, and a Display profile will be re-
quired. Generic Display profiles are often bundled with the operating system,
and custom profiles can be created by special-purpose monitor calibration and
characterization software.
In many cases, RGB images are obtained without specific knowledge of their
origin. They might have come from a digital camera or from scanning a pho-
tograph. They might have been edited and color-corrected by a graphic artist
looking at a CRT or LCD monitor. In cases like this, the images can be treated
as if they are represented in sRGB, a common interchange space. The source
would then be handled by an sRGB profile.
Other scenarios are less common, but still important. The source may be a
CMYK image, either encoded for a particular printing process or for a standard
process, such as SWOP (Specifications for Web Offset Publications). The des-
tination may be a different CMYK printer, so that the original CMYK values need
to be modified by the CMM, using Output profiles for both the source and des-
tination devices. Another scenario involves simulating, or proofing, a printer’s
reproduction of an image on a different process. For instance, a reproduction
on an offset press may be simulated on a laser printer — or even on a monitor
(“soft proofing”). For these reasons, it is important for Output profiles to con-
tain transforms from device space to the PCS, as well as those from the PCS
to device space, since printers sometimes play the role of the source in these
workflows.

10.10.  ICC Rendering Intents

According to the ICC format, a profile consists of a header, followed by a num-
ber of tags. Some of the tags are transforms (device-to-PCS or PCS-to-device),
while others contain descriptive information, as does the header.
In some cases, a profile will contain multiple transforms in the same direction —
for instance, PCS-to-device. That is because the ICC format supports different
Rendering Intents. These implement different aesthetic choices and trade-offs.
Any real color-reproduction process has certain limitations on the set of colors
it is capable of reproducing. The dynamic range of a four-color (CMYK) offset
press, for instance, is limited by the paper and inks employed: The lightest
color that can be reproduced is that of the paper itself, and the darkest color
available is defined by the heaviest overprint of the 4 inks that the press can
hold without smearing (typically less than 400% total area coverage). The most
saturated colors that can be reproduced are limited by the colors of the chro-

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matic inks (cyan, magenta, and yellow) printed individually at 100% or in 2-ink
overprints at 200% coverage. These limitations define the envelope, or gamut,
of printable colors for the process. Given these limitations, there are different
possible strategies available for reproducing the full range of visible colors by
(possibly different) colors within the gamut. These strategies correspond to the
four Rendering Intents defined in the ICC format.
The Perceptual Rendering Intent, for instance, is a strategy that tries to pre-
serve a pleasing level of contrast in the midtones of an image, while retaining
detail in the highlights and shadows (although at reduced contrast). Colors that
are too dark to be reproduced will have to be lightened somewhat, while those
that are too light (lighter than the paper) will have to be darkened somewhat,
but the lightening and darkening are handled smoothly and artfully so as to pre-
serve subtle tonal differences. Colors that are too saturated to be reproduced
by the process have to be desaturated somewhat, while retaining their hue to
the extent possible. This Rendering Intent may alter the appearance of the
source colors somewhat, but with the goal of creating a pleasing reproduction
within the limitations of the process. It is generally used for continuous-tone or
photographic images.
The Saturation Rendering Intent is a strategy that emphasizes the colorfulness
of the reproduction. It is used mostly for graphics or artificial images, where the
colors are chosen for their visual impact, rather than their resemblance to real-
world surfaces. For instance, in printing a pie chart or bar graph, the precise
hue of a red or a yellow is not as important as the vividness or purity of the color.
The Colorimetric Rendering Intents emphasize the accuracy of the color match
between the source and destination. If a color in the source image is within
the gamut of the destination process — that is, if it can be reproduced by that
process —, it will be accurately reproduced. Colors that cannot be reproduced
(colors that are outside the destination gamut) will necessarily be shifted to
similar colors that are reproducible. In some cases, a range of source colors
will all be reproduced by the same destination color, and distinctions among
these colors will be lost. The trade-off in this strategy is to emphasize accuracy
within the gamut at the expense of smoothness and detail retention outside of
the gamut.
There are two types of Colorimetric Rendering Intent, called Absolute-Colori-
metric and Relative-Colorimetric. The Absolute-Colorimetric strategy is aimed
at an accurate visual match for the in-gamut colors, as explained above. (It
is sometimes called ICC-Absolute to distinguish it from a somewhat dif ferent
definition used by the CIE.) Thus, the source and destination images will look
very similar when viewed side-by-side — at least for the in-gamut colors. But
there may be some loss of detail. For instance, if the source process uses a
lighter paper than the destination process, the reproduction may not be able
to match some of the lightest colors in the source image. Light colors that are
distinguishable in the source may all end up being reproduced as blank paper
(0% dot) in the reproduction, and highlight detail may be lost. The Relative-Col-
orimetric strategy aims to avoid this problem by creating a color match relative
to the media. (In fact, it is sometimes called Media-Relative.) In this strategy,
the colorimetry is adjusted on the basis of the color of the paper, so that areas
of the image that are blank (no ink) in the source will be left blank in the destina-
tion. This strategy preserves fine distinctions among colors in the highlights.

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However, it may not create a true visual match: A reproduction on a darker

paper will be darker, not only in the highlights, but throughout the image. The
Colorimetric Rendering Intents are often used for proofing, or simulating one
process on another, and the user has a choice between Absolute and Relative,
depending on the trade-of f between the preservation of highlight detail and a
true visual match within the gamut.
The ICC profile format has undergone several major and minor revisions over
the years. The major versions in common use today are Version 2 (v2) and
Version 4 (v4). Color Profile Tool can generate ICC profiles in either v2 or v4,
according to user preference. In the future, v4 will probably dominate, because
it supports more options for the transforms and other tags. However, most
profiles today are based on v2, and better results are likely to be obtained if
the source and destination profiles are based on the same version. That is
because there has been a small, but significant, redefinition of the PCS in v4.
CMMs may make allowances for this redefinition, but some of them may not
have implemented the necessary changes yet.
More information about the profile format and color management in general can
be obtained at the ICC website, http://www.color.org.

10.11.  Printer Characterization

For Build Profile, the process of characterizing a printer begins with the acqui-
sition of a set of characterization data and ends with the production of an ICC
profile. In between, there are several distinct steps in the process.
The basic input to Build Profile is a characterization data file containing the de-
vice-space values (RGB or CMYK) corresponding to a series of printed patch-
es, along with the colorimetric values (XYZ or L*a*b*) measured on the same
patches. This file must first be created by another program, such as the Read
Target application. After calibrating the printer, a target (that is, an arrangement
of color patches on one or more pages) is printed out and measured, under
control of the program, and the data values are written out to a file on disk.
Normally, the file is written in a standard format, such as the one defined by
CGATS (see Glossary), which can then be read and interpreted by Build Profile.

10.12.  The Forward Model

After the user selects a particular characterization data file, Build Profile opens
the file and reads the data. It then creates a mathematical model — a set of
formulas — that is capable of transforming device-space values into colorimet-
ric values and is of the form
(L*, a*, b*) = f (C, M, Y, K)
This is called the forward model. It involves fitting various parameters statisti-
cally to the characterization data. As with all measured data, the colorimetric
values have limited precision and will be “noisy” — that is, they will have small,
random discrepancies from their true values. Because of the noise in the data,
the forward model will generally not fit the data exactly: Instead, it will fit the
data on the average, but will smooth over the measurement discrepancies to
some extent. The remaining discrepancies, or errors, should be small, and they

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provide a statistical estimate of the precision of the measurements.

A comparison of the measurements with the forward model results can be seen
using the Read Target and View Data applications. In both these applications,
there are options for the user to display the CMYK values for any patch, along
with the measured L*a*b* values and the L*a*b* values obtained by evaluating
the model. The color difference between the measured and the model values
is displayed in terms of the delta-E2000 metric.

