HB C11 ISM 05 Final Odd Even PDF

Chapter 5
Integration
5.1 Indefinite Integration and
Differential Equations
∫ 3 dx =−3x + C
1. I =− ⌠ 1 1 
(
10.   2 − 3  dx =∫ x −2 − x −3 dx
⌡ x x 
)
x1 x −1 x −2
2. ∫ dx = ∫ x 0 dx =
1
+ C =x + C =
−1 −2
− +C
1 1
= − +C
x6 2 x
∫ x dx
3. =
I 5
= +C 2x
6
11. I = ∫ ( 3t − 5t + 2 ) dt
2
32
2t
∫=
tdt ∫ t = +C
12
4. dt 3∫ t 2 dt − 5 ∫ t1/2 dt + 2 ∫ dt
=
3
 t3   t 3/2 
= 3   − 5  3  + 2t + C
3  
5.    2 
2 5 3/2
= t3 − t + 2t + C
3
∫(x )
− 3 x 2 3 + 6 dx
13
∫ 3e =
dx 3∫ e = 3e x + C
x x 12.
6. dx
3 x 4 / 3 9 x5 3
2 = − + 6x + C
7. I = ∫ dt 4 5
t
= 2 ∫ t −1/2 dt
∫ ( 3 y − 2 y ) dy
−3
=
13. I
t1/2 = 3∫ y1/2 dy − 2 ∫ y −3dy
= 2 1
+C
2 y 3/2 y −2
= 4t + C 1/2 =3 −2 +C
3
2
−2
= 4 t +C
= 2y + y −2 + C
3/2
1
−0.3 x 0.7 10 0.7 = 2 y 3/2 + 2 + C
8. ∫ x dx= 0.7
+ C=
7
x +C y
−2/5 u 3/5 5 3/5 ⌠ 1 2 3 

9. I= ∫ u du= 3
+ C=
3
u +C   2 y − y 2 + y  dy
14.  
⌡ 
5
1 −1
= ∫ y dy − 2 ∫ y −2 dy + 3∫ y −1 2 dy
2
1 2
= ln y + + 6 y + C
2 y
480
Chapter 5. Integration 481
 ex  x2 + 2 x + 1
=
15. I ∫  + x x  dx 19. I = ∫ dx
 2  x2
 
 2 1 
1 x = ∫ 1 + + 2  dx
=
2 ∫ e dx + ∫ x3/2 dx
 x x 
1 x x5/2 1 −2
= e + 5 +C
2
= ∫ dx + 2∫ x dx + ∫ x dx
x −1
2
ex 2 =+x 2ln x + +C
= + x5/2 + C −1
2 5 1
= x + 2ln x − + C
x
⌠ 1 
16.   x3 − + 2  dx 2 1
= x + ln x − + C
⌡ 2 x  x
⌠  3 2 1 −1 2 
= x − x + 2  dx
⌡ 2  ⌠  x2 
20.   + 3 x − 2 x −1 2  dx
2 2  x 
= x x − x + 2x + C ⌡ 
5
=∫ x dx + 3∫ x dx − 2 ∫ x −1 2 dx
32 12
1.1 
1  2 x5 2
=
17. I ∫u
 − 1 du
 3u 
=
5
+ 2 x3 2 − 4 x + C
u 1.1 
= ∫ − u1.1  du 2 1 
 3u  21. I =∫ ( x − 2 x )  x − 5  dx
3
 
 u 0.1 1.1 
= ∫ − u  du = ∫ ( x 2 − 2 x − 5 x3 + 10 x 2 )dx
 3 
 
=∫ (−5 x3 + 11x 2 − 2 x)dx
1 0.1
= ∫ u du − ∫ u1.1du
3 −5∫ x3dx + 11∫ x 2 dx − 2 ∫ x dx
=
1 u1.1 u 2.1 5 x 4 11x3 2 x 2
=⋅ − +C =
− + − +C
3 1.1 2.1 4 3 2
u1.1 u 2.1 5 11
= − +C =
− x 4 + x3 − x 2 + C
3.3 2.1 4 3
⌠ 6  ⌠  1 2 y5 y3
18.   2eu + + ln 2  du 22.  y 3  2 y +  dy = + +C
⌡ u  ⌡  y 5 3
= 2e + 6ln u + (ln 2)u + C
u
= ∫ t (t − 1)dt
2
23. I
= ∫ (t − t )dt
5/2 1/2
= ∫ t dt − ∫ t dt
5/2 1/2
2t 7/2 2t 3/2
= − +C
7 3
2 2
= t 7/2 − t 3/2 + C
7 3
482 Chapter 5. Integration
−1/2
∫ x ( 2 x + 1) dx = ∫ t (t − t + 2)dt
2 2
24. 29. I
= ∫ x ( 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1) dx = ∫ (t 3/2 − t1/2 + 2t −1/2 )dt
= 4 ∫ x3dx + 4 ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ x dx = ∫ t 3/2 dt − ∫ t1/2 dt + 2∫ t −1/2 dt
4 x3 x 2 t 5/2 t 3/2 t1/2

=x + 4
+ +C = 5
− 3
+2 1
+C
3 2 2 2 2
2 5/2 2 3/2
= t − t + 4t1/2 + C
25.= ∫ (e + 1) dt
t 2
I 5 3
= ∫ (e 2t + 2et + 1)dt
− x2 x3
∫ ∫
= − =
− +C
2
= ∫ e 2t dt + 2 ∫ et dt + ∫ dt 30. ln( e ) dx x dx
3
1 2t
= e + 2et + t + C dy
2 31. = 3x − 2
dx
26. ∫e
−0.02t
( e−0.13t + 4) dt dy
∫ dx=
dx ∫ (3 x − 2) dx
∫ (e )
−0.15t
= + 4e −0.02t dt dy
∫= dx 3∫ x dx − 2 ∫ dx
e −0.15t 4e −0.02t dx
= + +C x2
−0.15 −0.02 y= 3 − 2x + C
20 2
=− e −0.15t − 200e−0.02t + C 3 2
3 y= x − 2x + C
2
 1 Since y = 2 when x = −1,
5 − y /2 
27. I = ∫  3y y
 − + e  dy 3
2 = (−1) 2 − 2(−1) + C
  2
1 1 −1/2 −1 y
=∫ dy − 5∫ y dy + ∫ e 2 dy 3
2 = + 2 + C , or
3 y 2
1 y1/2 1 −1 y C= −
3
= ln y − 5 1 + 1 e 2 + C
3 2
−2 2
3 2 3
1
= ln y − 10 y − 2e − y /2 + C So, y= x − 2x − .
3 2 2
dy
⌠ ( x + 1)
2
⌠ x + 2x + 1
2 32. = e− x
28.  dx =  dx dx
⌡ x ⌡ x −x
−e − x + C
⌠ 1
y ( x) =∫ e dx =
=   x + 2 +  dx y (0) =−1 + C =3 ⇒ C =4
⌡ x
2 y ( x)= 4 − e − x
x
= + 2 x + ln x + C
2
33.
dy 2 1
= − =
2 2(1) 2 + 1 + C , or
dx x x 2 C = −1
dy 2 1  So, f ( x)= 2 x 2 + x − 1.
∫ dx=dx ∫  − 2  dx
x x 
dy 1
dx 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x −2 dx 36. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx
∫=dx x
x −1
= ∫ (3 − 2 x)dx
y= 2ln x − +C = 3x − x 2 + C
−1
1 f(0) = 0 − 0 + C = −1 ⇒ C = −1
= ln x 2 + + C
x f ( x) = 3x − x 2 − 1
Since y = −1 when x = 1,
1 37. f ′( x) =− x( x + 1) =− x 2 − x; (−1, 5)
−1= ln1 + + C
1
−1 = 0 + 1 + C , or
C = −2
1
So, =y ln x 2 + − 2.
x
dy x + 1
34. =
dx x Since the function goes through the point
(−1, 5),
⌠ x +1
y ( x) =  dx (−1)3 (−1) 2
⌡ x 5= − − +C
(
= ∫ x1/ 2 + x −1/ 2 dx ) 1 1
3
5 = − + C , or
2
x3/ 2 x1/ 2 3 2
= + +C 31
3/ 2 1/ 2 C=
2 6
= x3/ 2 + 2 x1/ 2 + C
3 x3 x 2 31
So, f ( x) =− − + .
16 13 3 2 6
y (4) = + 4 + C =5 ⇒ C =−
3 3
2 3/ 2 1/ 2 13 38. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx
y ( x) = x + 2x −
3 3 = ∫ (3x + 6 x − 2) dx
2
35. f ′( x=
) 4x + 1 = x3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x + C
f (0) = 0 + 0 − 0 + C = 6 ⇒ C = 6
∫ ) dx ∫ (4 x + 1)dx
f ′( x=
f ( x ) = x3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x + 6
∫ f ′=
( x)dx 4 ∫ x dx + ∫ dx
x2
f ( x=
) 4 + x+C
2
= 2 x2 + x + C
Since the function goes through the point
(1, 2),
39. f ′( x) = x3 −
2
+2 42. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx
2
x ⌠ 3 
 3 2  =   − 4  dx
∫ f ′( x) dx= ∫  x − 2 + 2  dx
 x 
⌡ x 
= 3ln x − 4 x + C
−2
∫ ′
f ( x) dx = ∫ x dx − 2∫ x dx + 2∫ dx
3
f (1) = 0 − 4 + C = 0 ⇒ C = 4
4 −1 f ( x=
) 3ln x − 4 x + 4
x x
f ( x) = −2 + 2x + C
4 −1
1 4 2 43. ; y = 3 when x = 0.
= x + + 2x + C
4 x
Since the function goes through the point Cross multiplying gives dy = −2 y dx .
(1, 3), 1
1 4 2 Multiplying both sides by − gives
=3 (1) + + 2(1) + C , or 2y
4 1 1
C= −
5 − dy =
dx .
4 2y
1 4 2 5 Integrating both sides,
So, f ( x=) x + + 2x − . 1
4 x 4
∫ − 2 y dy =
∫ dx
40. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx 1 1
2∫ y ∫ dx
− dy =
∫(x )
−1/ 2
= + x dx
2 1
= 2 x1/ 2 +
x
+C − ln y + C1 =x + C2
2 2
1
1 1 − ln y =x + C2 − C1
f (1) =+
2 + C =⇒ 2 C=− 2
2 2
1
x 2
1 − ln y = x + C3
f ( x) = 2 x + − 2
2 2
ln y =−2 x − 2C3
41. x) e− x + x 2
f ′(= ln y =−2 x − C4
−x
∫ f ′(=x) dx ∫ (e + x )dx 2
Solving for y,
∫ f=′( x) dx ∫ e− x dx + ∫ x 2 dx
1 − x x3
f ( x=
) e + +C
−1 3
1
= −e − x + x 3 + C Since y = 3 when x =0,
3
3 = Ce0 , or C = 3.
Since the function goes through the point
(0, 4), So, .
1
4= −e0 + (0) + C , or
3 44.
C =5
1
So, f ( x) =−e − x + x3 + 5.
3
Integrating both sides, So,
47. C (q) = ∫ C ′(q) dq

