“And They Shall Be One Flesh”:

On the Language of Mystical

Union in Judaism

By

Adam Afterman

LEIDEN | BOSTON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Afterman, Adam, author.

Title: And they shall be one flesh : on the language of mystical union in
 Judaism / by Adam Afterman.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2016] | Series: Supplements to the
 Journal of Jewish thought and philosophy, ISSN 1873-9008 ; volume 26 |
 Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016026410 (print) | LCCN 2016027152 (ebook) | ISBN
 9789004328723 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004328730 (E-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Mysticism—Judaism—Influence. | Cabala—Influence. |
 Mystical union.
Classification: LCC BM723 .A35 2016 (print) | LCC BM723 (ebook) | DDC
 296.7/12—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026410

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ISSN 1873-9008
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isbn 978-90-04-32873-0 (e-book)

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Contents

Acknowledgements viI

1 Introduction 1

2 From Philo to Plotinus: The Emergence of Mystical Union 25

3 Unio Mystica and Ancient Jewish Mysticism 49

4 Platonic and Aristotelian Traditions of Union 60

5 “As Light Unites with Light”: The Language of Union

in Jewish Neoplatonism 79

6 The Language of Union in the Writings of Moses Maimonides

and Moses Nachmanides 102

7 Mystical Union in Early Kabbalah 130

8 Mystical Union in the Ecstatic Kabbalah of Abraham Abulafia 151

9 Language and Images of Mystical Union in the Kabbalah

of R. Isaac of Acre 171

10 “Single Unification, Single Bond”: The Language of Union

and Unity in the Zohar 189

11 From Kabbalah to the Renaissance and Hasidism: A Brief

Overview 225

12 Concluding Remarks 237

Primary Sources 243
Bibliography 245
Index of Names and Subjects 271
Index of Primary Sources 279
Acknowledgements*

My interest in the idea of mystical union first grew out of conversations I had
many years ago with my late father, the poet Allen B. Afterman.
The program in “Jewish Philosophy, Talmud and Kabbalah” at Tel Aviv
University Department of Hebrew Culture Studies has been my academic
home for the last six years. I am privileged now to chair this program and I
thank my colleagues and students at Tel Aviv University for their support,
interest, and involvement in my work, especially Menachem Lorberbaum, who
was kind enough to read different drafts of several chapters of the book, and for
an ongoing dialogue; Ronit Meroz for her constant support and interest in my
work and for sharing unpublished materials; Ron Margolin for his constant
support and ongoing interest in my work; and Ishay Rosen-Zvi, Gideon Bohak,
Michael Mach, Yuval Jobani, and department chair Vered Noam for their warm
support. I would also like to thank the chair of the School of Jewish Studies,
Tamar Sovran, and my Deans at TAU, Shlomo Biderman, Eyal Zisser, and Leo
Corry for their ongoing support of my work. Thanks go to my colleague and
head of the Tel Aviv University Center for Religious and Interreligious Studies
(CRIS), Menachem Fisch, for his ongoing support and engagement with my
work, and to my colleagues at CRIS, Yossef Schwartz, Barbara Meyer, Lina
Salaymeh, and Ahmad Igbariah for sharing the passion for the study of inter-
religious matters in the academy.
I would also like to thank many of my colleagues and friends with whom I
discussed ideas and elements of this project over the years, including: Daniel
Abrams, Yoav Ashkenazi, Avriel Bar-Levav, Yossi Chajes, Avraham Elqayam,
Jonathan Garb, Tom Greggs, Moshe Halbertal, Zev Harvey, Joel Hecker, Melila
Hellner-Eshed, Ruth Kaniel Kara-Ivanov, Yehuda Liebes, Yair Lorberbaum, Zvi
Mark, Daniel Matt, Jonatan Meir, Maren Niehoff, Brian Ogren, Yakir Paz,
Elchanan Reiner, Biti Roi, Hillel ben Sasson, Eli Schonfeld, Sara Sviri, Sandra
Valabregue Perry, Hami Verbin, Tzahi Weiss, and Oded Yisraeli.
I would like to express my gratitude to the president of the Shalom Hartman
Institute, Rabbi Donniel Hartman, and to Hana Gilat for their ongoing support
and encouragement. My colleagues and friends at SHI—Sharaga Bar-On,
Yitzhak Benbaji, Avital Davidovich, Dov Elbaum, Yair Furstenberg, Micah

