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The IL300’s 200 kHz bandwidth and gain stability make it an Fig. 1 - IL300 Schematic
excellent candidate for subscriber and data phone
interfaces. Present switch mode power supplies are
approaching 1 MHz switching frequencies. Such supplies
need output monitoring feedback networks with wide
bandwidth and flat phase response. The IL300 satisfies
these needs with simple support circuits.
7 IF = 10 mA,
VD = -15 V, optical coupling. Variation in ambient temperature alters the
6
Tamb = 25 °C LED efficiency and phototransistor gain and results in CTR
Tamb = 25 °C 1000 drift. Isolation amplifiers constructed with standard
5 phototransistor optocouplers suffer from gain drift due to
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
3 7
IL300 IL300
+ + VCC 1 8
Va 7
6
U1 2 7 3 +
Vin Vout
Vb IF K1 K2 VCC 6
-
VCC
U2
3 6
2
4 VCC 2
4 5 -
IP1 IP2 4
IP1
R1 R2
IP2
17757
17756
When Vin is modulated, Vb will track Vin. For this to happen The input / output gain of the isolation amplifier is
the photocurrent through R1 must also track the change in determined by combining equations 12 and 15.
Va. Recall that the photocurrent results from the change in I F = V in ⁄ ( K1 x R1 ) (12)
LED current times the servo gain, K1. The following
I F = -V out ⁄ ( K2 x R2 ) (15)
equations can be written to describe this activity.
V in ⁄ ( K1 x R1 ) = -Vout ⁄ ( K2 x R2 ) (16)
V a = V b = V in = 0 (7)
V out ⁄ V in = - ( K2 x R2 ) ⁄ ( K1 x R1 ) (17)
I P1 = I F x K1 (8)
Note that the LED current, IF , is factored out of equation 17.
V b = I P1 x R1 (9)
This is possible because the servo and output photodiode
The relationship of LED drive to input voltage is shown by currents are generated by the same LED source. This
combining equations 7, 8, and 9. equation can be simplified further by replacing the K2/K1
V a = I P1 x R1 (10) ratio with IL300’s transfer gain, K3.
V in = I F x K1 x R1 (11) V out ⁄ V in = -K3 x ( R2 ⁄ R1 ) (18)
I F = V in ⁄ ( K1 x R1 ) (12) The IL300 isolation amplifier gain stability and offset drift
Equation 12 shows that the LED current is related to the depends on the transfer gain characteristics. Fig. 5 shows
input voltage Vin. A changing Va causes a modulation in the the consistency of the normalized K3 as a function of LED
LED flux. The LED flux will change to a level that generates current and ambient temperature. The transfer gain drift as
the necessary servo photocurrent to stabilize the optical a function of temperature is typically ± 0.005 %/°C over a
feedback loop. The LED flux will be a linear representation -55 °C to 100 °C range.
of the input voltage, Va. The servo photodiode’s linearity Fig. 6 shows the composite isolation amplifier including the
controls the linearity of the isolation amplifier. input servo amplifier and the output trans resistance
The next step in the analysis is to evaluate the output trans amplifier. This circuit offers the insulation of an optocoupler
resistance amplifier. The common inverting trans resistance and the gain stability of a feedback amplifier.
APPLICATION NOTE
Axis Title
Package assembly variations result in a range of K3.
1.04 10000 Because of the importance of K3, Vishay offers the transfer
Normalized to: gain sorted into ± 6 % bins. The bin designator is listed on
NK3 - Normalized Transfer Gain (K2/K1)
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
1.00
Tamb = -55 °C TABLE 1 - K3 TRANSFER GAIN BINS
0.99 Tamb = 25 °C
Tamb = 0 °C 100 BIN MIN. MAX.