= ∫ (3q − 24q + 48) dq
Since y = 1 when x = 0, 2
. =3∫ q 2 dq − 24 ∫ q dq + 48∫ dq
So, q3 q2
=3 − 24 + 48q + C
dy 3 2
45. = e x + y ; y = 0 when x = 0 =q3 − 12q 2 + 48q + C
dx
Cross multiplying, Since the cost is $5,000 for producing
10 units,
5000 =(10)3 − 12(10) 2 + 48(10) + C , or
Since e x +=
y
ex ⋅ ey C = 4720
dy= e x ⋅ e y dx So, C (q ) =q3 − 12q 2 + 48q + 4720.
Multiplying both sides by gives When 30 units are produced, the cost is
−y
e dy = e dx
x
C (30) =(30)3 − 12(30) 2 + 48(30) + 4720
Integrating both sides, = $22,360.
−e y + C1 = e x + C2
48. R (q ) = ∫ R′(q ) dq
−e − y = e x + C3
= ∫ (4q − 1.2q
2
) dq
e− y =−e x − C3
=2q − 0.4q + C
2 3
e− y =−e x − C
Since y = 0 when x = 0, R (20) = 800 − 3, 200 + C = 30,000
e0 = −e0 + C , or C = 2. ⇒C = 32, 400
So, e − y= 2 − e x . R (q ) =2q 2 − 0.4q3 + 32, 400
R (40) = 10,000
Thus $10,000 can be expected from
46. y = 1 when x = 1 producing 40 units.
49. R′(q ) = 100q −1/2

−1/2
Integrating both sides, ∫ R′(q) dq
= ∫=
100q dq 100 ∫ q −1/2 dq
R(q) =100 ⋅ 2q1/2 + R (0)
= 200q1/2 + R (0)
Since y = 1 when x = 1, C ′(q ) = 0.4q dq
2 = 2 + C, or C = 0.
∫ C=
′(q ) dq ∫= 0.4q dq 0.4 ∫ q dq
q2
C (q ) = 0.4 ⋅+ C (0) = 0.2q 2 + C (0)
2
Now, profit = revenues − costs, so
P=
(q) R(q) − C (q) 51. N (t ) = ∫ N ′(t ) dt
= 200q + R (0) − 0.2q − C (0)
1/2 2
= ∫ (154t + 37)dt
2/3
When q = 16, P(16) = 520, so
= 154 ∫ t 2/3dt + 37 ∫ dt
t 5/3
= 154 5
+ 37t + C
3
462 5/3
This makes the profit function = t + 37t + C
5
P (q ) = 200 q − 0.2q 2 − 228.8. Since there are no subscribers when t = 0,
When q = 25, C = 0.
462 5/3
P (25) = 200 25 − 0.2(25)2 − 228.8 =
So, N (t ) t + 37t.
= $646.20. 5
Eight months from now, the number of
subscribers will be
50. (a) S (t = ∫ (−10)t
2/5
) dt
462 5/3
7/5 =N (8) (8) + 37(8)
t 5
=(−10) +C
7/5 ≈ 3, 253 subscribers.
50
=− t7 / 5 + C 52. R′(=
x) 240 − 4 x
7
S (0)= C= 10,000 R ( x) = ∫ R′( x) dx
50
=
S (t ) 10,000 − t 7 / 5
7
= ∫ (240 − 4 x) dx
= 240 x − 2 x 2 + C
(b) In two years sales will be
approximately Since R=(0) 0, R= ( x) 240 x − 2 x 2 .
= = 5p
( )
50 R (5) 1,150
=S (24) 10,000 − 247 / 5 where p is the price per unit. Thus the
7
= 9,388.82 dollars. price per unit is $230.
(c) The store remains profitable provided 53. R′(=

q ) 100 − 2q
50
S (t ) =10,000 − t 7 / 5 ≥ 8,000 (a) Since P′(q ) = R′(q ),
7
t 7 / 5 ≤ 280 P (q ) = ∫ R′(q ) dq
t ≤ 55.972
so profitability will last just under
= ∫ (100 − 2q)dq
56 months. = 100 ∫ dq − 2 ∫ q dq
q2
= 100q − 2 +C
2
= 100q − q 2 + C
Since the profit is $700 when 10 units
are produced,
700= 100(10) − (10) 2 + C , or
C = −200
So, P (q )= 100q − q 2 − 200.
(b) Since R′(q ) = P′(q ), to maximize P, P (q ) = ∫ P′(q )dq

R′(q ) = 0 when 100 − 2q = 0, or −1/2
q = 50.
= ∫ (200q − 0.4q)dq
Further, R′′(q ) = −2, so R′′(50) < 0 = 200 ∫ q −1/2 dq − 0.4 ∫ q dq
and the maximum profit occurs when q1/2 q2
q = 50. The maximum profit is = 200 1
− 0.4 +C
2
2
P (50)= 100(50) − (50) − 200 2
= 400q − 0.2q 2 + C
1/2
= $2,300.
Since the profit is $2,000 when 25 units
54. (a) Q( K ) = ∫ 200 K −2 / 3 dK
are produced,
200= 400(25)1/2 − 0.2(25) 2 + C , or
K 1/ 3
= 200 +C C = 125.
1/ 3 So,
= 600 K 1/ 3 + C P (q ) =400q1/2 − 0.2(36) 2 + 125
We have Q(8)= 1, 200 + C
= 5,500 so = $2, 265.80
C = 4,300 and
=
Q( K ) 600 K 1/ 3 + 4,300 . 57. Rate total revenue changes =
(# barrels per month)(selling price)
(b) Q(27) = 600(3) + 4,300 = 6,100 units. dR
= 400(98 + 0.04t ), where t is in
dt
(c) 600 K 1/ 3 + 4,300 =
7,000 months.
600 K 1/ 3 = 2,700
K 1/ 3 = 4.5
K = 91.125
so $91,125 are needed to produce
7,000 units.
55. c( x) = ∫ c′( x)dx 58. (a) Total yield = (400 bbl/mo)(24 mo)
= ∫( 0.9 + 0.3 x dx) = 9600 bbl
= 0.9 ∫ dx + 0.3∫ x1/2 dx

x3/2
=
0.9 x + 0.3 3
+C (b) Rate total revenue changes =
2 (# barrels per month)(selling price)
= 0.9 x + 0.2 x + C
3/2
Since the consumption is 10 billion when where t is in

x = 0, 10 = 0.9(0) + 0.2(0) + C , or
months.
C = 10
So, c( x) = 0.9 x + 0.2 x3/2 + 10.
56. Since profit = revenue − cost,

marginal profit
= marginal revenue − marginal cost.
P′(q ) = R′(q ) − C ′(q ) = 200q −1/2 − 0.4q
61.
dP
P (t ) = ∫ dt
dt
= ∫ ( 200e + 150e −0.03t ) dt
0.1t
= ∫ 200e dt + ∫ 150e −0.03t dt

0.1t
= 200∫ e 0.1t
dt + 150∫ e −0.03t dt
59. Let P(t) be the population of the town
dP 1 0.1t
t months from now. Since = 4 + 5t 2/3 , = 200 ⋅ e + C1 + 150
dt 01
dP
then, P (t ) = ∫ dt ⋅
1
e −0.03t + C2
dt −0.03
= ∫ (4 + 5t 2/3 )dt
=2000e0.1t − 5000e −0.03t + C3
= 4 ∫ dt + 5∫ t 2/3dt
=2000e0.1t − 5000e −0.03t + C
5/3
t When t = 0, P(0) = 200,000 so,
=+
4t 5 5
+C
3
or, C = 203,000.
=4t + 3t + C 5/3
When t = 12,
Since the population is 10,000 when t = 0,
P (12 ) 2000 e
0.1(12 ) −0.03(12 )
10,000 = 4(0) + 3(0) + C , or = − 5000 e
C = 10,000 + 203, 000
So, P (t ) =
4t + 3t 5/3 + 10,000. ≈ 6640 − 3488 + 203, 000
When t = 8, P (8) = 4(8) + 3(8)5/3 + 10,000 The population will be approximately
= 10,128 people. 206,152 bacteria.
60. M ′(t ) = 0.5e0.2t h′(t ) 0.2t 2 3 + t1 2