*  Chapter 2 in this book is based upon my article: “From Philo to Plotinus: The Emergence of
Mystical Union,” Published in The Journal of Religion 93 (2013): 177–196; and my article: “Time,
Eternity and Mystical Experience in Kabbalah’, Time and Eternity in Jewish Mysticism, edited
by Brian Ogren, Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2015, 162–175, was used partially in chapters 8 and 10.
viii Acknowledgements

Goodman, Israel Knohl, Marcie Lenk, Shlomo Naeh, Ariel Picard, Avi Sagi, and
Adiel Schremer—were kind enough to discuss with me over the years ele-
ments of the problem of union and integration with God.
Angelica Berrie, Chair of the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America,
has supported my personal and academic path in the field of Jewish studies
and interreligious research, and I am very grateful to her, as I am for the ongo-
ing support of Rabbi Jack Bemporad, director of the John Paul II Center for
Interreligious Dialogue at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas in
Rome.
A major part of the work for this book was undertaken during the spring and
summer of 2015 when I served as a visiting senior lecturer in Jewish Studies at
the Harvard Divinity School. The wonderful hospitality and enchanting librar-
ies made an ideal setting for writing the bulk of this book. I would like to thank
Dean David Hampton for his kind invitation to visit HDS, and his faculty—
Karen King, Kimberley Patton, Charles Stang, Kevin Madigan, Ann Braude,
Francis Clooney, and Jon Levenson—for their warm engagement. I would also
like to thank the graduate students at HDS, in particular those that partici-
pated in my seminar on “Intimacy with God: Jewish Conceptions of
Communion, Mystical Union and the Holy Spirit”. Their engagement with
some of the sources and ideas analyzed in this book at the time that I was writ-
ing it was extremely valuable. While in Boston, I also very much enjoyed my
conversations with Rabbis Arthur Green and Or Rose at Hebrew College.
The current study was supported by a grant from the Israel Science
Foundation that allowed me to focus on this topic from 2013 to 2015, and to col-
laborate with a group of intelligent and dedicated TAU graduate students who
contributed at various stages to different aspects of the project: Noam
Hoffmann, Omer Michaelis, Marva Shalev Marom, and Idan Pinto.
Special thanks are due to Elliot R. Wolfson, the editor of the SJJT series at
Brill, for his sincere and open engagement with my work, which helped me
improve my arguments. The privilege of working with an editor who is at the
same time not only a leading scholar in the field but also one who has written
extensively on the topics analyzed in this book was invaluable to me. The team
at Brill, including Meghan Connolly, was extremely helpful in bringing the
manuscript to print. I would like to also thank my English editor, Sue Fendrick,
for her fine work.
My engagement with the problem of integration with God and its different
articulations and vocabularies in Judaism was undertaken through a long and
fruitful dialogue with Moshe Idel. His extensive writing on this topic not only
laid some of the cornerstones of my own study, but also opened the door for a
new perspective.
Acknowledgements ix

The ongoing support and love from my family, my mother Susan Afterman
and her husband Josef Shai, and my brothers Gedaliah (and his wife Emma),
Yshai, and Hadar is an ongoing source of strength. I am grateful to my wife’s
parents and their spouses—Orit Fogel-Shafran and Meshulam Shafran, Alain
Fogel and Helga Dotan—and especially my wife’s grandmother, Hanna
Pickmann Chaikin, for their ongoing interest in and support of my work.
To my loving wife, Danielle: with her I came to learn the mystery of love and
union, to which our children Alma and Joel have recently joined. I dedicate
this book to her in love:‬"‫‬"ודבק באשתו והיו לבשר אחד‬
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