CHAPTER 5: GROWTH

5.1 Pattern of Human Growth

• Growth in human is a process of change in physical shape, body size and cell function
of the human.
• The rate of human growth is measured by the weight and height of their body.
• The graph below shows the human growth curve.

• It can be divided into five stages.

(a) Infancy – rapid growth (0-3 years)
(b) Childhood – slow growth (3-13 years)
(c) Adolescence – rapid growth (13-20 years)
(d) Adulthood – minimal growth (20-65 years)
(e) Old age – negative growth (65 years and above)

• The graph below shows the growth curves of males and females.

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 (a) The growth rate at infant stage (0-2 years) is the greatest.
(b) The growth rate in males and females is almost the same from 0-12 years.
(c) From 12-14 years, the females grow at a higher rate than the males.
(d) From 14 years onwards, the males grow at a higher rate than the females.

• Effects of nutrition:
(a) Balanced diet is necessary for the healthy growth.
(b) The following table shows the nutrients and their respective functions.

Nutrient Function

Proteins Build new tissues to replace old and worn-out tissues

Carbohydrates Provide energy

Fats Provide energy

Iron Forms haemoglobin in red blood cell

Calcium, phosphorus Form strong bones and teeth

and vitamin D

Vitamins Fight against infections

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 CHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

2.1 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMAN

• The circulatory system is a system of tubes with a pump and valves that ensure the one-way
flow of blood.
• The function of heart is to pump blood to all parts of the body.
• The heart is divided into four chambers. The upper two chambers are the right atrium and left
atrium. The lower two chambers are the right ventricle and left ventricle.
• The upper and lower chambers are divided by a muscular wall.
• The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body.
• There are three types of valves inside the heart.
(a) The tricuspid valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
(b) The bicuspid valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
(c) The semilunar valves are situated at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
• The valves prevent blood from flowing backwards.
• Each chamber of the heart is connected to one or two major blood vessels.
(a) The vena cava returns blood to the right atrium.
(b) The pulmonary artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
(c) The pulmonary vein carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
(d) The aorta carries blood out of the left ventricle to all parts of the body.
• Figure below shows the structure of a heart.

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Uses of Calcium Compounds

Calcium carbonate as antacid, to treat acidic soil and water

Calcium oxide as a drying agent for ammonia gas

to treat acidic soil

Calcium hydroxide to reduce the acidity of water

solution coagulate suspended particles
mortar, paint, plaster

6.5 Natural Fuel Resources And Their Importance

• Petroleum, natural gas and coal are classified as fossil fuels.

• Fossils are the remains of dead plants and animals that have been buried in the ground for
millions of years.
• Petroleum consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds consisting of hydrogen and
carbon atoms only.
• The various hydrocarbon compounds can be separated through fractional distillation.
• The different types of hydrocarbon can be distilled because they have different boiling points.
• The higher the boiling point of a petroleum fraction,
a. The darker its colour will be
b. The more viscous the fraction will be.
c. The more difficult it burns.
d. The more soot the flames produce.
• Uses of various fractions of petroleum.

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Distillation Product Use

Petroleum gas For heating

Petrol As fuel at the oil refinery and for cars

Naphtha To make solvent, pesticides and as a base material in petrochemical

industries

Kerosene As fuel for aircraft

Diesel oil As fuel for buses and taxis

Lubricants For machines

Fuel oil For ships and power stations

Bitumen For road surfacing