MINI RESEARCH

CALCULATING PH SCALE AND

INDICATOR USE

Lecture :
Compiled By :
 Meidy Adelina (4163312017)

BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

2016
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND
NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The most common chemical compounds we encounter in everyday life are acidic bases, such
as acids, one of which is nitric acid contained in citrus and vinegar. And bases are usually
contained in soap. Acidic substances usually contain acids, and substances that taste slippery and
bitter usually contain a base.
A solution can be divided into 3 groups, namely: acid solution, alkaline solution, and neutral
solution. Solution groups can be known by using acid-base indicators, ie dyestuffs that will
produce different colors in acidic solutions as well as alkaline solutions. With the indicator we
can determine the strength of acid as well as the strength of bases in a substance. The strength or
weakness of an acid or a base can be expressed in pH. Substances that have a pH below 7 have
acidic properties, substances that have a pH above 7 have basic properties, sdangkan substances
that have a pH of 7 is a neutral solution on base, for example soap will feel slippery and can
cleanse the skin, but If we use Sodium Hydroxide to cleanse the skin, then the skin will feel sore,
whereas soap and Sodium hydroxide is a solution that has a basic properties. This occurs because
of the difference in the amount of alkaline content In both substances. So even with acid, if the
acid contained in the orange or vinegar can we feel by eating it, but if the acid that we often use
to do lab laboratory. Do not just to eat it, just touch it then our hands will itch and blister.
For that at this lab we can experiment to know the truth From the theory of acid as well as
about bases, and we can also try to measure the strength of acid as well as the strength of base
A substance using an indicator. And we will also try measuring using pH meter.

1.2 PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES

 Can make acid and base standard solutions in various concentrations

 Can measure pH of the solution with various indicators
 Can choose the indicator according to the pH
 Can measure pH of solution by using pH meter
 CHAPTER II.
THEORETICAL BASIS

The concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide ions in solution is very interesting for further
study, the concentration of both is usually very small so as to facilitate the count of scientific
notation used. The phrase used pH and POH is defined as negative logarithmaconcentration of
molar hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. In the form of mathematical equations written as
follows:
PH = - log [H + ] = Logs
POH = - log [OH - ] = Logs
The pH symbol derived from the french language "pouvair hidrogane" means "hydrogen
power" to the exponential. In a neutral solution or pure water pH = POH = 7.00, if pH <7 is
acidic, and if pH> 7 means the solution is basic. The practical usefulness of pH is to show the
acidity and alkalinity of a solution. The pH value of a solution can be measured accurately using
pH meters. This instrument consists of electrodes made of a special material and immersed in a
solution to be measured. A potential that depends on the pH value is generated between the
electrodes and is read on the meter that has been calibrated directly into the pH unit. Although
not very precise, acid-base indicator is often used to measure pH, since the indicator usually
changes color within a certain pH range (sunarya: 2002: 89-90).
The acid-base indicator is usually prepared in solution form. In acid-base titrations, a
small amount of the indicator solution is added to an aqueous solution in another form and then
dried. If the paper is moistened with the solution under test, a color can be used to determine the
pH of the solution. The paper is called pH paper.
The acid-base indicator is generally used if the determination of pH being studied is not
too thoughtful. However the most appropriate pH measurement is performed by a measuring
device called pH meter (Petrucci.1987: 309).
According to (Sukardjo, 2009: 179) To know the nature of acids or bases a substance can
not be directly dilkukan by tasting or holding it. Tasting or holding substances directly is very
dangerous. For example H2SO4 sulfuric acid, which in daily life is used as accu zuur (water
battery). When the hand or skin is exposed to sulfuric acid, it will blister like a burn and when
the eye is exposed to sulfuric acid will be blind. The proper way to determine the acid or base
properties of a substance is to use a substance called indicator. The acid-base indicator is a
substance that can be different in color if it is in an acidic or alkaline environment.
If ions derived from a small compound of the solution can enter an acid-base reaction
with H 3 O + or - OH, then the solubility of the compound will be affected by pH. Example: Mg
(OH) 2 . The OH ion - derived from the solubility equilibrium can react with H 3 O + to form H 2
O.
Mg (OH) 2 Mg 2+ + 2- OH Ksp = 1.8.10 -11
-
OH H 3 O + (aq) H2O