10.13.  The Role of the Black Colorant

The forward model can be used directly to create a device-to-PCS transform for
the ICC profile. But, in order to create a PCS-to-device transform, the inverse
of the forward model is required. There are a couple of issues that must be ad-
dressed before the inverse can be calculated.
Since human color vision is trichromatic, a printing process theoretically needs
3 colorants to reproduce a given color. Typically, these colorants are cyan
(which preferentially absorbs the longer wavelengths of incident light), magenta
(which mostly absorbs the medium wavelengths), and yellow (which mostly
absorbs the shorter wavelengths). A unique mixture, or overprint, of the CMY
colorants will reproduce a given color.
However, many processes include a fourth colorant, black (which tends to ab-
sorb all wavelengths of light, more or less equally). Black is used to extend the
dynamic range of the process: darker colors can be printed with overprints of
CMYK than with overprints of CMY alone. Black colorant is also less expen-
sive, in many cases, and will tend to hold printing costs down. Black also helps
to stabilize the process for more uniform results.
When black is included, there is no longer a unique overprint for most colors.
For instance, a medium gray color can be printed with CMY alone, or with K
alone, or with many different CMYK overprints. Since there are many different
ways to print this color, there is no unique inverse for the forward model. In
order to define the inverse, the ambiguity must be resolved by defining a strat-
egy for the usage of black. Usually, an initial strategy is chosen for the usage
of black in printing neutral colors (grays), and then the strategy is extended to
chromatic colors by making further choices.
Build Profile provides the user with several controls governing the usage of
black colorant. In the L*a*b*-space, neutral (or achromatic) colors are located
along the L*-axis, where a* and b* are zero; this is called the neutral axis. The
usage of black to replace a balanced quantity of CMY (printing a neutral gray)
is called Gray Component Replacement (GCR). Control over GCR begins with
the specification for the balance of colorants used to print the darkest neutral:
the amount of black and the total amount of all 4 colorants. The controls are
given numerically as a percentage (or fraction) of the area coverage by the
colorants: the maximum coverage of black colorant (Max Black) — Kmax — and
the maximum Total Area Coverage (or TAC):
Cmax + Mmax + Ymax + Kmax
for the darkest neutral. For instance, Max Black might be set to 1.00 (100%)
and TAC to 3.20 (320%). Another control, Black Start, is used to limit the

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amount of black used for lighter neutrals. It specifies the smallest coverage of
cyan at which black can be used. For instance, if Black Start is set to 0.20, no
black colorant will be used in printing light grays, where cyan is less than 20%,
but will be used where cyan is greater than 20%. Another control, called Black
Curve Shape, determines the use of black between the point of Black Start and
the darkest neutral.
These controls define unique colorant balances for neutral colors. Typically,
less black is used for non-neutrals; the amount of black falls off according to the
distance of a color from the neutral axis. The Black Width control can be ad-
justed to define the rate at which black decreases off-axis. Note that this control
has an effect on the size of the printable gamut, particularly for dark saturated
colors: The gamut is wider if greater amounts of black colorant are permitted in
this region of color space.

10.14.  Gamut Mapping

A second challenge in calculating the inverse of the forward model is a result
of the limited gamut of the process. The forward model, device-to-PCS, is de-
fined over the entire device space, CMYK. That means that all 4 colorants are
allowed to range from 0% to 100% coverage, and all possible overprints are
permitted. If the patch target is designed properly, it will include a sampling of
overprints over the entire space, and the resulting forward model will be valid
there.
By the same logic, the inverse (PCS-to-device) has to be defined over the entire
PCS. However, large regions of the PCS are outside the gamut of the printing
process: They contain unprintable colors. In these out-of-gamut regions, there
is no CMYK overprint that can be regarded as a true inverse of the forward
model.
In order to define the inverse, it is necessary to choose a gamut-mapping algo-
rithm (GMA). This is a rule whereby in-gamut colors are substituted for out-of-
gamut colors, so that overprints can be found to reproduce them. The rule has
to behave in such a way that continuity is preserved; otherwise, strange color-
reproduction artifacts may result. GMAs have been a topic of intensive re-
search for several years, and Build Profile provides several choices, optimized
for different aesthetic preferences. Additional controls are available to adjust
the GMA separately for the Perceptual and the Saturation Rendering Intents.

10.15.  Profile Construction

Once the user has selected particular control parameters for the usage of black
and for the GMA, Build Profile can calculate the inverse of the forward model.
It will do this differently for each of the ICC Rendering Intents, according to the
appropriate trade-offs.
The forward model and its inverse can then be used to implement specific trans-
forms. In the ICC format, there are several mathematical structures that can be
used for these transforms. Most of them involve Look-Up Tables (or LUTs). A
one-dimensional Look-Up Table is simply a list of numerical values, arranged
in a particular order, so that the computer can search through the list to find a
particular entry. The process is similar to looking up a telephone number in a

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phone book, except that the phone book listings are in alphabetical order, while
a LUT is in numerical order. There are also 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional
LUTs in the ICC format to accommodate the PCS and CMYK. For instance,
a device-to-PCS transform may include a 4-D LUT; given a set of 4 values
(CMYK) the computer can search the LUT to find the associated PCS values.
A PCS-to-device transform may include a 3-D LUT: given a set of 3 PCS values
(XYZ or L*a*b*) the computer can find the associated CMYK values. The size
of the 3-D LUT (the number of entries in the table) is an important parameter:
Larger LUTs sample the space more finely and produce more accurate results,
but they take longer to create and make the profile larger. Build Profile provides
a control, called Separation Table Size, to provide choices for this parameter.
Finally, Build Profile must assemble the 1-D, 3-D, and 4-D LUTs (as well as ma-
trices and other mathematical structures) into transform tags, according to the
ICC format. It must then add the required descriptive tags, a table of contents
for the tags and the profile header in order to complete the format requirements.
The ICC profile can then be written to a disk file for future use.
Note that transform tags will be created and included for all Rendering Intents,
in both directions (device-to-PCS and PCS-to-device). The Default Rendering
Intent control in Build Profile sets a field in the profile header that specifies a
preference for the Rendering Intent to be used when the profile is combined
with another in a source-destination sequence. In many cases, this preference
will be overridden by the CMM or the application software at run-time. For in-
stance, the application may allow the user to select a Rendering Intent, or the
Rendering Intent of a source profile embedded in an image file may be used for
the destination as well.

10.16. A Note About Optical Brightening Agents

Many commercial grades of paper use an Optical Brightening Agent (OBA) to
increase apparent whiteness. This is done because many untreated papers
would appear yellowish when viewed in typical office environments. This “whit-
ening” effect comes about because OBAs are fluorescent agents which absorb
UV energy in the shorter wavelengths of the spectrum and re-emit that energy
in longer wavelengths corresponding to bluish light, which compensates for the
innate yellow property. However, fluorescence complicates device character-
ization because the degree of excitation (whitening of paper) depends upon the
UV content of the incident light illuminating the paper, which can vary dramati-
cally. How to account for the fluorescence effect in color modeling is currently
being actively addressed by international standard bodies (ISO 13655). Until
an ISO standard is adopted, we recommend that spectrophotometric measure-
ments be performed with the UV-cut filter in place, which effectively eliminates
fluorescence.

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 Spot Colors
User Guide v2.0

11.  Spot Colors Overview

Welcome to the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool, Spot Colors application! Spot Colors
software is designed to optimize the accuracy of color reproduction in the TOSHIBA fam-
ily of Multi-Function Printer (MFP) products. It does so by producing ICC Named Color
Profiles (NCP) tuned to your MFP. NCPs contain the spot color name and its LAB and
CMYK values. You will be able to generate spot colors from keyboard entry, measure-
ment instruments (i.e. spectrophotometer) or from a file. Editing capability is provided
for you to optimize output, view and print the results.