0.98 A 0.557 0.626
B 0.620 0.696
0.97
C 0.690 0.773
0.96 10 D 0.765 0.859
0 10 20 30 40 50
E 0.851 0.955
IF - Forward Current (mA)
F 0.945 1.061
Fig. 5 - Normalized Transfer Gain vs. Forward Current
G 1.051 1.181
H 1.169 1.311
An instrumentation engineer often seeks to design an
isolation amplifier with unity gain of Vout/Vin = 1.0. The I 1.297 1.456
IL300’s transfer gain is targeted for: K3 = 1.0. J 1.442 1.618
3 7 IL300
+ + VCC
1 8
Va
6 3 7
U1 2 7
Vin +
IF K1 K2 Vout
Vb VCC 6
– U2
3 6
2
4 VCC VCC 2
4 5 –
IP1 IP2 4
IP1
R1 IP2 R2
17759
ISOLATION AMPLIFIER DESIGN TECHNIQUES The IL300 can be configured as either a photovoltaic or
APPLICATION NOTE
The previous section discussed the operation of an isolation photoconductive isolation amplifier. The photovoltaic
amplifier using the optical servo technique. The following topology offers the best linearity, lowest noise, and drift
section will describe the design philosophy used in performance. Isolation amplifiers using these circuit
developing isolation amplifiers optimized for input voltage configurations meet or exceed 12 bit A / D performance.
range, linearity, and noise rejection. Photoconductive photodiode operation provides the largest
coupled frequency bandwidth. The photoconductive
configuration has linearity and drift characteristics
comparable to a 8 to 9 bit A / D converter.
PHOTOVOLTAIC ISOLATION AMPLIFIER When low offset drift and greater than 12 bit linearity is
The transfer characteristics of this amplifier are shown in desired, photovoltaic amplifier designs should be
Fig. 7. considered. The schematic of a typical positive unipolar
photovoltaic isolation amplifier is shown in Fig. 8.
The input stage consists of a servo amplifier, U1, which
controls the LED drive current. The servo photodiode is The composite amplifier transfer gain (Vo/Vin) is the ratio of
operated with zero voltage bias. This is accomplished by two products. The first is the output transfer gain, K2 x R2.
connecting the photodiodes anode and cathode directly to The second is the servo transfer gain, K1 x R1. The amplifier
U1’s inverting and non-inverting inputs. The characteristics gain is the first divided by the second. See equation 19.
of the servo amplifier operation are presented in Fig. 7a and
Fig. 7b. The servo photocurrent is linearly proportional to the IP1 IP2
IF Vout
input voltage, IP1 = Vin/R1. Fig. 7b shows the LED current is
inversely proportional to the servo transfer gain, IF = IP1/K1.
The servo photocurrent, resulting from the LED emission, 1 1 R2
K1 K2
R1
keeps the voltage at the inverting input of U1 equal to zero.
The output photocurrent, IP2, results from the incident flux 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +
Vin IP1 IF IP2
supplied by the LED. Fig. 7c shows that the magnitude of
a b c d
the output current is determined by the output transfer gain, 17760
K2. The output voltage, as shown in Fig. 7d, is proportional Fig. 7 - Positive Unipolar Photovoltaic Isolation
to the output photocurrent IP2. The output voltage equals the Amplifier Transfer Characteristics
product of the output photocurrent times the output
amplifier’s trans resistance, R2.
VCC
1 kΩ
+
3 6
IL300 R2
U1 1 8
Vin R1 5.6 kΩ
2 IF
5.6 kΩ -
2 7
+ Voltage IP1 K1 K2
IP2
3 6 -
2
6
4 5
U2
IP1 IP2
3
Vout
+
17761
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
IP1 = 180 μA -1
The input resistor, R1, is set by the input voltage range and
the peak servo photocurrent, IP1. -2 100
Thus R1 is equal to:
-3 IF = 10 mA
R1 = Vin/IP1 IFmod = ± 4 mA
R1 = 1 V/180 μA RL = 50 Ω
-4 10
R1 = 5.6 kΩ 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
f - Frequency (kHz)
1 kΩ
IL300
+ IF 1 8
3 6
U1 R2
2 7
Vin R1 5.6 kΩ
2 – K1 K2
5.6 kΩ
3 6
- Voltage IP1 IP2
2 –
4 5
IP1 IP2 6
U2
Vout
3
17764 +
The third step in this design is determining the value of the The modifications of the input amplifier include reversing the
trans resistance, R2, of the output amplifier. R2 is set by the polarity of the servo photodiode at U1’s input and
composite voltage gain desired, and the IL300’s transfer connecting the LED so that it sinks current from U1’s output.