62. =
h(t ) = ∫ h′(t ) dt
M (t ) = ∫ 0.5e0.2t dt
= ∫ ( 0.2t + t1 2 dt )
23
0.5 0.2t
= e +C
0.2 = 0.12t 5 3 + 0.67t 3 2 + C
5 0.2t
= e +C h(0) =C= 2, h(t ) =0.12t 5 3 + 0.67t 3 2 + 2
2
M (2) − M (1) and h(27) = 125.16 ft.
5  5 
=  e0.2(2) + C  −  e0.2(1) + C  63. f ′( x)= 0.1(10 + 12 x − 0.6 x 2 )
 2   2 
5 0.4 0.2
= (e − e ) (a) To maximize the rate of learning,
2 f=′′( x) 0.1(12 − 1.2 x).
≈ 0.6761
The mass increases by 0.6761 grams So, f ′′( x) = 0 when 12 − 1.2x = 0, or
during the second hour. x = 10.
Further, f ′′′( x ) =0.1( −1.2) =
−0.12 so
f ′′′(10) < 0 and the absolute
maximum occurs when x = 10. The = 1, 400e 2 + 600 ≈ 10,944.679

I (10)
maximum rate is
or 10, 945 inmates.
f ′(10) = 0.1[10 + 12(10) − 0.6(10) 2 ]
= 7 items per minute. 65. M ′=
(t ) 0.4t − 0.005t 2
(b) f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx (a) M (t ) = ∫ M ′(t )dt

= ∫ [0.1(10 + 12 x − 0.6 x )]dx
2
= ∫ (0.4t − 0.005t )dt
2
=∫ (1 + 1.2 x − 0.06 x 2 )dx = 0.4 ∫ t dt − 0.005∫ t 2 dt

=∫ dx + 1.2∫ x dx − 0.06∫ x dx
2
t2 t3
=0.4 − 0.005 + C
x2 x3 2 3
=
x + 1.2 − 0.06 + C 2 0.005 3
2 3 = 0.2t − t +C
= x + 0.6 x − 0.02 x + C
2 3 3
Since no items are memorized when Since M(t) = 0 when t = 0, C = 0.
0.005 3
x = 0, C = 0. So, M= (t ) 0.2t 2 − t .
So, f ( x) = x + 0.6 x 2 − 0.02 x3 . 3
In ten minutes, Rob can memorize
0.005
(c) f ′( x)= 0.1(10 + 12 x − 0.6 x 2 ) =M (10) 0.2(10) 2 − (10)3
3
= 1 + 1.2 x − 0.06 x 2 1
So, f ′( x) = 0 when = 18 items.
3
−1.2 ± (1.2) 2 − 4(−0.06)(1) (b) M (20) − M (10)
x= or,
2(−0.06)  2 0.005 3 1
= 0.2(20) − 3 (20)  − 18 3
x ≈ 20.8 (rejecting the negative  
solution) 2 1
f ′′(20.8) < 0, so the absolute = 66 − 18
3 3
maximum is 1
f (20.8) = 48 items
3
= (20.8) + 0.6(20.8) 2 − 0.02(20.8)3
≈ 100 items 66. (a) Let P (t ) denote the population of the
endangered species. Since the species
64. Let I(x) be the number of inmates after x
is growing at P′(t ) = 0.51e−0.03t per
years.
280 0.2 x year, P (t ) is the antiderivative of
= I ( x) ∫ 280=
e0.2 x dx e +C
0.2 0.51e −0.03t .
−0.03t
= 1, 400e0.2 x + C ∫ 0.51e dt =
P (t ) = −17e −0.03t + C.
Since the current population is Since
2,000 inmates
= 1, 400 + C
I (0) = 2,000 P (0) =500, 500 = −17e −0.03t + C or
so C = 600 and C = 517.
P (10) =517 − 17e −0.3 =504.41 so the
=I ( x) 1, 400e0.2 x + 600 .
species will be 504 strong 10 years
After 10 years, the number of inmates is
from now.
approximately
(b) Writing exercise; answers will vary. (b)
′(t ) 0.15 − 0.09e0.006t

67. V =
(a) V (t ) = ∫ V ′(t ) dt
= ∫ (0.15 − 0.09e
0.006t
) dt
1
= 0.15t − 0.09 ⋅ e0.006t + C
0.006
= 0.15t − 15e0.006t + C 69. v′(r ) = − ar
When t = 0 , V ( 0 ) = 30 so, v(r ) = ∫ v′(r )dr
, or C = 45 = ∫ −ar dr
So, V (t ) =
0.15t − 15e0.006t + 45 . = − a ∫ r dr
r2
=
−a + C
(b) V (60) =
0.15(60) − 15e 0.006(60)
+ 45 2
≈ 32.5 cm 3
=
a 2
− r +C
V (120) 2
=
0.15(120) − 15e0.006(120) + 45 a
Since v(R) = 0, 0 =− ( R ) 2 + C , or
2
≈ 32.18 cm3
aR 2
C=
2
(c)
a aR 2 a 2
So, v(r ) =− r2 + = ( R − r 2 ).
2 2 2
So, unfortunately, the procedure does
not succeed. 70. Rewrite the law of allometry as
y '(t ) y (t ) y
dR k = k= k .
68. (a) = x '(t ) x(t ) x
dS S From the chain rule
dS
dR = k y '(=
t) =
dy dy dx dy
= x '(t )
S dt dx dt dx
⌠ dS
∫ dR = ⌡ k S so
y '(t ) dy y
= R k ln S + C = = k .
x '(t ) dx x
=
When S S= 0 , R 0 so C = − k ln S0 .
Separating variables
Thus
dy dx
=k and integrating both sides
y x
gives =
ln y k ln x + C or y = Ax k for
some constant A.
71. T ′(t ) = 7e −0.35t (b) After two hours,

−20e −0.35(2) + 16 ≈ 6.07°C.
T (2) =
(a) T (t ) = ∫ T ′(t ) dt
(c) For the temperature to reach 10°C,
= ∫ 7e −0.35t dt
−20e −0.35t + 16
10 =
−0.35t
= 7∫ e dt 6 = 20e −0.35t
1
e −0.35t + C
3
=7⋅ = e −0.35t
−0.35 10
=−20e −0.35t + C 3
ln = ln e −0.35t
Since the temperature was −4°C when 10
t = 0, 3
ln = −0.35t , or
−4 =−20e0 + C , or 10
C = 16 3
ln 10 −20 3
t− = ln
So, T (t ) =−20e −0.35t + 16. −0.35 7 10
20 10
= ln ≈ 3.44 hours.
7 3
72.
Since velocity is the derivative of distance,
The distance traveled during the second minute is
73. In the 0.7 seconds it takes for our spy to 22/7 22/7
react, the car travels (88)(0.7) = 61.6 feet. ∫0 (88 − 28t )dt =
88t − 14t 2
0
Once he reacts, the speed of the car will be 2
 22   22 
zero when = 88   − 14  
88 + ∫ −28 dt = 0  
7  7 
≈ 138.29 feet
88 − 28t =0 So, the car travels
22 61.6 + 138.29 = 199.89 feet. If the camel
t= seconds
7 remains in the road during the entire
During this time, the car travels an
additional
22 (c) The car comes to a complete stop

+ 0.7 =
3.84 seconds, the camel will when v(t) = 0.
7
be hit. Press trace and verify that the cross-
hairs on the line y1 =−23t + 67.
74. H ( x) = C because the tangent line is Move along line until it appears to be
horizontal at every point. Two horizontal at the t-intercept.
lines differ by a constant C but are Use the zoom-in function under the
parallel. If F ′( x) = G ′( x) the tangent zoom menu to find that the
lines to F ( x) and G ( x) are parallel at velocity = 0 when t ≈ 2.9 seconds.
every point. One curve is C units away
from the other at every point. To find how far the car travels in
2.9 seconds, go back to the original
75. a(t) = −23 graphing screen. Use the value
function under the calc menu and
(a) Since acceleration is the derivative of input 2.9 for x and press enter. Use the
↑ arrow to verify that
∫ −23 dt =
velocity, v(t ) = −23t + C.
23
The velocity when the brakes are y2 = − t 2 + 67t is displayed. The
applied is 67 ft/sec, so 2
67 = −23(0) + C, or C = 67 and car travels 97.6 feet in 2.9 seconds.
v(t) = −23t + 67.
Since velocity is the derivative of To find how fast the car travels when
distance, s = 45 feet, trace along the parabola
s(t) and use the zoom-in function to
s (t ) = ∫ v(t ) dt find that it takes approximately
=∫ (−23t + 67)dt 0.77 seconds and 5.05 seconds to
travel 45 feet. Next, go back to the
−23∫ t dt + 67 ∫ dt
= original graphing screen and use the
t2 value function under the calc menu.
=
−23 + 67t + C Input x = 0.77 and verify
2
23 y1 = −23t + 67 is displayed. The car is
= − t 2 + 67t + C traveling 49.2 feet/sec when it has
2
Since the distance is to be measured traveled 45 feet.
from the point the brakes are applied,
23 Repeat this process with x = 5.05 to
s(0) = 0 and 0 = − (0) + 67(0) + C , find the velocity at 5.05 is 49.15
2 (decelerating).
23
or C = 0. So, s (t ) =− t 2 + 67t.
2
(b) To use the graphing utility to sketch