11.1. The Use of Spot Colors in Industry

Many corporations use color to help establish their brand identities. They have
special colors for logos, letterheads and advertisements. This special color
must be maintained within a very small error tolerance over time and over nu-
merous printings. One technique of accomplishing this is to use Spot Colors.
Traditionally, Spot Colors are specially mixed inks used in offset and other forms
of analog printing. The press operator looks up the recipe in a color guide and
mixes one or more base colorants to produce the required ink.
Pantone®, HKS®, DIC®, Toyo® and others provide special inks and books of
mixing instructions for producing a wide selection of different colors from the
small set of base colorants. They also provide color swatches and CIELAB val-
ues for each color on a number of different media. Pantone® goes a step fur-
ther and works directly with MFP and printer companies to license the Pantone
name to specific Pantone-determined CMYK recipes that correspond to print
engines. Pantone’s solid coated and Goe coated are popular. The American
Newspaper Publishing Association (ANPA) has a palette with 300 colors and
supplies L*a*b* values, most of which are within the color gamut of laser print-
ing.
Desktop publishing and graphics applications allow the user to specify Spot
Colors for text and graphic objects and also for printing images (e.g. Monotone
mode). A number of Spot Color systems are included with Adobe, Corel and
Quark applications. For example, Adobe Photoshop™ CS5 has ANPA, DIC,
HKS, PANTONE, Toyo, etc. in their color swatch selection. Users can load their
own custom Spot Color dictionaries as needed .
Note that the Spot Colors application only reads files in which CIELAB val-
ues are defined. Therefore, Photoshop’s FOCOLTONE, TRUMATCH and Web
(RGB) Spot Colors are not importable with Spot Colors application because
these dictionaries have only device (RGB or CMYK) values. Similarly, PAN-
TONE process and HKS Process colors can not be imported.
Frequently users want to generate their own spot color dictionaries, manipulate
the contents of existing libraries, simplify selections by consolidating multiple
libraries and generate and test CMYK recipes for their digital printers.
The e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool, Spot Colors application allows you to select
and optimize your Toshiba MFP rendering of spot colors. The characteristics of
the MFP can be defined from either CGATS data or an ICC profile of the device.
Spot colors can be defined by keyboard entry, instrument measurement or read

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from a file. Spot color editing, monitor viewing, printing and verification of printed
spot colors can be done from within the application to adjust, preview and verify
the results.
The next section provides a flow chart of the spot color workflow and the following
sections detail the use of the Spot Colors applications.

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12.  Workflow Overview

This section provides a brief overview of the Spot Colors application which is a part of the
e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool.

12.1. Setting Preferences
Using File → Preferences, the default directories and monitor profile can be
specified. These settings are applicable for all of the applications in e-BRIDGE
Open the Spot Colors Application
Define a Printing System
Using CGATS Data or ICC Profile
Select Gamut Mapping Method
Select the GCR Strategy
Input or Generate
Spot Colors
Select, Edit, Export
If needed, Edit and Sort the
Spot Colors
Save as Named Color Profile
Upload to MFP
Print Spot Color Patches and
verify color accuracy
In Application,
Specify Spot Name and Retain
Color Space
Color Profile Tool.
12.2. Defining the Printing System
The Spot Color Editor requires characterization information about your MFP.
This information can be either a characterization data set (a CGATS file) such
as one you used to create your output
device profile, or you may use an ICC
output device profile.
The Spot Color Editor prefers the char-
acterization data over the ICC profile
because most ICC profiles adjust the
actual device gamut to create more
pleasing images. This reshaping of
the gamut tends to reduce the number
of spot colors which fall within the de-
vice’s gamut. If you supply a charac-
terization data set, the Spot Color edi-
tor will create a definition of the device
which allows it to map the spot colors to
the full device gamut.
Next, the gamut mapping strategy must be selected and the top slider allows
the user to select a strategy for mapping out of gamut colors. Selections mini-
mizing the distance from spot color to gamut using ∆Eab or hue angle or any
setting in between
can be made. The
setting selected in
the figure on the left
tells the application
that maintaining hue
angle is most impor-
tant.
A GCR strategy for
handling in-gamut
colors can be se-
lected using the bot-
tom slider. This can
range from minK to
maxK.
After these settings

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are made, selecting OK will start the model build-

ing process to map CIELAB-defined spot colors to
your MFP’s CMYK inking values.

12.3. Defining the Colors

The next step is to define the spot colors you want to use. There are several
ways to do this.
Keyboard Entry
Colors can be generated
by typing the CIELAB coor-
dinates and a color name
as shown in the dialog on
the right. After each entry,
the color can be exported.
There is no limit to the
number of colors that can
be defined in this manner. The red “X” on the bottom left indicate that the
X-Rite® i1 Pro Spectrophotometer is not connected or it is connected but not
reserved for this application.
Instrument Measurement
Spot colors can also be defined by using the X-Rite i1 Pro spectrophotometer
and measuring a color. Prior to
using the spectrophotometer, use
File → spectrophotometers to
“Reserve” it for the current appli-
cation. After reserving, the icon will change as shown in the figure to the
right. If the spectrophotometer is currently being reserved by another ap-
plication, it should be released or the other application must be closed. After
the instrument is calibrated, the icon will change to a green tick. Now you
are ready to type in a Name and
proceed with measurement. If
the Auto-export measurements
box is checked, the measure-
ment will be automatically ex-
ported and added to the list of
any previously defined colors in
the Export Window. If you want
to edit the name or numerical
values, you can do so from the Export Window as shown in Section 13.1.

12.4. The Import Window

The Import Window acquires colors from certain file formats. Colors can be im-
ported from an ICC Named Color Profile or from an Adobe application’s Swatch
Exchange file. The file must be for CMYK printing and must also have CIE Lab
values. The following figure shows the Import Window after reading in an entire
PANTONE® pallet.

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Import
Specify the file name. Adobe® swatch exchange files (*.aco, *.ase) and
named color ICC profiles (*.icc, *.icm) can be used for importing spot colors.
However, this file must specify the color definition in CIELAB values.
Edit
In the Import Window, click on the color you want to edit and then click Edit
at the bottom. This updates the main Spot Colors window with the CIELAB
and CMYK data and enables the editing of that color. The edit operation is
explained in greater detail in Section 13.3 of this User Guide.
Export
You can select all (<ctrl> + a) or individual colors. Clicking Export will trans-
fer these selected colors to the Export Window.
Clear All
Removes all entries from the Import Window.

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12.5. The Export Window

After the colors are exported, they can be edited, removed, re-arranged and
saved.
Edit
See Section 13.3 for details.
Remove
The selected colors can be removed from the Export Window.
Save
The list of spot colors can be saved as a Named Color Profile or a Photoshop
swatch file.

12.6. Soft Proofing
Soft proofing is a capability that allows you to view on your computer monitor what
your print will look like when it is printed on your MFP. The ICC profile selected
with the Select Device dialog is paper and colorant specific, therefore soft proof-
ing enables viewing of the spot colors using the MFP’s profile.
This is accomplished by transforming the spot color’s CMYK values to the profile
connection space and then, using your monitor profile, from the profile connec-
tion space to device RGBs of your monitor. Of course, your monitor must be
accurately calibrated and profiled, and its ICC profile selected using the monitor
preferences dialog.
Only the printing condition defined by the Select Device operation can be simu-
lated.

12.7. Using the Named Color Profile

After the Named Color Profile is created, it can be uploaded to the Toshiba
e-BRIDGE MFP using the “Profile Manager” application in the e-BRIDGE Color
Profile Tool. After uploading the profile, you can print spot color patches includ-
ing the information such as the color name, specified LAB values and computed
CMYK inking values. If there are many spot colors in a generated Named Color
Profile, you can choose to print the spot color patches in the standard i1 Pro
spectrophotometer format, so that verification measurements can be performed
efficiently. After printing the spot color patches in i1 Pro format, you can use the
“Patch Reader” application to quickly measure and verify the accuracy of the
printed result and display the deltaE 2000 values for each color patch.

12.8. Spot Color Printing via PDF File

In order to properly use the edited spot color, the PDF file must be carefully con-
structed with your Adobe application (e.g. Adobe InDesign), so that the color
names are preserved in the print file. The procedures are described in Section
17.

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13.  Spot Color Profile Creator

This section discusses the generation and edit functionality in Spot Colors using Profile
Creator. After the printing system is defined and colors are acquired from keyboard,
measurements or from a file, individual spot colors can be edited by clicking on Edit from
either the Import Window or Export Window.

13.1. The Import and Export Windows

The Import Window is intended to accumulate data from files and the Export
Window is intended to be a working window. The Export Window can easily
combine colors from different sources − keyboard, measurement instruments
and file data from the Import Window. The editing is best launched from the
Export Window.
The following figure shows the Export Window after reading in an entire PAN-
TONE® pallet using the Import Window and then selecting some PANTONE®
solid coated colors and then clicking on Export.