gain, K3. Given K3 = 1.0 and a required Vout/Vin = G = 1.0, The non inverting isolation amplifier response is maintained
the value of R2 can be determined. by reversing the IL300’s output photodiodes connection to
APPLICATION NOTE
-1 1 - R2
K2
R1 K1
-
- Vin 0 0 IP1 + 0 IF + Vout
17765 a b c d
+ IL300a
3 6
1 8 R2
U1 1 kΩ
R1 5.6 kΩ
2 2 7
5.6 kΩ – K1a K2a
Vin
3 6
–
2
6
4 5 U2
IP1a IP2a
Vout
3
+
IL300b
1 8
2 7
K1b K2b
3 6
4 5
IP1b IP2b
17766
R1 K1a
+ 0 0 0 IP2a
0 + IFa + +
Vin IP1a I IP2b
IP1b IFb 0 +I
P2b
+ + +
-1 1 K2b -R2
R1 K1b
–
– Vin 0 0 IP1b + 0 IFb +
Vout
17767 a b c d
A bipolar responding photovoltaic amplifier can be limited by crossover distortion resulting from the
constructed by combining a positive and negative unipolar photodiode stored charge. With a bipolar signal referenced
amplifier into one circuit. This is shown in Fig. 12. This to ground and using a 5 % distortion limit, the typical
amplifier uses two IL300s with each detector and LED bandwidth is under 1 kHz. Using matched K3s, the
connected in anti parallel. The IL300a responds to positive composite amplifier gain for positive and negative voltage
signals while the IL300b is active for the negative signals. will be equal.
The operation of the IL300s and the U1 and U2 is shown in Whenever the need to couple bipolar signals arises a pre
the transfer characteristics given in Fig. 13. biased photovoltaic isolation amplifier is a good solution. By
The operational analysis of this amplifier is similar to the pre biasing the input amplifier the LED and photodetector
positive and negative unipolar isolation amplifier. This will operate from a selected quiescent operating point. The
simple circuit provides a very low offset drift and relationship between the servo photocurrent and the input
exceedingly good linearity. The circuit’s useful bandwidth is voltage is shown in Fig. 14.
IP1
IP1Q
1
R1
17768
- Vin +
+
3 2N3906
6
OP-07 IL300
R1 1 8 R2
2
5.6 kΩ - 0.1 µF 5.6 kΩ
VCC
100 Ω 2 7
Input K1 K2
3 6 - 0.1 µF
100 µA 2
6
4 5 OP-07
IP1 IP2
100 µA
3 Output
+
R2
GAIN = K3
R1
FS = ± 1 V 100 µA 100 µA current
17770 source
APPLICATION NOTE
The quiescent operation point, IP1Q, is determined by the a zero volt equilibrium. The bias source can be as simple as
dynamic range of the input signal. This establishes a series resistor connected to VCC. Best stability and
maximum LED current requirements. The output current minimum offset drift is achieved when a good quality current
capability of the OP- 07 is extended by including a buffer source is used.
transistor between the output of U1 and the LED. The buffer Fig. 17 shows the amplifier found in Fig. 15 including two
transistor minimizes thermal drift by reducing the OP- 07 modified Howland current sources. The first source pre
internal power dissipation if it were to drive the LED directly. biases the servo amplifier, and the second source is
This is shown in Fig. 15. The bias is introduced into the connected to U2’s inverting input which matches the input
inverting input of the servo amplifier, U1. The bias forces the pre bias.