graphs of v(t) and s(t) on same screen,
Press y = and input v(t) for y1 = and
input s(t) for y2 = .
Use window dimensions [0, 5]1 by
[0, 200]10.
Press graph.
76. (a) ∫ k dx= kx + C (c) The graphs are the same curve at
different heights.
d d d
(kx + C
= ) (kx) + (C )
dx dx dx
= k +0
=k
1 kx
∫ e=e +C
kx
(b) dx
k
d  1 kx 
 e +C
dx  k 
=
1 d kx
k dx
( ) d 1 d
e + e kx   + C
dx  k  dx
=
1 kx
k
( )
e ( k ) + e kx ( 0 ) + 0
5.2 Integration by Substitution
1. (a) u = 3x + 4
= e kx
(b) u = 3 − x
∫b dx = ∫ e x ln b dx
x
77.
= ∫ e(ln b) x dx (c) u= 2 − t 2
1 x ln b
= e +C (d) u= 2 + t 2
ln b
1 x
= b +C 2. Integral Substitution u
ln b
(a) ⌠ 3 =
u 2x − 5
3  dx
78. P′( x) =
2 + 1.5 x =
2 + x1 2 ⌡ (2 x − 5) 4
2
2 − x3 u = x3
(a) P ( x) =2 x + x + C 32
(b)
∫x e dx
(or u = − x3 )
= = C and
P (0) 5,000
P ( x) =2 x + x3 2 + 5,000 (c) ⌠ et
 t dt u= et + 1
⌡ e +1
(d) ⌠ t +3
3 2 dt u = t 2 + 6t + 5
⌡ t + 6t + 5
3. Let u = 2x + 6. Then du = 2 dx or
du
dx = . So
2
= = 1 5 (2 x + 6)6
∫ + =
2∫
= + C.
(b) P (9) 5,045 and P (171.5) 7,590. 5
(2 x 6) dx u du
12
4. I = ∫ e5 x +3dx 8. I = ∫ ( x − 1)
+ 3( x − 1) 2 + 5 dx
5

1 Let u= x − 1 then du = dx and
Let = =
u 5 x + 3 then du 5=
dx, dx du
I= ∫ (u + 3u 2 + 5) du
5 5
and
u6
I = ∫ e5 x +3dx = + u 3 + 5u + C
6
1 u
5∫
= e du ( x − 1)6
= + ( x − 1)3 + 5( x − 1) + C
1 6
= eu + C 1
5 Check: =I′ (6)( x − 1)5 + 3( x − 1) 2 + 5
1 5 x +3 6
= e +C
5
du 1
1 5 x +3 9. Let u = x 2 . Then = 2 x or du = x dx.
=
Check: I′ = e (5) e5 x +3 dx 2
5 x2 x2
∫ xe =
dx ∫ e ⋅ x dx
5. Let u = 4x − 1. Then du = 4 dx or 1
du = ∫ eu ⋅ du
dx = . 2
4 1 u
2∫
e du =
1 1/2
So ∫ 4 x − 1 dx =
4∫
u du
1 x2
= e + C.
1 2u 3/2 2
= +C
4 3 2
−1
(4 x − 1)3/2 10. I = ∫ 2 xe x dx
= + C.
6 Let =
u x 2 − 1 then du = 2 x dx and
2
−1
6. I = ⌠
1 I = ∫ ex (2 x)dx
 dx
⌡ 3x + 5
= ∫ eu du
1
Let = =
u 3 x + 5 then du 3=
dx, dx du = eu + C
3
and 2
−1
= ex +C
I =⌠
1
⌡ 3x + 5
dx Check: I ′ = e x ( )( 2x)
2
−1
1 1
= ∫ du
3 u
1
= ln u + C
3
1
= ln 3x + 5 + C
3
1 3 1
=
Check: I′ =
3 3x + 5 3x + 5
7. Let u = 1 − x. Then du = −dx or dx = −du.

So ∫ e1− x dx = −e1− x + C.
− ∫ eu du =
I = ∫ x5e1− x dx
6
du
11. Let u= t 2 + 1. Then = 2t or
dt
1
− ∫ e1− x (−6 x5 )dx
6
1 =
du = t dt. 6
2 1 u
= − ∫ e du
∫ t (t + 1) dt =∫ (t + 1) t dt
2 5 2 5
6
1 1 u
= − e +C
= ∫u ⋅ du
5
2 6
1 5 1 1− x6
= − e +C
2∫
u du =
6
(t 2 + 1)6 1
− e1− x −6 x5 =
x5e1− x ( )
6 6
= + C. Check: I ′ =
12 6
du
=
12. I ∫ 3t t 2 + 8dt 15. Let =
u y 5 + 1. Then
dy
= 5 y 4 , or
Let u= t 2 + 8 then du = 2t dt and 1

du = y 4 dy.
I ⌠
3 2 5
=  t + 8 (2t ) dt
⌡2 2 y4 1
∫ y5 + 1 dy = 2∫ y5 + 1 y dy
4
3
= ∫ u du
2
1 1
= u 3/ 2 + C = 2 ∫ ⋅ du
u 5
= (t 2 + 8)3/ 2 + C 2 1
= ∫ du
3 5 u
Check: I ′ =(t 2 + 8)1 2 (2t ) =
3t (t 2 + 8)1 2
2 2
= ln y 5 + 1 + C
5
du
13. Let =
u x3 + 1. Then = 3 x 2 or
dx ⌠
y2
1 16. I =  dy
du = x 2 dx.
(
 y3 + 5
)
2
3 ⌡
∫ x ( x + 1) dx =∫ ( x + 1) x dx
2 3 3/4 3 3/4 2
Let =
u y 3 + 5 then du = 3 y 2 dy and
1 ⌠
= ∫u ⋅ du
3/4
y2
3 I = dy
(
 y3 + 5
)
1 2
= ∫ u 3/4 du ⌡
3
4( x3 + 1)7/4 1⌠ 1
= +C =  (3 y 2 )dy

( )
21 3 2
⌡ y3 + 5
14. I = ∫ x5e1− x dx
6
1 −2
3∫
= u du
Let u = 1 − x 6 then du = −6 x5 dx and 1
− u −1 + C
=
3
1
=
− +C
3( y + 5)
3
Check:
( ) (3 y2 )
1 −2
I′ =− ( −1) y 3 + 5
3 3x 4 + 12 x 3 + 6
= y 2
(y 3
+5 )
−2
∫ x5 + 5x 4 + 10 x + 12 dx
3( x 4 + 4 x 3 + 2)
=∫ dx
17. Let u = x 2 + 2 x + 5. Then x 5 + 5 x 4 + 10 x + 12
du 1
= 2 x + 2 = 2( x + 1), or = 3∫ ( x 4 + 4 x 3 + 2)dx
dx x 5 + 5 x 4 + 10 x + 12
1 1 1
du= ( x + 1)dx. = 3∫ ⋅ du
2 u 5
3 1
∫ ( x + 1)( x + 2 x + 5) dx
2 12
= ∫ du
5 u
= ∫ ( x + 2 x + 5) ( x + 1)dx
2 12
3
= ln x 5 + 5 x 4 + 10 x + 12 + C
12 1 5
= ∫ u ⋅ 2 du
1 12 ⌠ 10 x3 − 5 x
2∫
u du= 20. I =  dx
⌡ x4 − x2 + 6
( x 2 + 2 x + 5)13
= +C Let u = x 4 − x 2 + 6 then
26
=
du (4 x3 − 2 x) dx and
(
I ⌠ 3x 2 − 1 e x ) −x ⌠ 10 x3 − 5 x
3
=
18. dx I =
⌡ dx
⌡ x4 − x2 + 6
Let =
u x3 − x then=
du (3 x 2 − 1) dx and
⌠ (5 / 2)(4 x3 − 2 x)
(
I ⌠ 3x 2 − 1 e x ) −x =
3
= dx dx
⌡ ⌡ x4 − x2 + 6
∫ e ( 3x ) 5⌠ 1
x3 − x
= 2
− 1 dx =  du
2⌡ u
= ∫ eu du 5
= ∫ u −1/ 2 du
= eu + C 2
3
−x 5 u1 2
= ex +C = +C
( ) (3x − 1)
212
3
−x
Check: I ′
= ex 2
= 5 u +C
= 5 x4 − x2 + 6 + C
19. Let u =x + 5 x + 10 x + 12. Then
5 4
Check:
( ) ( 4 x3 − 2 x )
du 1 −1 2
=5 x 4 + 20 x3 + 10 =I ′ ( 5)   x4 − x2 + 6
dx 2
or
= 5( x 4 + 4 x3 + 2),
=
(
5 2 x3 − x )
x4 − x2 + 6
21. Let t = u 2 − 2u + 6. Then Check:

3 2
dt 1
= 2u − 2 = 2(u − 1), or dt= (u − 1)du. I′ =
du 2 2 2u − 1
3
3u − 3 =
∫ (u 2 − 2u + 6)2 du 2u − 1
3(2u − 1)
3(u − 1) =
=∫ 2 du (2u − 1) 2
(u − 2u + 6) 2 6u − 3
1 = 2
= 3∫ 2 (u − 1)du 4u − 4u + 1
(u − 2u + 6)2
1 1 du 1 1
= 3∫ 2 ⋅ dt 23. Let u = ln 5x. Then = ⋅ 5= , or
t 2 dx 5 x x
3 −2 1
= ∫ t dt du = dx.
2 x
−3 ln 5 x 1
= +C
2(u − 2u + 6)
2 ∫ x= dx ∫ ln 5 x ⋅ dx
x
= ∫ u du
6u − 3
22. I = ⌠
 2 du (ln 5 x) 2
⌡ 4u − 4u + 1 = +C
First note 2
⌠ 6u − 3
I = 2 du 24. I = ⌠
1
⌡ 4u − 4u + 1  dx
⌡ x ln x
⌠ 2u − 1
= 3 du Let u = ln x then du =
1
dx and
⌡ ( 2u − 1)
2
x
⌠ 1 1
= 3⌠
du
 I =   dx
⌡ 2u − 1 ⌡ ln x  x 
=⌠
1 1
Let = =
w 2u − 1 then dw 2=
du , du dw  du
2 ⌡u
and = ln u + C
I = 3⌠ = ln ln x + C
du