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13.1.1. Table View

The Table View lists each color in the exported set of spot colors and provides
information about each entry. At the bottom of this window is information about
the set of colors that have been imported.

We can see that there are 1124 total colors in this set and that 47.9% are within
the MFP gamut defined with Select Device. The percentages within 1.5, 3, and
5 ∆Eab are also provided.
The columns in the Import and Export Windows are as follows:

Name
The spot color name. The current ICC specification for named color profile
allows 7-bit ASCII characters.
Color
A small color patch of the original spot color before being gamut mapped into
the MFP device.
Device
The display of the original color mapped to within the MFP gamut. This is
an emulation of the ability of the selected printing condition to reproduce the
spot color.
CIELab
The CIELab value of the original spot color as input to the program.
In Gamut
This indicates if a color is within the gamut of the MFP.
Recipe (CIELab)
The CIELab value the represents the CMYK values determined by the pro -
gram or from the editing process, which will best emulate the spot color.
∆Eab or ∆E2000
Either the ∆Eab metric or the or ∆E2000 metric can be selected to indicate
the distance of the color reproducible on the MFP from the spot color. Note
that these can be very different, depending upon the saturation of the color.
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black
The device colors determined to reproduce the LAB values of the spot color.

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13.1.2. The Buttons at the Bottom

The Import and Export Windows have different buttons at the bottom. See
Sections 12.4 and 12.5 for additional explanation.

The Import Window Buttons

The Export Window Buttons

13.1.3. The Gamut View

Both Import and Export windows provide the ability to visualize the spot colors in
relationship with the defined device color gamut.
By selecting all the color data (ctrl + a) shown in the
first figure of this section in either the Import or Export
window, and then clicking on the Gamut View tab,
each out of gamut color is displayed with the color
gamut of the selected device.
Each black line in the figure to the left shows a line
connecting the CIELab
value of the original spot
color with the gamut
surface of the MFP. Any
colors within the MFP
gamut are hidden by the
gamut surface.
Different views can be
obtained by right clicking
your mouse on the window
and selecting a view from
the menu the view shown
was obtained by clicking
on “Look from +L*”.
The plot can be rotated to any view. Plotting controls
for the 3D gamut are shown in the box below.

Plotting Controls for 3D Gamut

Preset Views: Right-click mouse on plot and choose view
Resize: Hold <Shift> + move the mouse from left to right
Move Plot: Hold <Shift + Ctl> and use mouse to move plot
Rotate: Move mouse over drawing.
Rotate and keep plot orientation: <Ctl> and move mouse over drawing

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13.1.4. Sorting Colors in the Export Window

Colors can be rearranged in the Export Window by selecting the line and moving
it up or down as shown in the figure to the left. The dark line to the left of the
moved line (see arrow) is where the line will be inserted.

13.1.5. Adding Comments to the Profile Header

Using the "Comments" tab on the Export Window, it is possible to record the
selected printing conditions for the created Named Color Profile. There are fields
allocated for information such as Creator, Multifunctional Device, Location of
the device, resolution, screening and the media type used. There is also another
free form field to add any further information required, such as client details.

13.1.6. Saving
Selected entries in the Export Window can be saved by clicking on Save. The
resulting Named Color Profile will contain Name, CIELab and CMYK values
shown in the Export Window. It should be noted that in order to save a Named
Color Profile, you must have the dongle connected to your computer.

13.2. Spectrophotometer Selection

From the “File” drop-down menu, select “Spectrophotometers”, which will open
the following window. If you already have one or more i1 Pro Spectrophotometers
connected to your PC, their serial numbers will be listed in the window. If there are
any non-reserved spectrophotometers available, one of them will be automatically
reserved by the application. If you prefer to use another spectrophotometer in

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the list, first release the spectrometer

already reserved, by selecting the
appropriate entry and selecting
the “Release” button. Select the
Spectrophotometer you would like to
use for spot color patch measurement,
and then select “Reserve” button. The
application name “Profile Creator”
will appear next to the selected
Spectrophotometer serial number.
The “Profile Creator” application now
owns the spectrophotometer until it
is released using this window , or until
the application is closed.
The i1 Pro should be calibrated by
clicking on Calibrate button found
in the Profile Creator Window. The application will prompt you to place the
spectrophotometer on the cradle to calibrate the device. The instrument must be
placed on the calibration cradle and calibration takes a few seconds.

13.3. The Profile Creator Window

The Spot Colors Profile Creator uses three windows, the main window contains
the color editor with controls that allow you to
edit the rendering of the spot color.
Changes can be made to any spot color by se-
lecting that color and clicking on Edit at the bot-
tom of the Import or Export Window. The data
for that color patch is then shown in the main
window.
As an example, the PANTONE 354 C has been
selected in Export Window and the edit window
shown on the left results. We can see that this
intense green color is significantly out of the
printer's color gamut. Each section of the edit
menu is described below:

Spot Color Entry

The name and CIELab values of the spot color are
shown in this pane. Both the name and CIELab
values can be edited and exported to add a new
spot color to the exported list. If the i1 Pro were
calibrated
and a mea-
surement
made, the
Lab values

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in this pane would be updated.

Gamut Mapping
The gamut mapping strategy can be changed for out of gamut spot colors.
The default value is that selected during the Select Device operation. This
value can be changed from mapping to
the nearest gamut surface for a mini-
mum ∆E to maintaining hue angle for the
mapping.
For in-gamut colors, there is no gamut mapping and this pane is grayed out.
Color Adjustments
One method of adjusting the spot color
is to change Hue, Chroma and/or Light-
ness values. Note that any changes in
these settings changes the CMYK Ad-
justment values and the preview of the
edited color.
GCR Adjustment
For in-gamut colors, GCR can be adjusted between minK (the minimum
amount of black needed to reproduce the color) and maxK (the maximum
amount of black possible to reproduce the color). Note that changes in GCR
Adjustment cause changes in CMYK
Adjustments and, possibly, Color Adjust-
ments sliders. The edited colors should
not change. Section 13.3.1 below shows
an example of GCR Adjustment.
CMYK Adjustments
Direct access to CMYK values is pos-
sible from this pane. Any changes in
CMYK values will change the edited
color and other sliders.
Color Values
A monitor preview comparing Original, Device and Edited is shown.
Original: The Lab values
of the exported patches
Device: The resulting map-
ping to MFP CMYK values
using the specified Gamut
Mapping and GCR Adjust-
ment settings. Clicking on
Reset causes the Edited
values to become equal to
Device values.
Edited: Shows changes made during the editing operation.

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There are two pull-down menus to the left of the ColorValues area, providing
additional selections within this pane:
The values below the three color boxes can display LAB, XYZ or LCH.
The difference between the original and device/edited can be ∆Eab or
∆E2000.
Monitor Gamut
A green check beside Monitor Gamut indicates that the original spot color
is within the gamut of the monitor and can be an accurate predictor of the
printed result. A red X beside the Monitor Gamut indi -
cates that the spot color is outside the monitor gamut.
An information pane at the bottom shows the monitor
profile being used to determine whether or not the color
is within monitor gamut.
Reset

Returns all values to those of either the Export or Import Window − which-
ever window evoked the edit operation.
Export
If editing from the Export Window, this
will update the Exported values. Like-
wise, if editing from the Import Window,
the corresponding imported entry will be updated.

13.3.1. An Example − GCR

For in-gamut colors, the GCR slider is not grayed out. A dark brown color, Lab =
[40.0, 0.0, 25.0] was defined using the Spot Color pane. The GCR setting was
changed from 0 to 1.0 in increments of 0.25 and each increment exported. The
figure below resulted.
Note that the Recipe (CIELab) remained the same even though the inking
changed. The selection all colors has been done (blue background) and the
selection can be saved to a Named Color Profile. Printing this series of color
patches using the Profile Manager will result in the same colorimetry for all five
patches, if output on the MFP for which characterization data has been defined
with Select Device.

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13.3.2. Visualization Tools

To illustrate the visualization tools, the PANTONE 354 C sample shown in Section
13.3 was selected. Note that the ∆Eab distance from the chosen gamut mapping
point was 25.975 (the ∆E2000 was 14.402). Selecting the Edit tab, brings you
to the Profile Creator window where there are several useful visualization tools.

