In this essay, we are going to discuss about the contributions of Sir Isaac

Newton and Gottfried Leibnitz in the branch of Calculus in Mathematics. Both of these
2 mathematicians have contributed a lot in mathematics but now we are just focus on
their contribution in calculus. Let’s us find out what is calculus before we discuss
about the contribution of these 2 mathematicians. Calculus is the mathematics of
change. Differential calculus, or differentiation, determines varying rates of change.
Differentiation helps solve problems involving acceleration of moving objects, from a
flywheel to the space shuttle, as well as rates of growth and decay, optimal values,
graphs of curves, and other issues. Integration is the "inverse"/opposite of
differentiation. It measures accumulations over periods of change. Integration can find
volumes and lengths of curves, measure forces and work, and solve other problems. It
is used in the day-to-day work of space scientists, architectural engineers, and
theoretical physicists. Like most discoveries, calculus was the culmination of
centuries of work rather than an instant epiphany. Mathematicians all over the world
contributed to its development, but the two most recognized discoverers of calculus
are Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Although the credit is currently given
to both men, there was a time when the debate over which of them truly deserved the
recognition was both heated and widespread.  As the renowned author of Principia
(1687) as well as a host of equally esteemed published works, it appears that Newton
not only went much further in exploring the applications of calculus than Leibniz did,
but he also ventured down a different road. Leibniz and Newton had very different
views of calculus in that Newton’s was based on limits and concrete reality, while
Leibniz focused more on the infinite and the abstract.

Before that, we will look at their biography. For the first mathematician, we find
out Sir Isaac Newton. Sir Isaac Newton was born in 1642 in a manor house in
Lincolnshire, England. His father had died two months before his birth. When Isaac
was three his mother remarried, and Isaac remained with his grandmother. He was
not interested in the family farm, so he was sent to Cambridge University to study.
Isaac was born just a short time after the death of Galileo, one of the greatest
scientists of all time. Galileo had proved that the planets revolve around the sun, not
the earth as people thought at the time. Isaac Newton was very interested in the
discoveries of Galileo and others. Isaac thought the universe worked like a machine
and that a few simple laws governed it. Like Galileo, he realized that mathematics
was the way to explain and prove those laws. Isaac Newton was one of the world’s
great scientists because he took his ideas, and the ideas of earlier scientists, and
combined them into a unified picture of how the universe works.

Until 1666, Newton formulated symbols and systematic method for

differentiation which is almost the same with Barrow’s in 1670. What we need to do is

replacing a and e with qo and po to become the first pattern of Newton calculus.
Newton makes o as a very small time range and op and oq as a very small addition
with x and y change in this range. Therefore, the ratio of q/p will be the changing ratio
for y and x, that is the gradient for f(x,y) = 0.gradient of y n = x m can be obtained from (y
+ oq n) = (x + op m). Expanding both equation by theorem binomial, divide away the
unknown o, and we will get

p mxm−1 p m m/ n−1
= or = x
q ny n−1 q n

When only associated with explicit function, Newton removes p and q and use
o as small change. In De analysi , Newton proven that the area under the arc y = ax m /n

ax m /n +1
, given
m/n+1

n
If we use z as area and assume that z = ax (m +n)/ n
m+ n

This is the first time in the mathematics history that area can be obtained from
reverse which named differentiation. Although this procedure in known by Barrow and
Gregory, but Newton is the calculus founder as he can prove that the comparative
relation between slope and area by using new analysis. In 1676, Newton written the
third part of his calculus, which named De quadratura curvarum. At here, Newton
almost found the concept of limit, the main obstacle is the word disappearing. Newton
is wondering is there ratio within disappearing addition. Newton and Gottfried Leibniz
developed the calculus independently, using different notations. Although Newton
had worked out his method years before Leibniz, he published almost nothing about it
until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704. Meanwhile, Leibniz began
publishing a full account of his methods in 1684. Moreover, Leibniz's notation and
"differential Method" were universally adopted on the Continent, and after 1820 or so,
in the British Empire. Newton claimed that he had been reluctant to publish his
calculus because he feared being mocked for it. Starting in 1699, other members of
the Royal Society accused Leibniz of plagiarism, and the dispute broke out in full force
in 1711. Thus began the bitter calculus priority dispute with Leibniz, which marred the
lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in 1716. This dispute created
a divide between British and Continental mathematicians that may have retarded the
progress of British mathematics by at least a century. Newton is generally credited
with the generalized binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered
Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves, made substantial
contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional
indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine
equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms, and
was the first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series. He also
discovered a new formula for pi. He was elected Lucasian professor of mathematics
in 1669.