⌡ 2u − 1
 1  1  1
3 ⌠ dw Check: I ′ =
=  
=   ln x  x  x ln x
2⌡ w
3
= ln w + C du 1 1
2 25. Let u = ln x. Then = , or du = dx.
3 dx x x
= ln 2u − 1 + C 1 1 1
2 ∫ x(ln=x)2
dx ∫ ⋅ dx
(ln x) 2 x
1
= ∫ 2 du
u
1
= − +C
ln x
2
⌠ ln x ⌠e x
dx ⌠ dx 2⌠
2ln x ln x
=
26. I = =  dx 28. I =  dx
⌡ x ⌡ x ⌡ x ⌡ x
1
Let u = ln x then du = dx and Let u = x then du =
1
dx and
x 2 x
I = 2⌠
ln x
 dx ⌠e x
⌡ x I = dx
⌠ 1 ⌡ x
= 2 (ln x)   dx
⌡  x ⌠  1 
= 2 e x   dx
= 2 ∫ u du ⌡ 2 x
= u2 + C = 2 ∫ eu du
= (ln x) 2 + C = 2e u + C
ln x 2 = 2e x
+C
( ln x )  
1
Check: I ′ 2=
=
 x
( )
x
x 1  e
e x  x −1 2 
Check: I ′ 2=
=
2  x
du
27. Let =
u x 2 + 1. Then = 2 x, or
dx du
1 u e x − e − x . Then = e x + e − x , or
29. Let =
du = x dx. dx
2 −x
= (e + e )dx.
du x
2 x ln( x 2 + 1) ln( x 2 + 1)
∫ x2 + 1
= dx 2 ∫ x2 + 1 ⋅ x dx e x + e− x 1
∫ e x − e− x dx
= ∫ e x − e − x (e
x
+ e − x )dx
ln u 1
= 2∫ ⋅ du 1
u 2 = ∫ du
ln u u
=∫ du = ln e x − e − x + C
u
Substitution must be used a second time.
−x
= ∫ e (1 + e )dx
dt 1 1 2x
Let t = ln u. Then = , or dt = du. 30. I
du u u −x
= ∫ (e + e ) dx
x
ln u 1
∫ u= du ∫ ln u ⋅ du
u = −x
∫ e dx + ∫ e dx
x
= ∫ t dt In the first integral, let u = − x so

t 2 du = − dx and
+C = −x
2 ∫e − ∫ (e− x )(− dx)
dx =
(ln u )2 = − ∫ eu du
= +C
2
−e − x + C
=
[ln( x 2 + 1)]2
= +C So I =−e − x + e x + C .
2
Check: I ′ =−(−e− x ) + e x
= e− x + e x
= e− x (1 + e2 x )
du 1 u −1
31. Let u = 2x + 1. Then = 2, or du = dx. Further, x = .
dx 2 2
This can also be written as

1 1 1
= x + − ln 2 x + 1 + C
2 4 4
1 1
= x − ln 2 x + 1 + C ,
2 4
1
where the has been added to the constant C. (In mathematics, the same C is often used for the
4
original constant and for the constant after it is changed.)
t −1 ⌠ 2 
32.=I ⌠ =dt  1 −  dt
⌡ t +1 ⌡ t + 1
Let u = t + 1 then du = dt and
⌠ 2 
=I  1 −  dt
⌡  t +1
⌠ 2
=  1 −  du
⌡ u 
= u − 2ln u + C
= t + 1 − 2ln t + 1 + C
2 t −1
Check: I ′ =
1− =
t +1 t +1
du 1 u −1
33. Let u = 2x + 1. Then = 2, or du = dx. Further, x = .
dx 2 2
∫x 2 x − 1 dx
1
=
4 ∫ (u − 1)u1/2 du
1
4∫
= (u 3/2 − u1/2 )du
12 5/2 2 3/2 
=  (2 x + 1) − (2 x + 1)  + C
4 5 3 
1 5/2 1
= (2 x + 1) − (2 x + 1) + C
3/2
10 6
⌠ x
34. I =  3 dx
⌡ 4 − 3x
1 1
Let u= 4 − 3 x then x = (4 − u ), dx = − du and
3 3
⌠ x
I = 3 dx
⌡ 4 − 3x
⌠ (1/ 3)(4 − u )  1 
=   −  du
⌡ 3
u  3
1⌠ 4−u
= −  1/ 3 du
9⌡ u
1
= − ∫ (4u −1/ 3 − u 2 / 3 ) du
9
1  4u 2 / 3 u 5 / 3 
= −  − +C
9  2 / 3 5 / 3 
1 5/3 2 2/3
= u − u +C
15 3
1 2
= (4 − 3 x)5 / 3 − (4 − 3 x) 2 / 3 + C
15 3
1 5 2 2 −1/ 3
=
Check: I′   (4 − 3 x) (−3) −   (4 − 3 x)
2/3
(−3)
15  3  3 3
1 (4 − 3 x) 4
= − +
3 (4 − 3 x) 1/ 3
3(4 − 3 x)1/ 3
x
=3
4 − 3x
35. Let=
u x + 1. Then Since y = 0 when x = 0,
1
= =
du 1 −1/2
x
1
, or 2 du =
1
dx. 0= − (3 − 2(0))3 + C
dx 2 1/2 x 6
2x 9 9
1 1 1 0= − + C , or C =
∫ x x= dx ∫ ⋅ dx
( )
2 2
+1 x +1 x 1 3 9
So, y = − (3 − 2 x) + .
1 6 2
= 2 ∫ du
u
= 2ln x + 1 + C dy
38. = 4 x + 5
dx
= 2ln ( )
x +1 + C y ( x) ∫ 4 x + 5 dx
=
Let u = 4x + 5, then du = 4 dx and
⌠ 1  1 2 / 3 1
=
36. I  2  − 1 dx
4∫
=y ( x) 4 x + 5(4 dx)
⌡x x 
1
Let u=
1 1
− 1 then du = − 2 dx and = ∫ u du
x 4
x
1  2 3/2 
⌠ 1   1 
2/3 =  u +C
I= −  − 1  − 2  dx 4 3 
⌡ x   x  1
= (4 x + 5)3/2 + C
= − ∫ u 2 / 3du 6
1 9
u5 / 3 Further y (1) = (93/2 ) + C = + C = 3 so
= − +C 6 2
5/3
3 1 3
3 C = − and y ( x) = (4 x + 5)3/2 − .
= − u5 / 3 + C 2 6 2
5
5/3
3 1  dy 1
= −  − 1 + C
5 x 
=
39. y ∫=
dx
dx ∫
x +1
dx
Check: du
2/3 Let u = x + 1. Then = 1, or du = dx.
 5  3  1   1  dx
I ′ =  −  − 1 − 2 
 3  5  x   x  1 1
2/3 ∫ x + 1 dx= ∫ u du= ln x + 1 + C
1 1 
= 2  − 1 Since y = 1 when x = 0,
x x  1= ln 0 + 1 + C , or C= 1.
dy So, y = ln|x + 1| + 1.
37. = ∫ dx =
dx ∫ (3 − 2 x ) 2
y dx
dy
du 40. = e 2− x
Let u = 3 − 2x. Then, = −2, or dx
dx
y ( x) = ∫ e 2− x dx
1
− du = dx. Let u= 2 − x then du = −dx and
2
1 2
y= ∫ (3 − 2 x) dx =
2∫
2
u du
1 u3 1
y =− ⋅ + C =− (3 − 2 x)3 + C
2 3 6
− ∫ e 2− x (− dx)
y ( x) = 1⌠ 1
y ( x) =  ln x   dx
2⌡  x
= − ∫ eu du
1
=− eu + C = ∫ u du
2
= −e 2 − x + C 1  u2 
Further y (2) =−1 + C =0 so C = 1 and =  +C
2  2 
y ( x ) = 1 − e 2− x .
=
( ln x )2 + C
dy x+2 4
=
41. y ∫=
dx
dx ∫ x2 + 4 x + 5 dx
( ln1)2 + C =0 + C =2
Further y (1) = so
Let u = x + 4 x + 5. Then
2 4
du
= 2 x + 4 = 2( x + 2), or C = 2 and=
y ( x)
( ln x )2 + 2 .
dx 4
1
du= ( x + 2)dx.
43. f (= ∫ f ′( x)dx
= ∫ (1 − 2 x) 3/2
2 x) dx
x+2 1
∫=x + 4x + 5
2
dx ∫ 2
x + 4x + 5
( x + 2)dx Let u = 1 − 2x. Then
du
= −2, or
dx
1 1
= ∫ du 1
− du =
dx.
2 u 2
1
= ln x 2 + 4 x + 5 + C 1
∫ (1 − 2 x) dx =− ∫ u 3/2 du
3/2
2
2
Since y = 3 when x = −1, 1 2 
1 =−  (1 − 2 x)5/2  + C
=
3 ln (−1) 2 + 4(−1) + 5 + C or, 2 5 
2 1
1 =− (1 − 2 x)5/2 + C
C= 3 − ln 2. 5
2 Since the function goes through the point
1 1
=
So, y ln x 2 + 4 x + 5 + 3 − ln 2. (0, 0), 0 =
1
− [1 − 2(0)]5/2 + C , or
2 2 5
1
dy ln x C= .
42. = 5
dx x 1 1
So, f ( x) =− (1 − 2 x)5/2 + .
⌠ ln x 5 5
y ( x) =  dx
⌡ x
⌠ ln x
1/ 2
44. f=
'( x) x x 2 + 5
= dx
⌡ x =
f ( x) ∫f=
'( x) dx ∫ x x 2 + 5 dx
= ⌠
1 ln x
 dx
Let =
u x 2 + 5 then du = 2 x dx and
2⌡ x
1
Let u = ln x then du = dx and
x
1 1 ⌠ 2x
= ∫
f ( x) x 2 + 5 ( 2 x ) dx f ( x) =  ( 6 x ) dx
2 6 ⌡ 1 + 3x 2
1 1/ 2
= ∫ u du = ⌠
1 1
 du
2 3⌡ u
1  u 3/ 2  1
=  +C = ln u + C
2  3/ 2  3
( x2 + 5)
3/ 2
1
( )
= ln 1 + 3 x 2 + C
3
= +C 1
3 In addition, f (0) = ln1 + C =0 + C =5
In addition, 3
f (2) =
( 9)
3/ 2
+ C =9 + C =10 so
1
( )
so C = 5 and f ( x) = ln 1 + 3 x 2 + 5 .
3
3
( x2 + 5)
3/ 2
47.
C = 1=
and f ( x) +1.
3
Cross-multiplying gives
−4− x 2
( x + 1) ( 2 − y ) dx
2
=
45. f ( x) ∫=
f ′( x) dx ∫ xe dx dy =
du Multiplying both sides by
Let u= 4 − x 2 . Then = −2 x dx, or 1
dx gives
( x + 1) ( 2 − y )
2
1
− du =
x dx.
2 1 1
4− x 2 4− x 2 dy = dx .
∫ xe =dx ∫ e ⋅ x dx 2−y ( x + 1)
2
1 u
Let u1= 2 − y and
2∫
= −
e du . Then,
1 du1 du
− e 4− x + C = −1 and 2 = 1 , or
2
=
2 dy dx
Since y = 1 when x = −2, and du2 = dx .
1
− e4−( −2) + C , or
2
1= 1 1
2 Substituting, − du1 = du2 .
( u2 )
2
3 u1
C= .
2 Integrating both sides,
1 3
− e 4− x + .
2
So, f ( x) =
2 2
2x
46. f '( x) =
1 + 3x 2
⌠ 2x
=
f ( x) ∫=
f '( x) dx 
⌡ 1 + 3x 2
dx
Let u = 1 + 3 x 2 then du = 6 x dx and