The Profile Creator application provides a Color Views pane with several tabs at
the bottom. The first tab shows a hue slice providing a L* versus Chroma view.
The red line runs from the
original Lab value, 57.608,
-73.630. 37.775 to the MFP
gamut Lab value 44.286,
-52.073, 32.072 listed in
Profile Creator window. Note
that by double clicking on
a tab, you can undock the
window, thereby viewing
several windows at the same
time. Any window can be re-
sized by dragg ing any edge.
Windows can be re-docked
by closing them.
Similarly, the second view
shows the a* versus b*
relationship at the L* value of
the edited color.

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The 3D Gamut view is the same as obtainable with the Export Window, Gamut
View tab.

The last view has three overlaying squares. On the outside is a uniform gray
background. The next larger area is the original color and the inner area is the
edited color.
Using a calibrated monitor will provide a good prediction of the edited color.

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14.  Profile Manager

This section discusses the Profile Manager functionality in Spot Colors. After the spot
colors are defined and the ICC Named Color Profile (NCP) is generated, the NCP can
be uploaded to the Toshiba MFP. If the MFP is connected to your computer via network,
it is possible to upload NCP, list the NCPs available on the MFP, set highest priority to a
nominated NCP as well as print spot color patches using the uploaded NCP. If the MFP
is not directly accessible from your computer, it is possible to use the "Print to File" op-
tion, in which the profile management commands and the print patches commands are
stored as print files. These print files can be sent to a remote MFP location via email, ftp
or saving to a USB key. At the remote location, the stored files can be simply printed in
the correct sequence using USB direct print option. The main window of Profile Manager
is shown below.

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14.1. Named Color Profile Selection

The left panel on the Main Window shows the details of the NCP currently
selected. The preference for the
Folder location can be selected
using the File → Preferences in the
main Spot Colors window. The drop-
down list in the Select Named Color
Profile area allows to browse for a
new NCP or select a new NCP from
the list. When a NCP is selected,
the path to this NCP gets added to
the list of Named Color Profiles on
the top of the right panel. Any one of
the listed profiles in this list can be
highlighted to see the details of the
selected NCP in the Profile information area on the left panel, as shown below:

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14.2. Printer Selection

The Printer area on the right panel of the Main Window allows you to select the
printer from a drop-down list. All the printers installed on your computer will be
listed in this drop-down list, as well as the "Print to File ..." option. It should be
noted that Named Color ICC Profile support is provided only on specific Toshiba
e-STUDIO Color MFP products. If uploading NCP is attempted on an unsupported
product, an error page will be produced. Some of the supported MFP models are
listed below:
e-STUDIO6550C Series
e-STUDIO4540C Series

When using the "Print to File..." option, the application will prompt you for a filename
for the command file to be stored. Each action command will produce a separate
command file. The file extension for these command files are only allowed to be
".prn". It is recommended that you assign descriptive file names, so that each
command action can be recognised by simply viewing the filename. This facilitates
the accurate printing of the command sequence at a remote MFP location.

14.3. Action Selection

The Printer area on the right panel of the Main Window provides you with six action
buttons, to perform the following actions:

14.3.1. List Profiles

This action prints a list of all Named Color Profiles installed on the MFP. There is
no profile name required to execute this action. If sent to an unsupported MFP, an
error page will be printed notifying an unrecognised command.

14.3.2. Install Profile

This action extracts data from the Named Color Profile highlighted on the “Named
Color Profiles” list and uploads it to the MFP. A message will be printed out at
the MFP to notify whether the installation is successful or not. If "Print to File ..."
option is used, the application prompts you for the filename to store the required

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commands and data. When the stored file is sent to the remote MFP location and
printed on the target MFP, the success or the failure of the upload will be printed
out on the MFP. The following figure illustrates the printed message on the MFP. If
the file is printed to an unsupported MFP, an error page will be printed notifying an
unrecognised command.

If you highlight a profile in the Named Color Profiles list and set the check box
named "Priority", the selected NCP will be uploaded to the MFP and set to the
highest priority. During the processing of the spot colors, this profile will be
inspected first to search for the spot color names. For example, if there are two
Named Color profiles installed on the MFP as shown below:
Profile Name Color Name Color Priority
NamedColorProfile1 MyColor (L1, a1, b1) : (C1, M1, Y1, K1) Yes
NamedColorProfile2 MyColor (L2, a2, b2) : (C2, M2, Y2, K2) No
Each profile contains one color with the same name “MyColor”, but different color
values (L1, a1, b1):(C1, M1, Y1, K1) and (L2, a2, b2):(C2, M2, Y2, K2). The profile
NamedColorProfile1 is set highest priority. When a command comes with an
instruction to print a color with the name “MyColor”, the profile NamedColorProfile1
is referred to first, and the color “MyColor” (L1, a1, b1) : (C1, M1, Y1, K1) is printed
instead of the color defined in NamedColorProfile2. The following figure shows the
Priority check box location:

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14.3.3. Install All Profiles

This action button uploads all the profiles listed in the Named Color Profiles list. If
you want to remove any of the Named Color profiles from the list, simply highlight
the entry and select "Remove" button. If you would like to set the highest priority to
one of the Named Color profiles in the list, simply highlight the entry and check the
Priority box. A notification print for each of the profiles will be printed at the MFP to
inform whether each of the profiles was uploaded successfully of not.

14.3.4. Set Priority

This action allows you to change the priority of the Named Color profiles already
uploaded to the MFP. You will be prompted to enter the name of the NCP you would
like to set the highest priority to. It is recommended that the Named Color profiles
list be printed to confirm that the profile currently exists on the MFP. A notification
print will be printed at the MFP to inform whether the priority is successfully set or
not.

14.3.5. Uninstall Profile

This action uninstalls or removes a Named Color profile from the MFP. The
application prompts you to type in the name of the NCP you want to remove or
browse to select the NCP. Only the filename is required to be typed in, not the
entire file path. A message gets printed at the MFP to notify whether the deletion
is successful or not.

14.3.6. Uninstall All Profiles

This action removes all installed named color profiles from the MFP. A message
will be printed out at the MFP to notify whether the deletion is successful or not.
There is no profile name required.

14.4. Selecting Named Color Patches

When a particular NCP is selected from the Named Color Profiles list by highlighting
the entry, the Named Colors area of the right panel is automatically updated with
the Named Colors in the selected NCP. The drop-down list can be used to select
a particular patch color to be printed, by simply choosing the color and pressing
the "Select" button. If all the colors in the NCP need to be printed as color patches,
simply press "Select all" button. When a particular color is selected for patch
printing, it will appear in the "Selected Patches" list. For a selected Named Color,
the application displays the PCS and Device coordinate values as specified in
the NCP. The selected color patches can be removed individually by highlighting
the color in the "Selected Patches" list and pressing the "Remove" button. All
the selected color patches can be removed from the "Selected Patches" list by
pressing the "Remove All" button. The following figure shows the locations of the
buttons in the Named Colors area on the right panel.

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14.5. Printing Named Color Patches

After selecting the Named Color patches in the list, you can press the "Print" button
to print them on the MFP. Prior to printing the color patches it is recommended that
the MFP be warmed up and calibrated, so that an accurate color rendition can be
produced. It should be noted that the Rockey Dongle must be connected to your
computer to perform the print patches operation. There are two format options
available for color patch printing.

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The "full information format" prints individual patches including the color name,
CIE Lab and Device CMYK values. The NCP header information is also printed.

The "i1 Pro format" prints the patches in the selected order excluding the color names
and the color values. The patches layout conforms to the i1 Pro Spectrophotometer
format. It is recommended that you use this format when printing all the colors from
NCP (i.e. Select All option). When printed using all the colors from NCP, you are
able to use the "Patch Reader" application to quickly measure the printed color
patches to verify the accuracy of the printed colors. It is also recommended that
you check the existence of the uploaded NCP using the "List Profiles" action, prior

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to printing the color patches. If the MFP does not find the NCP, all the colors that
cannot be found will be marked "Not Found" in the printed output.
When using the "Print to File..." option for printing patches, you will be prompted
for the filename to store the .prn file. If you choose both the formats for printing, the
application will prompt you twice for the filenames, once for each printing format.