LED to provide photocurrent, IP1, to servo the input back to
- 0 + 0 + 0 + R2 -
Vin IP1 IF
17769 a b c d
+
3 6 2N3906
OP-07 IL300
R1 R2
2 – 1 8
100 pF 5.6 kΩ
5.6 kΩ VCC
100 Ω 2 7
Input K1 K2
3 6 – 100 pF
100 µA 2
6 Output
4 5 OP-07
12 kΩ IP1 IP2
100 µA 3
+
2N4340
17771
0.01 µF
APPLICATION NOTE
+
3 6 2N3906
OP-07 IL300 R2
R1 2 – 1 8
100 pF 5.6 kΩ
5.6 kΩ VCC
100 Ω 2 7
Input + K1 K2
3 6 – 100 pF
100 µA 2
6
4 5 OP-07
12 kΩ IP1 IP2
100 µA 3
+
10 kΩ
+ 100 µA current
3 6
source
OP-07
2 10 kΩ 10 kΩ
– LM313
VCC-
1.2 V +
3 6
2N4340 OP-07
2
–
0.01 µF Output
10 kΩ
–
2
OP-07 10 kΩ
3 + 6
10 kΩ
10 kΩ
100 µA IL300
12 kΩ 1 8 +
3
VCC 100 Ω 2 7 OP-07
K1 K2 6
2
3 6 – 100 pF
100 µA
Input - 4 5
R4 IP1 IP2 R3
5.6 kΩ – 5.6 kΩ
2 100 pF
OP-07
6
3
+ 2N3906
17772
The previous circuit offers a DC/AC coupled bipolar isolation PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ISOLATION AMPLIFIER
amplifier. The output will be zero volts for an input of zero The photoconductive isolation amplifier operates the
volts. This circuit exhibits exceptional stability and linearity. photodiodes with a reverse bias. The operation of the input
This circuit has demonstrated compatibility with 12 bit A/D network is covered in the discussion of K3 and as such will
converter systems. The circuit’s common mode rejection is not be repeated here. The photoconductive isolation
determined by CMR of the IL300. When higher common
APPLICATION NOTE
3 7 IL300
+ VCC
+ 1 8
Va 7 VCC
6
U1
Vin 2 7 –
IF 2 6
Vb K1 K2
– U2
VCC 3 6 VCC
2
VCC 3 Vout
4
+
4 5
IP1 IP1 IP2
R1 4
R2
IP2
17773
VCC + Vref2
Vin IL300
3 7 - VCC
+ 1 8
R1 7 VCC
6 100 Ω
U1 2 7 +
741 3
R2 K1 K2 6
2 VCC VCC U2
– 4 3 6
741
APPLICATION NOTE
-VCC Vout
20 pF 2
4 5 -
IP1 IP2 4
- VCC
R3
17774 R4
-Vref1
+Vref2
R5
Vin 7 -V cc IL300
3 + Vcc 1 8
R6
6 100 Ω 2 + 7
R1 2 7
R2 K1 K2 Vcc
2 – -V cc Vcc 6
+Vcc 3 6
4 Vo
20 pF 4 5 3 – -Vcc
IP1 IP2
4
R3
R4
-Vref1
Vin 3 + 7 Vcc
100 Ω +Vref2
R1 6 IL300
R2 1 8
2 -Vcc +Vcc
3 + 7
– 2 7
Vcc
4 K1 K2 Vcc 6
20 pF 3 6
Vout
R3 4 5 2 – -V cc
IP1 IP2
-Vcc 4
+Vref1
R4
iil300_22
OPTOLINEAR AMPLIFIERS
AMPLIFIER INPUT OUTPUT GAIN OFFSET
V OUT K3 x R4 x R2 V ref1 x R4 x K3
Inverting Inverting -------------- = ------------------------------------------- V ref2 = -----------------------------------------
V IN R3 x ( R1 + R2 ) R3
Non-inverting
V OUT K3 x R4 x R2 x ( R5 + R6 ) -Vref1 x R4 x ( R5 + R6 ) x K3
Non-inverting Non-inverting -------------- = ----------------------------------------------------------------------- V ref2 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V IN R3 x R5 x ( R1 + R2 ) R3 x R6
V OUT -K3 x R4 x R2 x ( R5 + R6 ) V ref1 x R4 x ( R5 + R6 ) x K3
Inverting Non-inverting -------------- = -------------------------------------------------------------------------- V ref2 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
V IN R3 x ( R1 + R2 ) R3 x R6
APPLICATION NOTE
Inverting
V OUT -K3 x R4 x R2 -Vref1 x R4 x K3
Non-inverting Inverting -------------- = ------------------------------------------- V ref2 = -------------------------------------------
V IN R3 x ( R1 + R2 ) R3
+VCC
13.7 kΩ +
1N914
22 μF
VCC
Vin -VCC IL300
3 7
1 8
+
30 kΩ 100 Ω
U1 6 7
2 7
30 kΩ + VCC
741 K1 K2 3
2 +VCC +VCC 6 Vout
- 3 6 U2
4
-VCC 20 pF 741
4 5 2 -VCC
IP1 IP2 -
4
30 kΩ
14.3 kΩ R3
60 kΩ