and integrating,
49.
(
xy dy= 2 − y 2 dx .)
Solving for y,
1
1
Multiplying both sides by
( )
ln 2 − y −C3
e =e x +1
x 2 − y2
1
y 1
2 − y= e x +1
⋅ e −C3 gives dy = dx .
1
2−y 2
x
2 − y= e x +1 ⋅ C4 du1
Let u1= 2 − y 2 . Then, = −2 y , or
1 dy
y= 2 − C4 e x +1
1 . Substituting,
So, y= 2 + Ce x +1
.
48.
Integrating both sides,
1 1
(1) ∫ − 2u 1
∫
du1 =
x
dx
Let then du = 2 dx 1 1 1
− ∫
2 u1 ∫
du1 =
x
dx
1
− ln u1 + C1= ln x + C2
2
1
− ln 2 − y 2 = ln x + C2 − C1
Substituting into the right side of Eq. (1) 2
1
− ln 2 − y 2 = ln x + C3
2
ln 2 − y 2 =
−2 ln x − 2C3
ln 2 − y 2= ln x −2 + C4
∫ ( −960e )dt
Solving for y 2 , −t 5
V (t=
)
ln 2 − y 2 −2
= 4,800e −t 5 + C
+C4
e = eln x
(0) 4,800e −t 5 + C ,
−2
2 − y 2 = eln x ⋅ eC4 If=
V0 V=
= V0 − 4,800.
C
2 − y 2 = C5 ⋅ x −2
V (t ) 4,800e −t 5 + V0 − 4,800.
Thus,=
y 2= 2 − C5 x −2
So, y 2= 2 + Cx −2 . (b) If V0 = $5, 200, then
= 4,800e −2 + 5, 200 − 4,800
V (10)
50. ≈ $1,049.61.
53. (a) R ( x) = ∫ R′( x) dx

−0.01x 2
Integrating both sides, = ∫ (50 + 3.5 xe ) dx
50 ∫ dx + 3.5∫ xe −0.01x dx
2
=
du
Let u = −0.01x 2 . Then = −0.02 x,
dx
or −50 du = x dx.
= 50∫ dx + 3.5∫ e −0.01x x dx
2
= 50∫ dx − 175∫ eu du
50 x − 175e −0.01x + C
2
=
51. (a) C= ∫ C ′(q=
)dq ∫ 3(q − 4) 2
(q) dq Since R(0) = 0,
du 0 = 50(0) − 175e0 + C , or
Let u = q − 4. Then = 1, or
dq C = 175
50 x − 175e −0.01x + 175.
2
du = dq. So, R ( x) =
=3∫ u 2 du =(q − 4)3 + C
(b) R (1000)
Let C0 represent the overhead. Then
= 50(1000) − 175e−0.01(1000) + 175
C0 =C (0) =(0 − 4) + C , or 3
≈ $50,175
=
C C0 + 64.
So, C (q ) = (q − 4)3 + 64 + C0 .
(b) When C0 = 436,

C (q ) =(q − 4)3 + 500 and
C (14) = (14 − 4)3 + 500 = $1,500.
52. (a) Let V (t ) denote the value of the

machine after t years. Since
dV
= −960e −t 5 dollars per year,
dt
dP
54. = 3 t + 1.
dt
P0 = 230 cents.
3(t + 1)3 2
=P (t ) +C
32
P (8) =2(8 + 1)3 2 + 228 or $2.82.
55. R′ ( x ) =
x ( 5 − x ) ; C′ ( x ) =
3
5 + 2x
Let P be the profit function. Then,
P ( 5)
1 5
( 5 − 5) − ( 5 − 5) − 5 ( 5) − ( 5) + C
5 4 2
=
5 4
Let u = 5 – x. Then x = 5 – u, and =−50 + C
, or − du =
dx . Substituting,
Profit will increase by $7120.
56. Since profit = revenue − costs,

marginal profit = marginal revenue − marginal costs.
P=′( x) R′( x) − C ′( x)
11 − x
= − (2 + x + x 2 )
14 − x
P ( x) = ∫ P′( x) dx
 11 − x 
= ∫ 14 − x
− 2 − x − x 2  dx

11 − x
= ∫ dx − 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
14 − x
du
Let u = 14 − x. Then = −1 and
dx
−du = dx. Further, x = 14 − u.
−3 + u
=− ∫ 1/2 du − 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
u
=− ∫ −3u −1/2 du + ∫ u1/2 du  − 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx

 
−1/2
= 3∫ u du − ∫ u du − 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
1/2
2 x 2 x3
= 6 14 − x − (14 − x)3/2 − 2 x − − +C
3 2 3
When production is raised from 1 to 5,
57. (a) p ( x) = ∫ p′( x) dx (b) When x = 5 hundred,

300
−300 x = p (5) + 15
=∫ dx
( x 2 + 9)3/2 (5)2 + 9
du = $66.45 per pair
Let =
u x 2 + 9. Then = 2 x, or 300
dx =
p (0) +=15 $115 per pair
1 0+9
du = x dx.
2
300
1 (c) =90 + 15
= −300 ∫ x dx
( x + 9)
2 3/2 x2 + 9
= −150 ∫ u −3/2 du x2 =
+ 9 4, or x ≈ 2.65, or 265 pairs.
300
= +C 20 x
58. (a) p′( x) =
x2 + 9 (7 − x) 2
When the price is $75, 4 hundred pair 20 x
are demanded, so =
p( x) ∫=
p′( x) dx ∫
(7 − x) 2
dx
300
=75 + C or, Let u = 7 − x then x = 7 − u, dx = −du
(4) 2 + 9 and
C = 15 7−u
300 =p ( x) 20 ∫ 2 (− du )
=
So, p( x) + 15. u
x2 + 9 1 7 
= 20 ∫  − 2  du
u u 
 7
= 20  ln u +  + C
 u
 7 
= 20  ln 7 − x + +C
 7−x
Further 3
(b) p (10) = ln13 + − 0.25 ≈ 2.546
 7 13
= 20  ln 5 +  + C
p (2)
 5 So, the unit price should be
≈ 60.1888 + C approximately $2.55.
=2
60. (a) Growth is due to interest earned, rV,
⇒ C ≈ −58.1888
plus deposits at the constant rate of D
and
dollars per year.
 7 
=
p ( x) 20  ln 7 − x +  − 58.1888 dV
 7−x = rV + D
dt
dV
= dt
(b) A supply of 500 units is x = 5. rV + D
⌠ dV = dt
⌡ rV + D ∫
 7 
= 20  ln 2 +  − 58.1888
p (5)
 2
1
≈ 25.67 ln(rV + D) =+t C
The price is $25.67 when the supply is r
500 units. rV + D = e rC e rt
erC rt D
x =V e −
59. p′( x) = r r
( x + 3) 2 rt D
= Ke −
r
⌠ x
=
(a) p ( x) ∫= 
p '( x) dx
⌡ ( x + 3) 2
dx
where K =
e rC
is a constant. The
r
Let u= x + 3 . Then and account is initiated with the first
D
, or du = dx . Substituting, deposit so V (0) = K − = D giving
r
 1 
=
K D 1 +  and
 r 
 1 D
V (t ) =D 1 +  e rt − .
 r r
(b) Here D = 8,000 and r = 0.04 . At time

t = 20
V (20)
 1  0.04(20) 8,000
When 5 thousand units are supplied, = 8,000 1 + e −
the price per unit is $2.20 so  0.04  0.04
= $262,912.51
(c) Here V (30) = 800,000 and r = 0.05 .