IMPORTANT NOTE: There are limitations when using the Profile Manager, when the
Department Management Settings and/or User Authentication Settings are enabled on
the MFP.

(1) Profile installation, uninstallation and set priority functions can be performed, however,
the notification page sometimes will not be printed immediately.
-- If invalid/failed job is indicated to Print, it will be printed and Print Job log will show
the document name
-- If invalid/failed job is indicated to Delete, it will be deleted and Print Job log will show
the document name with Error Code (4041 or 4042)
-- If invalid/failed job is indicated to Store as Invalid/Hold job, it will be stored accordingly
and Print Job log will show the document name when it is released.

(2) Profile listing and Print Patches sometimes will not be printed.
-- If invalid/failed job is indicated to Print, it will be printed and Print Job log will show the
document name
-- If invalid/failed job is indicated to Delete, it will be deleted and Print Job log will show
the document name with Error Code (4041 or 4042)
-- If invalid/failed job is indicated to Store as Invalid/Hold job, it will be stored accordingly
and Print Job log will show the document name when it is released.

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15.  Patch Reader

The Patch Reader application allows you to measure, analyse and display the
printed spot colors using the target MFP. Prior to using the Patch Reader, you
must use the Profile Manager to upload a selected Named Color Profile to the
target MFP and print color patches using the i1 Pro format. The Patch Reader
can be effectively used only if all the Named Colors in the NCP are selected
for printing, using the "Select All" option in the Profile Manager application. The
following figure shows the main window of Patch Reader application.

15.1. File Selection
Patch Reader application supports opening of ICC Named Color Profiles
and CGATS format files saved by the Patch Reader application. Files can be
opened using File Open or the "Open..." button located at the bottom left cor-
ner. If you are preparing to measure spot color patches printed using the Profile

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Manager i1 Pro format, first open the ICC Named Color Profile corresponding
to the printed patches. If you are preparing to display previously measured data
stored in CGATS format, open the appropriate CGATS file.

15.2. Spectrophotometer Selection
From the “File” drop-down menu, select “Spectrophotometers”, which will open
the following window. If you already have one or more i1 Pro Spectrophotometers
connected to your PC,
their serial numbers will
be listed in the window . If
there are any non-reserved
spectrophotometers
available, one of them will
be automatically reserved
by the application. If you
prefer to use another
spectrophotometer in
the list, first release
the spectrophotometer
already reserved, by
selecting the appropriate
entry and selecting the
“Release” button. Select
the Spectrophotometer you
would like to use for spot
color patch measurement,
and then select “Reserve”
button. The application
name “Patch Reader” will
appear next to the selected
Spectrophotometer serial
number. The “Patch Reader” application now owns the spectrophotometer until
it is released using this window, or until the Patch Reader application is closed.
The i1 Pro should be calibrated by clicking on Calibrate button found in the Patch
Reader window. The application will prompt you to place the spectrophotometer
on the cradle to calibrate the device. The calibration process takes a few seconds.

15.3. Color Patch Measurement

After the instrument is calibrated, measurement can begin. For new
measurements, the first page should be selected and scanning starts at row 1.
The red arrow steps to the next row after each row is successfully measured.
There are two tones provided, a higher tone for success and a lower tone for
failure. If the movement of the i1 Pro is too fast or if a wrong row is scanned, a

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low tone is provided and the measurement is not recorded. Some diagnostics are
provided at the bottom right corner of the window. Some spot color Lab definitions
can be significantly out of the device gamut, which will generate a significantly large
DeltaE 2000 error that the Patch Reader may determine that the wrong row has
been measured. If the wrong row error occurs three times for the same measured
row, a message box appears, showing the average DeltaE 2000 error and the
default threshold set for identifying a wrong row . The user gets the opportunity to
confirm that the measured row is correct and to proceed with the measurements.

There is no provision for re-measuring of individual rows or individual color

patches after the measurement of all the rows are completed. If a re-measurement
is required, you will need to re-open the profile and repeat the measurement
process. After measurement of all the rows, you can display the accuracy of the
printed color patches by choosing to display the DeltaE 2000 values. The left panel
also display the Lab values of the Named color definition and the printed color Lab
values. If the defined color is out of the color gamut of the MFP, it is expected that
the difference between the defined and printed Lab values to be large, resulting in

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a large DeltaE 2000 value.

After the measurement and inspection of the color patches is completed, it is

possible to save the data in a CGATS format file, so that you will be able to display
the measured results again at a later date, without re-measurement. However,
in order to save the data, you must have the Rockey Dongle attached to your
computer. If you would like to save the data in a spreadsheet for further analysis or
documentation, Patch Reader application allows you to save the data in Comma
Separated Value (CSV) format. This file can be directly opened in spreadsheet
applications such as Microsoft Office Excel®.

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16.  Spectrophotometers Usage

There are three independent applications in e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool that use the i1
Pro Spectrophotometer color measurement functionality. They are the Target Reader in
Color Profiles, the Profile Creator and Patch Reader in Spot Colors. It is possible to share
the same spectrophotometer among these applications. However, you will need to man-
ually Reserve and Release the spectrophotometer when used with multiple applications.
It is also possible to use multiple spectrophotometers connected to the same computer.
However, it is recommended that you connect all the spectrophotometers prior to start-
ing the applications and avoid connecting/disconnecting the spectrophotometers while
using the applications. If you do connect/disconnect multiple spectrophotometers while
being used by the applications, it is possible that all spectrophotometers be reset at the
connection/disconnection, requiring re-calibration and possible loss of measured data.

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17.  Spot Colors in Adobe® Applications

This section discusses the proper way to construct a PDF file with Adobe® applications
to use with the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool.

17.1. Printing Spot Colors from PDF

Software applications from Adobe®, QuarkXPress® and CorelDraw® can
collect and organize colors into custom swatch sets. These colors can range
from samples from favorite photos to collections from published color books. All
swatches can be saved as Adobe® Swatch Exchange (ASE) or Adobe® Color
Palette (ACO) files, Adobe’s file formats for exchanging swatch data among
Adobe applications.
For example, a user might want to create a color swatch set in Photoshop called
“Autumn Colors” where samples of multiple fall foliage photographs can be
assembled into one swatch set and saved. Another example is a user picking
a color group from the Adobe® Kuler™ set, modifying it and saving the ASE
file. Still another example is the user who makes a selection of logo colors
from a PANTONE solid coated book to be used in Adobe® Illustrator or Adobe®
InDesign. Any of these swatch sets could be defined in RGB, CMYK or Lab color
spaces.
Typically, a color monitor has a very different color gamut than a color printer and
the user might want to make adjustments to the swatches for optimal printing.
Since objects created from swatch colors can be identified in the PDF file by a
tag pointing to and defining the name of a specific swatch, editing the swatch
color and informing the MFP of the desired printing CMYK values can reduce
unexpected color shifts in the swatch colors. The colors specified by the name
in a particular color swatch, included in a PDF document will be referred to as
spot colors.
In order to optimize spot colors in PDF documents, two items must be generated:
(1) a PDF document which identifies the spot colors by name and
(2) an ASE file which defines the spot colors.
The ASE file can be imported to the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool and CMYK
values generated per MFP characteristics. These CMYK values depend up on
the calibrated engine status of the MFP, toner, media type, printing resolution
and many other factors. Therefore, in order to accurately reproduce a given
spot color, it is recommended that a custom made Named Color ICC profile
generated by the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool be used.
Most color critical workflows originate from Adobe® applications. This section
describes methods of generating, optimizing and printing spot colors from
Adobe® applications using the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool.
The following illustration provides an overview of the spot color re-production
workflow.

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Adobe® Application

Adobe Swatch Exchange (ASE) PDF file

• Spot Color Names • Spot Color Names
• LAB Values • Alternative Color

Edit using the e-BRIDGE Color

Profile Tool - Spot Colors, Profile
Creator Application
Save as Named Color Profile
• Spot Color Names
• Original LAB Values
• CMYK Values tuned for
target MFP
Upload the Named Color ICC
Profile to the MFP using Profile
Manager Application
MFP
For each object with Spot Color
Name:
• If a Named color Profile
exists containing the Spot
Color Name, use the CMYK
Values tuned for target MFP
• Else, use the Alternative
Color as given by the PDF
file. The Alternative Color
is not tuned to the target
device, therefore, color ac-
curacy cannot be achieved.