-VCC
20 pF
1N914
22 μF
+
17775
7 VCC VCC
3
Vin +
6.8 kΩ
18 kΩ 1 kΩ
6
OP07 2N2222
1.5 kΩ 2
-
20 pF LM313
4
- VCC 10 µF
1 kΩ
Gain 2 kΩ
1 kΩ IL300
VCC
2 kΩ R3 1 8
18 kΩ
6.8 kΩ 10 kΩ 2 7
2 7 VCC - VCC
K1 K2
10 kΩ 6
APPLICATION NOTE
20 kΩ
17776
+VCC
3
7
0.1 V +
470 Ω IL300
6
90 kΩ 1 8
10 kΩ OP77 Gain adjust
+VCC
1V 2
2 7
Vin - 4 7.5 kΩ 5 kΩ
900 kΩ K1 K2 +VCC
-VCC 20 pF
3 6
10 V -VCC
9 MΩ -VCC 4 5 4
10 kΩ IP1 IP2
100 V 2 -
OP77
6
+
7
± 0 mV to 100 mV
3
Output
+VCC
-
K2 K1
7 2 OP77
7 2 6 VCC
+VCC 470 Ω
5 kΩ +
8 1 7
adjust 3
IL300
+VCC 73.2 kΩ
Zero
1 kΩ
17777 Tracking reference
Fig. 24 - Bipolar Photoconductive Isolation Amplifier with Tracking Reference
APPLICATION NOTE
-60
-80 100
-100
-120 10
0.1 1 10 100 1000
f - Frequency (kHz)
The CMRR of the isolation amplifier can be greatly The offset independent of the operational amplifiers is given
enhanced by using the CMRR of the output stage to its in equation 28.
fullest extent. This is accomplished by using a differential
Is x [ R1 x R3 x K3 (U2 ) – R2 x R4 x K3 (U5 ) ]
amplifier at the output that combines optically coupled V offset = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (28)
R1 + R2
differential signals. The circuit shown in Fig. 26 illustrates the
circuit. Equation 29 shows that the resistors, when selected to
produce equal differential gain, will minimize the offset
Op amps U1 and U5 form a differential input network. U4 voltage, Voffset. Fig. 27 illustrates the voltage transfer
creates a 100 μA, IS, current sink which is shared by each of characteristics of the prototype amplifier. The data indicates
the servo amplifiers. This bias current is divided evenly the offset at the output is -500 μV when using 1 kΩ 1 %
between these two servo amplifiers when the input voltage resistors.
is equal to zero. This division of current creates a differential
signal at the output photodiodes of U2 and U6. The transfer
gain, Vout/ Vin, for this amplifier is given in equation 27.
V out R4 xR2 x K3 ( U5 ) + R3 x R1 x K3 ( U2 )-
----------- = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (27)
V in 2 x R1 x R2
7 VCC U2
3
+
IL300
6 2.2 kΩ
U1 1 8
OP-07
2 2 7
Inverting 10 kΩ – 4 - VCC 470 Ω
100 pF 2N3904 K1 K2
VCC 3 6 VCC
4 5
IP1 IP2 Gain
1 kΩ 1 % 2 kΩ
7 VCC 1.2 V
6.8 kΩ 7 VCC
2N3904 + –
1 kΩ 6 3 2
U4 U3 6
0.01 µF
OP-07 OP-07
2
4 - VCC – 3
+ Output
Common 100 µA current sink 4 - VCC
LM313
1 kΩ 1 %
12 kΩ
- VCC
Zero adjust
7 VCC U6 2 kΩ
3 + 6 IL300
U5 2.2 kΩ 1 8
APPLICATION NOTE
OP-07
10 kΩ 2
2 7
Non-inverting – 4 - VCC 470 Ω
100 pF 2N3904 K1 K2
VCC 3 6 VCC
4 5
IP1 IP2
17779
0 0
0.2 1000
2nd line
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
2nd line
0 -5 dB -45
-0.2 100
-10 -90
-0.4 Phase
Fig. 27 - Differential Photoconductive Isolation Amplifier Fig. 29 - Transistor Unipolar Photoconductive Isolation
Transfer Characteristics Amplifier Frequency and Phase Response
Axis Title
46 10000 CONCLUSION
IP2 = 74.216 μA - 6.472 (μA/V) x Vin The analog design engineer now has a new circuit element
45 Tamb = 25 °C
that will make the design of isolation amplifiers easier. The
preceding circuits and analysis illustrate the variety of
IP2 - Output Current (μA)
44
1000 isolation amplifiers that can be designed. As a guide, when
43
highest stability of gain and offset is needed, consider the