After we study about Sir Isaac Newton, now we are going to study about
Gottfried Leibniz. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, born on 14 July 1646, was a German
mathematician and philosopher. He wrote primarily in Latin and French. Leibniz
occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of
philosophy. Leibniz developed the infinitesimal calculus independently of Isaac
Newton, and Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was
published. Leibniz also developed the binary number system, which is at the
foundation of virtually all digital computers. In philosophy, Leibniz is mostly noted for
his optimism, his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best
possible one that God could have created. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and
Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th Century advocates of rationalism.
The work of Leibniz also anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his
philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are
produced by applying reason to first principles or a priori definitions rather than to
empirical evidence. Leibniz also made major contributions to physics and technology,
and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology,
probability theory, psychology, linguistics, and information science. Leibniz also wrote
works on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, philosophy, and philology. Leibniz's
contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals,
in tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts. As of 2010, there is
no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz. Leibniz is credited, along with Sir
Isaac Newton, with the inventing of infinitesimal calculus. According to Leibniz's
notebooks, a critical breakthrough occurred on 11 November 1675, when he
employed integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of a
function y = ƒ(x). He introduced several notations used to this day, for instance the
integral sign ∫ representing an elongated S, from the Latin word summa and the d
used for differentials, from the Latin word differentia. This cleverly suggestive notation
for the calculus is probably his most enduring mathematical legacy. Leibniz did not
publish anything about his calculus until 1684. [27] The product rule of differential
calculus is still called "Leibniz's law". In addition, the theorem that tells how and when
to differentiate under the integral sign is called the Leibniz integral rule. Leibniz's
approach to the calculus fell well short of later standards of rigor. We now see a
Leibniz proof as being in truth mostly a heuristic argument mainly grounded in
geometric intuition. Leibniz also freely invoked mathematical entities he called
infinitesimals, manipulating them in ways suggesting that they had paradoxical
algebraic properties. George Berkeley, in a tract called The Analyst and elsewhere,
ridiculed this and other aspects of the early calculus, pointing out that natural science
grounded in the calculus required just as big of a leap of faith as theology grounded in
Christian revelation. From 1711 until his death, Leibniz's life was envenomed by a
long dispute with John Keill, Newton, and others, over whether Leibniz had invented
the calculus independently of Newton, or whether he had merely invented another
notation for ideas that were fundamentally Newton's. Modern, rigorous calculus
emerged in the 19th century, thanks to the efforts of Augustin Louis Cauchy, Bernhard
Riemann, Karl Weierstrass, and others, who based their work on the definition of a
limit and on a precise understanding of real numbers. While Cauchy still used
infinitesimals as a foundational concept for the calculus, following Weierstrass they
were gradually eliminated from calculus, though continued to be studied outside of
analysis. Infinitesimals survived in science and engineering, and even in rigorous
mathematics, via the fundamental computational device known as the differential.
Beginning in 1960, Abraham Robinson worked out a rigorous foundation for Leibniz's
infinitesimals, using model theory. The resulting non-standard analysis can be seen
as a belated vindication of Leibniz's mathematical reasoning.

In between the contribution of sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, actually
there is war between Newton and Gottfried in the aspect of calculus. At first, Newton
and Leibniz acknowledged each other's accomplishments politely. Then their friends
got into the act. In continental Europe, the Bernoulli brothers led Leibniz's followers.
Siding with Newton in England were academics John Keill (1671-1721), John Wallis
(1616-1703), and Nicholas Fatio de Duillier (1664-1753). The Leibniz side issued
mathematical "challenges" for Newton to solve. Then, egged on by their respective
fans, Newton and Leibniz slung criticism at each other's work. The sides gave bad
names at each other. Leibniz called Newton's fans enfants perdus, or "lost children."
At first, the fight was about who discovered calculus first. But differences in
philosophy, religion, and other factors made matters worse. Then, in 1710, Fatio de
Duillier, on Newton's side, accused Leibniz of plagiarism. Plagiarism is saying
someone else's work is your own. Feeling deeply offended, Leibniz asked the Royal
Society for help. By then, however, Newton was president of the Royal Society.
Newton packed the review committee with his fans. He even drafted parts of the
committee's report. Not surprisingly, the committee's 1713 report favored Newton.
Leibniz's fans fought back. Indeed, they argued, Newton had plagiarized Leibniz's
work. In 1714, Leibniz's employer, the Duke of Hanover, became England's King
George I. Disheartened and left to do boring genealogical work, Leibniz died in 1716.
Newton stayed bitter.

In this war, Newton may have won the first round, but England lost the second
one. For decades, English and German mathematicians wouldn't speak to each other.
And English mathematicians wanted nothing to do with Leibniz's work. But Leibniz's
calculus notation was easier to use. Newton had used dots that could easily be
confused with stray ink spots. Thus, continental mathematicians advanced calculus
more quickly than their English counterparts. For today's science, the calculus quarrel
became a win-win situation. It got both sides to publish their work so that later
mathematicians could expand and apply it. Today, calculus helps solve problems in
physics, biology, chemistry, economics, business, and other disciplines. Both Newton
and Leibniz made other scientific contributions. Among other things, Newton
developed a theory of gravity and described basic laws of physics and motion. Leibniz
worked on binary notation, logic, and a forerunner of the modern calculator. Finally,
the calculus quarrel illustrates the importance of publishing scientific work. Important
discoveries should be shared.