17.1.1. Color Swatch Generation

This Section describes how swatches can be generated and saved using three
Adobe® programs: Illustrator™, InDesign™ and Photoshop™. The descriptions
apply to both Adobe® Creative Suite™ 4 and 5. Generally, the swatch operations
between these three applications have not been coordinated by Adobe®, and
covering all variations would be prohibitive in this document. Only one example
is presented for each application, to demonstrate the important concepts and
address workflow issues.

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Adobe® Illustrator™
1. Spot Color Options:
In the Swatches menu, click on the fly-out menu icon (upper right), select "Spot
Colors..." and choose
“Use Lab values
specified by the book
manufacturer". This
will tell Illustrator
to use LAB values
to preview the spot
colors and this
setting is necessary
to provide the Lab
values instead of
CMYK in the ASE file
that you will save.

2. Swatch Libraries:
Illustrator ships with many swatch
libraries you can use, and others can
be found on the web. In the Swatches
menu, click on the Swatch Libraries
Menu (bottom left) and select from the
list of libraries. For PANTONE, select
Color Books and the PANTONE system
you want to use. You may click on
any one color to add to your Swatches
palette or, by holding Ctrl key down,
you can select multiple colors and
drag these into your Swatches palette.
The figure on the right is the result of
choosing four PANTONE colors.

3. Click OK. Notice the icon next to the color name in the Swatches palette
indicating that it is a spot color.

4. Swatch Options:
Double clicking on any swatch opens Swatch Options. You can see that the Color
Mode is set to Book Color, which specifies that the Lab value has been defined by
PANTONE and is retained.

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5. Document Info:
As a check to insure that the Swatches are defined in Lab, select Window ->
Document Info. Click on the fly-out menu icon (upper right), select "Spot color
Objects" and make sure the "Selection Only" is un-ticked.

6. In the Swatches palette menu, select Save Swatches as Library, provide a file
name and click Save. The resulting ASE file will have both the PANTONE® name
and the Lab value and can be edited with e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool.

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7. To save your document as a PDF, use File -> Save As and select Adobe PDF.
In the next window, under Output, make the following settings
• Color Conversion: No Conversion
• Profile Inclusion Policy: Include All Profiles

Adobe® InDesign™
InDesign’s swatch capability is quite refined and is easier to use than that of
Illustrator™ or Photoshop™.

1. Ink Manager:
In the Swatches palette menu, select Ink Manager. Check "Use Standard Lab
Values for Spots" to retain the LAB values in the PDF.
If this is not checked, each spot color in the ASE file will have an associated CMYK
value rather than the original LAB definition. If the original LAB definition of the spot
color is lost, it will not be possible to tune the color re-production to the selected
MFP. Note that if you specify these items before any document is opened, these
settings will show up in any future document you create.

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2. New Color Swatch:

In the Swatches palette menu, select "New Color Swatch". In the New Color
Swatch window:
• Color Type: Spot
• Color Mode: PANTONE solid coated

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3. You can highlight any number of swatches and click "Add" to add them to the
Swatches palette or can add them one at a time by clicking on the color icon at the
end of each line.

4. Save the ASE file:

In the Swatches Palette, highlight all swatches you want to save and in the pull-
down menu, enter a name for the Adobe Swatch Exchange file and click Save.

5. Export the PDF:

When you have completed the document, Click File → Export to create a PDF
file. After the file name is selected, the Export Adobe PDF window will appear. On
Output:
• Color Conversion: No Color Conversion
• Profile Inclusion Policy: Include All Profiles
• In Ink Manager you can verify that Use Standard Lab Values for Spots remained
checked.

Adobe® Photoshop™
Photoshop can also be used to generate a swatch set and this is often used to
collect favorite colors from photographs, to acquire and use ASE files from other
applications and from the web, and to use Color Books published with spot colors.
You can start building a collection
of swatches by first deleting the
existing swatches. Since there
is not a “Clear All Swatches”
option in Photoshop™ CS4 or
CS5, swatches can be deleted
by holding Alt key and hovering
your mouse over the color
swatch. The mouse cursor will
change to a scissors icon and
when you click on the color swatch, it will be deleted.

1. Collecting swatches from photographs:

The swatches collected from photographs will retain the color space of the
photograph. That is, if they are collected from a RGB image, they will be defined
in the RGB color space. In a similar manner, if they are collected from CMYK or
Lab image, that color space will be retained. It is possible to have a swatch library
that contains multiple color spaces. In that case, only those swatches in the Lab
color space can be imported to the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool.

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(a). Select the Eyedropper tool and sample colors from your images.
(b). Add the color to the Swatches Palette.
(c). To save swatches as a set, choose "Save Swatches for Exchange…". This will
create an ASE file that can be used in other Adobe applications and also be read
into e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool.

2. Loading a Custom Color Swatch Set:

Photoshop will ask if you want to replace the existing swatches with the new ones
or append them on the end. Make a selection and click OK.

3. Adding a Kuler swatch collection:

Adobe® kuler can be accessed from http://kuler.adobe.com and has many
interesting color themes that can be used as swatch palettes. By logging in, you
can review existing themes, generate new ones and
download ASE files for use in any Adobe® application.
The swatch colors on the right are from the popular kuler
Fahrenheit.
Kuler swatches and those selected from RGB or CMYK
images are defined in RGB or CMYK and must be
converted to Lab to be usable with the e-BRIDGE Color
Profile Tool. This cannot be done in Photoshop. For
example, if the RGB swatches are saved in ASE format,
they can be opened, converted to Lab in InDesign as
follows.
(a). Open the ASE file.
After the ASE file is opened, the small box at the right side of the swatch name
indicates the color space of the swatch:
RGB , Lab or CMYK .
(b). In Ink Manager, check Use Standard Lab values for Spot.
(c). Highlight all swatches
that will be exported
and, in Swatch Options
specify:
• Color Type: Spot
• Color Mode: Lab

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(d). After the Swatch Options are changed, the swatch

panel will display that the selected colors are now
represented in LAB, as shown in the figure to the right.
Select all the swatch colors you would like to export to a
new ASE file by clicking on them while holding the <shift>
key. From the fly-out menu, choose "Save Swatches..."
and save the LAB converted colors to a new ASE file.
(e). Using the e-BRIDGE Color Profile Tool, Spot Colors
Profile Creator application, now you can import the colors
in the new ASE file, as shown below. Make sure that you
select an MFP using "Select Device" option, prior to importing the colors.

The PDF Document

The spot colors in a PDF document can be color managed only when the spot
color name is associated with an object in the document. The spot colors are
defined using either "Separation" or "DeviceN" color-space. These color-spaces
allow the colorant name to be included in the definition. The original spot color
name, same as that in the ASE file, must be retained. The alternative color-space
definition can be LAB, CMYK, RGB etc. The alternative color-space definition will
be used only if the rendering device could not identify the colorant by the original
name. In order to retain the spot color name, the swatch color must be defined as
a spot color, indicated by the icon.
In InDesign™, this is specified in Swatch Options (double click on the swatch),
selection of Color Type, which must be Spot.

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Also, Ink Manager’s “All Spots to Process” box must be unchecked. Otherwise,
all spot colors will be converted to Process colors such as CMYK, and the original
color name definition will be lost.

For the printing of a PDF file, it makes no difference in the rendering if the bottom
right check box is checked or not. If an uploaded Named Color Profile has that
particular spot color, then the associated MFP tuned CMYK values will be used.
However, whenever this is unchecked, importing the ASE file into e-BRIDGE Color
Profile Tool will not be possible.
You can use Adobe Acrobat® Pro’s "preflight" feature to make sure that you have
made a PDF for which the spot colors can be managed. In Adobe® Acrobat Pro™
choose Advanced → Preflight → List spot color objects → Analyze, to examine the
objects defined with spot colors and the colorant names.