Solving
800,000
3
p ( x)= ln( x + 3) + − 0.25  1  0.05(30) D
x+3 = D 1 + e −
 0.05  0.05
for D says Anibal should deposit So,

D = $10,793.97 per year.
dV
61. (a) Since = [rate interest is added]
dt
− [rate money is withdrawn],
. Cross-multiplying gives (b) Substituting r = 0.05, W = 50,000,
t = 10, and S = 50,000
=
dV ( rV − W ) dt . Integrating both V (10 )
1 50, 000  50, 000  0.05(10 )
sides, ∫ rV − W dV = ∫ dt = +  500, 000 −
0.05 
e
0.05 
Let . Then, or = 1, 000, 000 − 500, 000 e0.5
≈ $175, 639
. Substituting,
(c) Need for all t, or
Solving for V,
ln rV −W
e = ert +C4
rV − W = ert ⋅ eC4
rV − W =
Cert
rV= W + Cert
W Cert
=
V +
r r
Since the amount S is deposited initially, (d) Need to find t when V ( t ) = 0 , if
0
W Ce W = 80,000. So,
=
S +
r r
W C
S− =
r r
= Sr − W
C
1,100, 000 e0.05t = 1, 600, 000

16
e0.05t =
11
16
ln e0.05t = ln
11
16
0.05t = ln
11
16
ln
= t 11 ≈ 7.5 years
0.05
62. (a) Let V ( x) denote the value of the farm land x years from now. Since
dV 0.4 x3 ⌠ 0.4 x3
= dollars per year. V ( x) =  dx , an antiderivative of this
dx 
0.2 x 4 + 8,000 ⌡ 0.2 x + 8,000
4
expression.
=
Let u 0.2 x 4 + 8,000.
1
=Then du 0.8 = x3dx or 0.4 x3dx du .
2
⌠ 0.4 x3
Hence, V ( x) =  dx

⌡ 0.2 x 4
+ 8,000
1
= ∫ u −1 2 du
2
= u1 2 + C
( )
12
=0.2 x 4 + 8,000 +C
Since the land is currently worth $500 per acre, it follows that
500 = V (0) = (8,000)1 2 + C or C = 500 − (8,000)1 2 .
( 0.2 x4 + 8,000)
12
Hence V ( x=
) + 500 − (8,000)1/ 2 .
(b) The value of the land 10 years from now will be
( )
12
(10) 0.2 104 + 8,000  + 500 − ( 8,000 )
12
V=
 
= (10,000 ) + 500 − ( 8,000 )
12 12
= 600 − ( 8,000 )
12
= $510.56 per acre

(c)
Using the features of a graphing calculator, the land will be worth $1,000 per acre in 36 years.
63. ; 64.
k = 0.03;
(a) (a)
dp
Since p ( t ) = ∫ dt dt , Since
Since
Since ,
or C = 2.
1 =0.06 ( 0 ) − 0.01 ( 0 ) + C , or C = 1.
2
So,
So, .
(b) When t = 4,
(b) When t = 4,
(c)
(c) lim p (=
t →∞
(
t ) lim 0.06t − 0.01t 2 + 1
t →∞
) Since this limit does not exist, the unit
Since this limit does not exist, the unit price decreases without bound.
price increases without bound.
65.
= =
k 0.02; p0 1
dp
=
(a) k  D ( t ) − S ( t ) 
dt
= 0.02 (10 − p ) − ( 2 + 3 p ) 
= 0.02 ( 8 − 4 p )
=dp 0.02 ( 8 − 4 p ) dt . Since , or C = 1.
1 So, .
8− 4p (b) When t = 4,
p (4) =
−0.08( 4 )
gives . 2−e ≈ 1.27

1
(c) lim=
t →∞ t →∞
(
p ( t ) lim 2 − e −0.08t )
∫ 8 − 4 p dp = ∫ 0.02 dt . = 2−0 = 2
So, in the long run, the unit price is
Let u= 8 − 4 p . Then, or approximately 2.
1 66.
− du = dp . Substituting,
4 k = 0.015;
1 1
− ∫ du = ∫ 0.02dt
4 u (a)
1
− ln u + C1= 0.02t + C2
4
1
− ln 8 − 4 p= 0.02t + C2 − C1
4 Cross-multiplying gives
1
− ln 8 − 4 p = 0.02t + C3
4
ln 8 − 4 p = −0.08t − 4C3
ln 8 − 4 p =
−0.08t + C4 gives
Solving for p
Let u = 14 – 7p. Then, or

Substituting,
So, and
Solving for p,
68. (a) Let R(t) denote the radius at time t.

R '(t ) dt ⌠
21
=
Then R (t ) ∫=  dt .
⌡ 0.07t + 5
=
Let u 0.07t + 5 then du = 0.07 dt .
Thus
Since 21 ⌠ 1
R (t ) =  (0.07)dt
So, 0.07 ⌡ 0.07t + 5
= 300⌠
1
 du
67. Let represent the height in meters ⌡u
= 300ln u + C
of the tree in x years.
= 300ln 0.07t + 5 + C
We know R (0) = 0 so C + 300ln 5 = 0
and so C = −300ln 5 . Since t
represents time, we assume t ≥ 0 .
Thus 0.07t + 5 is positive and the
absolute value sign in the formula for
R(t) is not needed. Thus
=R (t ) 300ln(0.07t + 5) − 300ln 5 .
Let . Then or, . (b) After 1 hour, the radius of the spill is
= R (60) 300ln 9.2 − 300ln 5
≈ 182.93 ft.
and the area of the spill is
A = π ( R (60) )
2
= π(182.93) 2
≈ 105,130 square feet
Since the height was 5 meters after 2
years,
69. (a) in function under the zoom menu to

get a more accurate reading. A new
injection is given after approximately
294 minutes.
dQ
Let Then 70. (a) = k ( B − Q)
dt
dQ
or = k dt
B −Q
. ⌠ dQ
 = ∫ k dt
⌡ B −Q
− ln B − Q = kt + C
Q(t )= B − Ae− kt
At time t = 0 , Q(0) = B − A = Q0 so
A= B − Q0 and
When the shot is initially
administered, Q(t ) =B − ( B − Q0 )e− kt .
t = 0 and
(b) Here B = 200 and Q0 = 50 and so
(t ) 200 − 150e − kt . Further
Q=
Q(1) = 200 − 150e − k =
60 implying
So,
15
= k ln ≈ 0.069 . After 3 months
14
(b) After one hour, when t = 60 minutes, the crop size will be
the concentration is
= 200 − 150e −0.069(3)
Q(3)
≈ 78 bushels.
(c) Writing exercise; answers will vary.

After three hours, when t = 180
minutes, the concentration is 71. (a)
Let . Then
(c) To determine how much time passes
before next injection is given, or
Press and input
for .
[0, 1]0.02.
Press and move along the
curve until . Use the zoom-
At 7:00 a.m., t = 0 and

so
or
So,
To
find the peak level,
or
−1
when t = 8. 72. (a) x′(t ) =
1 + 0.5t
⌠ −1
Further, when so L is x(t ) =  dt
⌡ 1 + 0.5t
increasing; when so L is Let u = 1 + 0.5t , du = 0.5 dt
1
decreasing so the absolute maximum x(t ) = −2 ∫ (0.5dt )
occurs when t = 8, or at 3:00 p.m. The 1 + 0.5t
maximum is 1
= −2 ∫ du
u
= −2ln 1 + 0.5t + C
= − ln(1 + 0.5t ) 2 + C
(b) To use graphing utility to graph L(t) and Since x(0)= 5, 0 + C= 5 so C = 5 and
answer the questions in part (a), press x(t ) =−
5 ln(1 + 0.5t ) 2
and input
(b) x(4) =
5 − ln 32 =
2.803
for
. (c) 5 − ln(1 + 0.5t ) 2 =
3
Use window dimensions [0, 16]2 by ln(1 + 0.5t ) 2 =
2
[0.2, 0.4]0.04, (1 + 0.5t ) 2 = e2
Press . t = 2(e − 1) ≈ 3.437
Press and move along curve to the 73. (a)

maximum point and use zoom-in if
necessary. We find the maximum point
occurs when t = 8 (at 3:00 p.m.). The Let Then
ozone level is 0.37 ppm at this time.
At 11:00 a.m., t = 4. Use the value
function under the calc menu to find the
ozone level is 0.34 ppm at 11:00 a.m.
Trace along the curve to find when the y-
value is 0.34 ppm. We find that the ozone
level is 0.34 ppm again when t = 12, or at When t = 0, x(0) = 4, so
7:00 p.m.
2
(c) +2 = 3
1+ t2
1+ t2 = 4
t = 3
So,
75. (a)
(b)
Let Then,
(c)
When so and
.
−2t
74. (a) x′(t ) =
(1 + t 2 )
32
(b) When t = 4,
⌠ −2t
x(t ) =  dt