According to the Lechatelier principle, the above reaction disrupts the equilibrium shown
through the use of - OH. The equilibrium shifts to the right, through the Mg (OH) 2 solvent, to
replace the - OH used in the reaction. In a slightly acidic solution, the reaction is complete and
Mg (OH) 2 has high solubility. The net reaction is:
Mg (OH) 2 + 2 H 3 O + Mg + 2 (aq) + 4H 2 O
( Petrucci: 1992: 122 )
PH meter is an example of membrane electrode application which is useful for measuring
pH of solution. PH meter can also be used to determine the end point of the acid-base titration of
surrogate indicator. This tool is equipped with glass electrodes and calomel electrode (SCE) or a
combination of both (combined electrodes). The silver metal immersed in 0.1 M HCl solution
acts as a comparative electrode 2. While the calomel electrode as the reference electrode 1. The
silver / silver chloride electrode is part of the glas electrode but is not sensitive to pH.
The thing to consider in using electrodes is that the liquid in the electrode must always be
kept higher than the measured solution. Hendayana: 1994 : 108 )
According to (Akhril Agus 1939: 74) pH comes from English (power of hydrogen). In
terms of mathematics, letters have been agreed as symbols of the negative logarithm of the base
number 10. P = -10 log
For [OH - ] and Kw can also be taken numbers; The result of the logarithm of base 10 is:
POH =  log [OH - ] and PKw =  log Kw
Negative logarithmic relationship between Kw, H + and OH  :
Kw = [H + ] [OH - ]
 log Kw =  log [H + ] [OH - ]
Because at temperature 25 Kw = 10 -14
 log 10 -14 =  log [H + ] + (  log [OH - ])
14 = PH + POH
The acid-base indicator is a compound whose color is different in acid and base. Not all
indicators change color at the same pH. The indicator color change depends on [H + ] in the
solution of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Here's the color change table with pH interval
from various indicators.
No. Indicator PH interval Discoloration
1 Methyl Purple 0.2  3.0 Yellow  Purple
2 Blue Timol 1,2  2,8 Red  Yellow
3 Methyl Orange 3,1  4,4 Red  Orange  Yellow
4 Blue Bromphenol 3.0  4.6 Yellow  Blue  Purple
5 Bromkresol Green 3.0  5.0 Blue  Red
6 Congo red 3,8  5,4 Yellow  Blue
7 Methyl Red 4.4  6.2 Red  Yellow
8 Bromkresol red is green 5.2  6.8 Yellow  Red Guava
9 Litmus 4.5  8.5 Red  Blue
10 Brontimol Biru 6.0  7.6 Yellow  Blue
11 Red phenol 6.8  8.2 Yellow  Red
12 Blue Timol 8.0  9.6 Yellow  Blue
13 Phenolphthalein 8.3  10.0 No Color  Red
14 Timolftalein 9,3  10,5 Yellow  Blue
15 Alizarin Yellow 10.0  12.0 Yellow  Red
16 Indigokarmin 11.4  13.0 Blue  Yellow
17 Trinitrobenzene 12.0  14.0 Not Bewarna  Jingga

(Chemical Constituent Team I 2014: 57)

 CHAPTER III.
PRACTICAL METHOD

3.1 TOOLS AND MATERIALS

• Practicum Tools
 Test tube
 Drop pipette
 PH meter
 Bunsen
 Water bath
 label
• Practicum Materials
 HCl 0.01 M
 Distilled water
 Boiling water
 NaOH 0.01 M
 Indicators (methyl orange, methyl red, phenolphthalene, yellow alizarin, blue brontimol)
 Vinegar solution
 Citrus juice (pulpy)
 Carbonated Drinks
 Shampoo
 Liquid detergent
 Ammonia for household purposes
 Tablet aspirin