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18.  References
Gonzales, W oods, and Eddins: Digital Image Processing Using MATLAB
(Prentice-Hall, 2004).
Morovic, Color Gamut Mapping (Wiley, 2008).
Westland and Ripamonti: Computational Colour Science using MATLAB
(Wiley, 2004).
R.W.G Hunt, The Reproduction of Colour, Sixth Edition (Wiley, 2004).
Giorgiani, Madden, Digital Color Management: Encoding Solutions, Second
Edition (Wiley, 2009).

International Color Consortium

Specification ICC.1:2004-10 (Profile version 4.2.0.0), http://www.color.org/

ICC1v42_2006-05.pdf

ICC White Papers

International Color Consortium: Various White Papers are available at
http://www.color.org

19.  Glossary
A2Bn/B2An
A convenient notation for certain color transforms, based on tag
signatures defined in the ICC profile specification. “A2B” de-
notes a device-to-PCS transform, while “B2A” denotes a PCS-
to-device transform. The integer “n” indicates the Rendering
Intent of the transform: 0 for Perceptual, 1 for Relative Colori-
metric, 2 for Saturation, and 3 for Absolute Colorimetric.

Calibration
The process of adjusting the output of the MFP to a known state.

CGATS
The Committee for Graphic Arts Technologies Standards.
CGATS has specified a standard format for characterization and
calibration data. Both XML and ASCII have been specified; all
current data files are in ASCII format.

Characterization
Determining the relationship between the device values (CMYK)
driving a printer and the visual colors obtained, as represented

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in standard color spaces, such as CIEXYZ and CIELAB.

CIE
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, or International Illu-
mination Commission. An organization standardizing and pro -
moting various practical methods for quantifying illumination and
colorimetry. The CIE has recommended several colorimetric
spaces over the years, including CIEXYZ and CIELAB.

CIELAB
CIE 1976 L*a*b*. A color space defined by the CIE in 1976
and intended to be approximately uniform in visual perception.
Based on CIEXYZ, it separates the chromatic and achromatic
aspects of color: L* (psychometric lightness) ranges from 0 to
100 to indicate relative lightness, from black to white. Both a*
and b* are chromatic variables ranging from negative to positive
values. Neutral (gray) colors have a* = b* = 0. As an approxi-
mation, a* represents the green-red discrimination, and b* rep-
resents the blue-yellow discrimination, of normal human color
vision. Sometimes written “Lab” or “LAB”.

CIEXYZ
CIE 1931 XYZ. A standard colorimetric space defined by the
CIE in 1931. X, Y, and Z are “tristimulus values” defined so that
they are positive for all real-world colors and so that Y corre-
sponds to luminance.

Colorimeter
A color measurement device that uses three or more filters to
determine CIEXYZ and CIELAB values.

Colorimetry
A standardized system of quantifying color in visual terms. Also,
the methodology of optical measurements and calculations fa-
cilitating the quantification of color. The basic system of colo-
rimetry was established by the CIE and uses the CIEXYZ color
space or other related spaces (such as CIELAB).

Forward Model
A mathematical model that is capable of transforming device-
space values into colorimetric values and is of the form
(L*, a*, b*) = f (C, M, Y, K)
It involves fitting various parameters statistically to the device
characterization data.

Gamut
The range of colors printable by a given device.

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GCR
Gray Component Replacement. GCR consists of the replace-
ment of some amount of cyan, magenta, and yellow toner with
black toner so as to reproduce the same visual color.

Glass Calibration
A simple method of maintaining MFP calibration, based on print-
ing and scanning a special test pattern. Also known as “off-the-
glass calibration”, it is inexpensive, reasonably accurate, and
available on MFPs from various manufactures.

ICC
International Color Consortium. The ICC is the industry body re-
sponsible for developing the ICC profile specification. The cur-
rent version is available at the ICC website:
http://www.color.org

ICC Profile
A profile conforming to the ICC format specification.

Inking
A particular combination, or overprint, of colorants intended to
reproduce a given color. The term is used here in a general
sense to apply to inks, toners, dyes, or other colorants, depend-
ing on the printing process.

MFP
Multi-Function Printer. A computer peripheral combining a scan-
ner with a printer, so that it can be used as a stand-alone copier,
as well as a network scanner and printer.

Output Profile
A profile that describes the color characteristics of a print or copy
device.

Patch
An area, usually square or rectangular, on a printed page (see
“Target”) of uniform color and sufficient extent to facilitate colori-
metric measurements.

PCS
Profile Connection Space. In the ICC specification, the PCS
is a device-independent color space, based on CIE colorimetry,
that serves as an interface between profile transforms. Thus, a
source profile may provide transforms from the source device
space to the PCS, and the destination profile may provide trans-
forms from the PCS to the destination device space. A suitable
sequence of these transforms, therefore, provides a transfor-

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mation from the source space to the destination space, by way

of the PCS. The ICC specification defines two options for the
PCS, CIE 1931 XYZ and CIE 1976 L*a*b*, with specific ranges,
encodings, and interpretations.

Profile
A data file containing the information necessary to convert or
transform color data from one color space to another. Typically,
one of the spaces is the native space (RGB or CMYK) of a de-
vice or interchange standard (scanner, camera, monitor, printer,
sRGB etc.), and the other is a colorimetric space (CIEXYZ,
CIELAB, etc.). See also “ICC Profile” and “Output
Profile”.

PPF
Profile Parameter File. A data file, in XML format, containing the
parameters controlling the profile-construction process in Build
Profile.

Rendering Intent
Specifies the mapping style for a profile transform. There are
four styles described in the ICC specification: Perceptual, Satu-
ration, Relative Colorimetric and Absolute Colorimetric.
• Perceptual is intended for the reproduction of continuous-
tone images, and most printer driver utilities refer to this as “pho-
tographic rendering”. It simulates the tonal rendering of a photo-
graphic system for pleasing reproduction of images.
• Saturation is used for business graphics, where the monitor
primaries need to be mapped to highly saturated printer colors.
This intent is not to be used for photographic images.
• Relative Colorimetric preserves the colors of the original
image or graphics, except for a transformation from the white
point of the source medium to the white point of the destination
medium. It is often used for logo color reproduction. If used in
conjunction with Black Point Compensation, it can also be used
for photographic images, like the Perceptual rendering intent.
• Absolute Colorimetric is used for proofing purposes where
paper simulation is needed. It preserves the colors of the origi-
nal image accurately, even simulating the blank areas of the pa-
per or other medium.

Spectrophotometer
A device for measuring spectral reflectance at a number of dif-
ferent wavelengths throughout the visual spectrum. Typically, a
spectrophotometer will output data between 380 and 730 nano-
meters at 10 nanometer intervals.

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Target
An arrangement of color patches in regular rows and columns suitable
for colorimetric measurements by a colorimeter, spectrophotometer,
or similar device. Same as “patch target”, “test target”, “character-
ization target”, etc. See “Patch”.

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Appendix 1 - Printing the Characterization Test Target

After your MFP has been calibrated, use Adobe® Acrobat Reader™ to print the CMYK
characterization targets. They must be printed using a PostScript™ printer driver with all
color management settings turned off.
• If you are using Acrobat Reader 9.x, make sure that the “Let printer determine
colors” box is unchecked. You can access this dialog inside the printer driver
menu under “Advanced Printer Setup”.
• If you are using Adobe Acrobat 8.x or 9.x Pro, under “Advanced Printer Setup”,
Color Profile, select “No Color Management (Same as Source)”.

1. In the main print driver window, set

Page Scaling to None.

2. With Toshiba Properties menu, Image

Quality, select General.

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3. Under settings, in the Basic tab, select

“Smooth” halftone and uncheck Pure
4. In the Color Balance tab, click
Gray, Pure Black, Black Overprint and
the Restore Defaults button so all
PostScript Overprint.
entries are zero.

5. In the Image Attribute tab, uncheck

Use Sharpness Filter.

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6. Click “OK” twice to save the changes and then click “OK” again to print the
characterization target.

All marking technologies have some non-uniformity, and to improve the profile
accuracy, it is recommended that you print two targets rotated 180 degrees and
average the readings. Rotation can be done easily in either Acrobat Reader or
Acrobat - the following figure illustrates rotation in Acrobat Pro.

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Design and specification subject to change without notice.
All rights reserved. No part of this material may be used or reproduced in any man-
ner whatsoever without permission.