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
6.2 kΩ 5V VCC
IL300
1 8
MPSA10
2 7
Va K1 K2
3 6 5V VCC
MPSA10
100 kΩ
4 5
IP1 IP2
Vin Vout
+5V
15 kΩ 1.1 kΩ 10 kΩ
200 Ω
GND1 GND2
17782
Fig. 30 - Unipolar Photoconductive Isolation Amplifier with Discrete Transistors
photovoltaic, voltage generator. If the device is connected series resistor (RS), and a parallel capacitor (CP). The
to a small resistance, corresponding to the vertical load line, intrinsic region of the PIN diode offers a high shunt
the current output is linear with increases in incident flux. As resistance resulting in a low dark current and reverse
R L increases, operation becomes nonlinear until the open leakage current.
circuit (load line horizontal) condition is obtained. At this
point the open circuit voltage is proportional to the logarithm IP Anode +
IF RS
of the incident flux. RP
IL
In the reverse-biased (photoconductive) mode, the CP RL VO
photodiode generates a current that is linearly proportional D
Cathode -
to the incident flux. Fig. 31 illustrates this point with the
17784
equally spaced current lines resulting from linear increase of
E e. Fig. 32 - Equivalent Circuit - Photovoltaic Mode
The output voltage, Vo, can be determined through nodal Axis Title
analysis. The circuit contains two nodes. The first node, VF , 0.5 10000
50 000
includes the photocurrent generator, IP , the shunt diode, D, 30 000
20 000
shunt resistor (RP), and parallel capacitance, CP . The 10 000
0.4
second node, VO, includes: the series resistor, RS, and the
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
relationship is given in equation 2a. 500
300
I F = I S x [ EXP (V F ⁄ K ) – 1 ] (2a) 0.2
100
Axis Title
0 10
100 10000
0 50 100 150 200
17786 IP - Photocurrent (μA)
10
Fig. 34 - Photovoltaic Output vs. Load Resistance and Photocurrent
IF - Forward Current (μA)
1 1000
This curve shows a series of load lines and the output
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
RS = 50 Ω 17787
APPLICATION NOTE
The reverse bias voltage causes a small leakage or dark Axis Title
current, ID, to flow through the diode. The output 2 10000
photocurrent and the dark current, sum the load resistor.
This is shown in equation 4a.
0
VL = RL x ( IP + ID ) (4a)
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
IP ID Cathode
IF RP CP
D + -4
100
VD
RS -6
Anode
VO
-8 10
17788 IL
RL 0 5 10 15 20
17790 Vr - Reverse Voltage (V)
Tamb = 50 °C 1000
IL300
APPLICATION NOTE
1 8
2nd line
1st line
2nd line
1 7
Tamb = 25 °C 2 7
3 + V
IF K1 K2 Vcc 6 out
100 U2
3 6
0.1
2
4 5 -
4
IP1 IP2
R
0.01 10 IP2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
17791
17789 Vr - Reverse Bias (V)
Fig. 39 - Photoconductive Amplifier
Fig. 37 - Dark Current vs. Reverse Bias
1
15
2nd line
2nd line
1st line
1st line
2nd line
2nd line
10 -1
100 -2 100
5
-3 IF = 10 mA
IFmod = ± 4 mA
RL = 50 Ω
0 10 -4 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
17792 Vr - Reverse Bias (V) f - Frequency (kHz)
Fig. 40 - Photodiode Junction Capacitance vs. Reverse Voltage Fig. 41 - Voltage Gain vs. Frequency
2nd line
2nd line
1st line
considered. -4
-6 100
-8 IF = 10 mA
IFmod = ± 4 mA
RL = 50 Ω
-10 10
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
f - Frequency (kHz)
APPLICATION NOTE