3.2 WORK PROCEDURES

A. Acidic area, pH 2 to pH 6
Test tube
In fill with a 0.01 M HCl solution, this solution has a pH of 2.
1 ml of a pH solution 2 In dilute with 9 ml of distilled water already in Boil to get pH 3. Solution
in the same way to get PH 4-6.

B. Neutral region pH 7
Tube reaction
enter the water that has been boiled, because it has a pH of 7

Test tube
C. alkaline region pH 8-12
In fill with 0.01 M NaOH solution, this solution has a pH of 12.
In dilute 1 ml of pH 12 solution with distilled water which has been Bring to a boil for
Get pH 11. Do the same way to get pH 10-8.
Indicator
In the drip of the solution pH 2 to pH 12.

D. The pH indicator of various substances

5 Reaction tube
In 2 ml enter each substance of vinegar, juice, beverage Carbonated, shampoo, detergent,
ammonia for RT, baking soda, and aspirin tablets into each tube.
indicator

Put 2 drops into each tube with sides of the substance.

Results

Compare the color with standard solution. And in the pH

E. Determination of ph by using pH meter

PH meter
In the demonstration by the assistant, before the use of ph meter must be calibrated. And in
celubkan electrode into the solution that has been made.
Results

Recorded pH meter reading from standard solution that has been selected.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT OF PRACTICUM

PH Type of
(standard) indicator
MM MJ PP BB AK
2 Red Red Colorless Yellow Yellow
3 Red Red Colorless Yellow Yellow
4 Red Orange Colorless Blue Yellow
5 Red Orange Colorless Blue Yellow
6 Red Orange Colorless Yellow Yellow
7 Red Orange Colorless Blue Yellow
8 Pink Yellow Colorless Yellow Yellow
9 Pink Yellow Colorless Yellow Yellow
10 Yellow Yellow Colorless Green Yellow
11 Yellow Yellow Purple Blue Purple
12 Yellow Yellow Purple Blue Purple

1. Route ph indicator : Methyl red = Red Yellow

2. Route pH indicator : Methyl orange = Red-orange-yellow
3. Route pH indicator : Penoftalen = Not colored red
4. pH indicator trajectory : Blue brontimol = Yellow-blue
5. Route pH indicator : Yellow alizarin = Yellow-red

NO NAME OF TYPE INDICATOR

SAME /
SAMPLES
MM MJ PP BB AK PH Ket
1 Vinegar Red Pink Colorless Yellow Yellow <3.1 Acid
2 Orange juice Red Orange Yellow Yellow Yellow 3,1-4,4 Acid
3 Wipol Yellow Yellow Yellow Green Red 12 Bases
4 Aspirin Red Pink Colorless Yellow Green <3,1 Acid
5 Sprite Red Orange Colorless Yellow Yellow 3,1-4,4 acid
6 Shampoo Yellow Yellow Colorless Yellow Yellow 6.0-7.6 Neutral
7 Detergent Yellow Pink Colorless Green Pink 6 Acid
8 Baking soda Yellow Yellow Colorless Blue Pink 9 Bases
4.2 DISCUSSION

In this experiment we have conducted several experiments: making a solution with a pH

of 2-6, a solution of pH 7, a pH solution of 8-12, and identifying the properties of the solution
and its pH of various substances.
The acidic area pH 2-6
In this experiment aims to obtain a solution having a pH of 2-6, a solution of pH 2 can be
obtained from a 0.01 M HCl solution, whereas to obtain a solution having a pH of 3-6 we can
obtain by diluting a 0.01 M HCl solution With distilled water that has been boiled. The purpose
of boiling distilled water is to remove the element CO 2 . The result of dilution of 0.01 M HCl
solution of 1 ml with distilled water having 9 ml of wash was obtained with a solution having a
pH of 3. And to obtain a solution of pH 4 was diluted to a pH 3 solution of the same volume
ratio. And so on to get the solution with pH 5 and 6. After the solution is obtained which has pH
2-6, the solution is stored until we finish making a solution of pH 7-12. Then tested using
indicator.
Neutral region pH 7
In this experiment to obtain a solution with a pH of 7 is sufficient to use the eldest water
that has been in the heat because pure water only ionized 0.000001%. In pure water obtained [H
+
] or [OH - ] each 1 10 -7 M, so the pH of water is 7.
Regional bases pH8-12
This experiment was done the same as experiment A that is by dilution using distilled
water that has been heated. In this experiment starting from diluting 0.01 M NaOH solution,
since 0.01 M NaOH solution has a pH of 12. To obtain a solution of pH 11, a solution dilution of
pH 12 1ml solution with distilled water was boiled at a volume of 9 ml. And do the same way to
get the solution with a pH of 10-8. After obtaining all solutions from pH 2 to pH 12, then
dropped with 5 indicators (methyl red, methyl orange, penophthalene, blue brontimol, yellow
alizarin) to obtain any color change. Of the color changes obtained there are some solutions that
if ditetesi produce colors that are not in accordance with ndikator such as penolftalen indicator
that ditetesi in solution with pH 11 and pH 12 produce a purple color as well as with blue
brontimol indicator which is dropped in solution with pH 10 produces green color , While the
indicator does not produce the resulting color. This is due to indiscriminate praktikan in seeing
the color changes inflicted.
Due to the color differences in pH color testing using inductor (methyl red, methyl
orange, penophthalene, blue brontimol, and yellow alizarin) so that pH testing is performed using
a universal indicator of litmus paper or pH kerts, as found in the basic chemistry book Petrucci
1987 stated that the acid-base indicator is usually made in solution form. In acid-base titrations, a
small amount of the indicator solution is added to an aqueous solution in another form and then
dried. If the paper is moistened with the solution under test, a color can be used to determine the
pH of the solution. The paper is called pH paper. However, use of the indicator or paper ph is not
very appropriate when compared using a pH meter.

The pH indicator of various substances

In this experiment, the ingredients used for the known type and pH are vinegar, citrus
juice, carbonated beverages, shampoo, liquid detrener, ammonia, baking soda, aspirin tablets.
Each of the substances is diluted according to the guide, - the substance is inserted into 5 test
tubes for 5 drops of indicator. Put an indicator into each reaction, observe the changes, and of
course the pH of the solution with the pH change chart and use pH paper to ensure the pH is
obtained. The results of the pH obtained can be seen in the results section while the pH chart plot
can be seen in the attachment. Based on pH paper, the pH obtained is as follows (pH of 3
vinegar, pH of fruit juice 5, pH of cyclo 4 drink, pH shampoo 8, detergent pH 12, baking soda 9,
and aspirin 6).
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

5.1 CONCLUSION

A. The standard acid-base solution is determined by diluting the starting solution.

The initial solution consists of 2 categories:
~ The solution is from the liquid compound
~ The solution comes from a solid compound

B. Ph solution can be determined by various indicators. If the acidic compound, preferably using
the indicator MO, BTB, MM, because the phnya route below 7. If the alkaline solution use PP
and yellow alizarin, because the ph route is above 7

C. Measurement of solution ph with indicator can be done by determining the appropriate

indicator by comparing the solution with stabdar solution known to its ph

D. PH meter is a device used to measure PH of a solution.

 Bibliography

Http://wulanmhr.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/laporan-praktikum-kimia-skala-ph-dan.html
Https://zonesupernova.blogspot.co.id/2016/04/laporan-praktikum-kimia-dasar-skala-ph.html