(
⌡ 1+ t 2 32
) (c)
du
Let u = 1+ t , =
2
2t
dt
x(t ) = − ∫ u −3 2 du
= 2u −1 2 + C
( )
−1 2
=
2 1+ t2 +C
2
= +C
1+ t 2
Since x=
(0) 4, =C 2.
2
=
x(t ) +2
1+ t2
2
=
(b) x(4) + 2 ≈ 2.485
17
76. ∫x
3
(4 − x 2 ) −1/ 2 dx
1
Let u= 4 − x 2 then du = −2 x dx or x dx = − du and x 2= 4 − u . Thus
2
∫x
3
(4 − x 2 ) −1/2 dx = 2 −1/2
∫ x (4 − x ) x dx
2
⌠ −1/2  1 
= (4 − u )u  −  du
⌡  2
1
(u1/2 − 4u −1/2 ) du
2∫
=
1  u 3/2 u1/2 
=  −4 +C
2  3 / 2 1 / 2 
1
= (4 − x 2 )3/2 − 4(4 − x 2 )1/2 + C
3
77. Let Then

79. Let Then or
Further,
Further,
e2 x ex
∫ 1 + e x dx = ∫ 1 + e x e dx
x
u −1  1
= ∫ =du ∫  1 −  du
u  u
=1 + e x − ln 1 + e x + C
=1 + e x − ln (1 + e x ) + C
−x
78. ∫e (1 + e x ) 2 dx
If u = e x or u = 1 + e x then du = e x dx .
Note that once u is substituted, there
80.
would be no spare e x term to combine
with dx to form du. In this case there is no
obvious substitution that will work,
however the integrand can be expanded as
e − x (1 + e x ) 2 = e − x (1 + 2e x + e 2 x ) Let then .
−x Substituting,
= e +2+e x
and so
−x
∫ e (1 + e ) =
x 2
dx ∫ (e− x + 2 + e x ) dx
−e − x + 2 x + e x + C .
=
dx du
81. ∫ 1+ e x
Let . Then,
dx
= −e − x or
. Substituting,
1
− ∫ du =
= − ln u + C
u
= ( )
− ln e − x + 1 + C
5.3 The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
1.
Here,
2.
Here,
3.
Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8, and .
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
4 − xj 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
4.
Here, a = −1, b = 2, n = 8, and
−1
5 2
5.
Here, a = 1, b = 2, n = 8, and f ( x ) = x 2 .
xj 1 10 11
8 8
(x ) 1 1.27 1.56 1.89 2.25 2.64 3.06 3.52

2
j
6.
Here, a = 1, b = 4, n = 8, and
0
7.
1
Here, a = 1, b = 2, n = 8 and f ( x ) = .
x
1 12 13 15
8 8 8
1 1 0.89 0.8 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.57 0.53

xj
8.
Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8, and
0 1 2 3
0 1
9. Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8 and f ( x ) = x .
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
10. Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8,
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
4 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
11. Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8 and f ( x=

) x2 + 1.
xj 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
(x ) 1 1.25 2 3.25 5 7.25 10 13.25

2
j +1
12. Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8,
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0 0.33 0.5 0.6 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.78
13. Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8 and .
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0.2 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.4 0.5 0.67
4
1
∫ 5 − x dx
0
can be solved using substitution. Let . Then, or .
The limits of integration become and 5 − 4 =

1.
14. Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8,
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0 1.75 3 3.75 4 3.75 3 1.75
2 1
∫−15 dx=
2
15. 5 x −1= 5(2) − 5(−1)= 15 1 3t 5 3(1)5 3(−1)5 6
19. ∫ 3t dt = 4
= − =
−1 5 5 5 5
−1
1
∫−2
1
16. π dx= πx −2= π(1) − π(−2)= 3π
4
4 4 3/ 2 32 4 28
5
20. ∫1 2 u du =
3
u = − =
3 3 3
5  3x 2  1
17. ∫ (3 x + 2)dx =  + 2x 
0  2 
 0 1
∫−1(2u − u 2/3 )du
1/3
21.
 3(5) 2 
=  + 2(5)  − 0 3 3 
1
 2  =  u 4/3 − u 5/3 
2 5  −1
95
= 3 3 
2 =  (1) 4/3 − (1)5/3 
2 5 
4 2 4  3 3 
18. ∫1 (5 − 2t ) dt = (5t − t )
1
=4−4=0 −  (−1) 4/3 − (−1)5/3 
 2 5 
6
= −
5
9 −3/ 2 9 2 1 9
22. ∫ x dx =−2 x −1/ 2 =− − (−1) = ⌠ 
28.   t −
4 
4 4 3 3 dt
⌡1  t 
∫1 ( t − 4t −1 2 dt )
9 12
1 −x 1
(4e − x − e0 )dx =
23. ∫0
e (4 − e x )dx= ∫0
 2  
(−4e − x − x)
=
1
0
2
=   93 2 − − 4 2 9 − 2 
 3  3 
( )
= (−4e −1 − 1) − (−4e0 − 0) =
4
4 3
= 3−
e
3 1 1 
⌠  1
1
1 
29. ∫1 1 + x + x2  dx
24.   x − − x  dx 3
⌡−1 e e   1
=  x + ln x − 
∫−1( e ) 
=
1 −x
− e x dx x 1
 1
1 =  3 + ln 3 −  − (1 + ln1 − 1)
( −e − x − e x )
=  3
−1
−1 8
= ( −e − e) − (−e − e −1 ) = + ln 3
3
=0
1  x5 3x 4 
1 30.
ln 2
∫0 ( et − e−t ) dt
25. ∫ ( x 4 + 3x 3 + 1)dx =  + + x
 5 
( et + e − t ) 0
ln 2
0
 4 0 =
 (1) 
( )
5 4
=  +
3(1)
+ 1 − 0 = eln 2 + e − ln 2 − e0 + e0
 5 4 
= 2 + eln(1 2) − 2
39
= 1
20 =
= 1.95 2
+1
∫−1( −3x )
−1 t
∫−3
0
26. 5
− 3 x 2 + 2 x + 5 dx 31. dt
t3
0 −1 1
 x6  1
=− − x3 + x 2 + 5 x  = ∫  2 + 3  dt
 −3  t t 
 2 
  −1 −1
 1 1 
=
7 =− − 2 
2  t 2t  −3
 −1 1   −1 1 
5 = −  −  − 2
∫2 (2 + 2t + 3t
2
 −1 2(−1)   −3 2( −3) 
27. )dt 2
5 2
= (2t + t 2 + t 3 ) =
2 9
= [(2(5) + (5) + (5)3 ] 2
− [2(2) + (2)2 + (2)3 ]

= 144
∫1 x ( x − 1) dx = ∫1 ( x − x ) dx
6 2 3 6
2 and 6(4) + 1 = 25.
32.
1 25
6 = ∫ u −1/2 du
 x 4 x3  6 1
=  −  25
 4
 3 
1
1
= 2 u
6
( )
1
3025
= 25
12 1
3
= ( u)
1
( )
2
∫1 (2 x − 4)
4 1
33. dx = 25 − 1
3
1 4
Let u = 2x − 4. Then du = dx, and the =
2 3
limits of integration become 2(1) − 4 = −2
and 2(2) − 4 = 0. ⌠
2
x2
1 0 36.  dx
= ∫ u 4 du ⌡1 ( x + 1)
3 2
2 −2
1 2
= ∫ ( x3 + 1) −2 d ( x3 + 1)
0
1  u5 
=   3 1
2  5  2
−2 1 ( x3 + 1) −1
0 =
1 5 3 −1
= (u ) 1
10 −2 7
1 =
= [0 − (−2)5 ] 54
10
= 3.2 1
∫0 ( x + x) x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 dx
3
37.
0
∫−3 ( 2 x + 6 )
4
34. dx Let u =x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1. Then
1
1 0
( 2x + 6) d ( 2x + 6) = ( x3 + x)dx, and the limits of
∫
4 du
= 4
2 −3
5 0
integration become (0) + 2(0) + 1 = 1 and
1 ( 2x + 6) (1) 4 + 2(1) 2 + 1 =
= 4.
2 5 1 4
−3 = ∫ u1/2 du
3,888 4 1
= 4
5 12 
=  u 3/2 
4 3 1
4 1
35. ∫0 6t + 1
dt 1
4
= (u 3/2 )
1 6 1
Let u = 6t + 1. Then, du = dt , and the 1
6 = [(4) − (1)3/2 ]
3/2
limits of integration become 6(0) + 1 = 1 6
7
=
6
1
⌠ 6t
1
⌠ (2t )dt ln(e) 2 = 2.
38.  2 dt = 3 2
⌡0 t + 1 ⌡0 t + 1 2 2 1
2
= 3ln(t 2 + 1)
1 ∫0
= (u 3 )
u du
3 0
0 1
= 3ln 2 = [(2)3 − (0)]
3
e +1 8
x =
39. ∫1
x −1
dx 3
Let u = x − 1. Then du = dx and x = u + 1.
e2
42. ⌠
Further, the limits of integration become 1
 dx
2 − 1 = 1 and (e + 1) − 1 = e. ⌡e x ln x
e u +1
=∫ du =
Let u ln=
x , du
dx
.
1 u x
e 1
= ∫ 1 +  du If=x e= =
, u 1, and if x e 2=
, u 2.
1 u 2
e 2
⌠ 1
dx = ⌠
du
( u + ln u ) 1
e
=  
⌡e x ln x ⌡1 u
= (e + ln e) − (1 + ln1) 2
= ln u
=e 1
= ln 2
2 = 0.693
∫1 (t + 1)(t − 2)
6
40. dt
Let u = t − 2 so t + 1 = u + 3 , du = dt . 1/2 e1/ x
Further when t = 1 , u = −1 and t = 2 , 43. ∫
1/3 2 x
dx
u = 0 . Thus
1 1
2 0 Let u = . Then − du =2 dx, and the
∫1 (t + 1)(t − 2)6 dt= ∫−1 (u + 3)u 6 du x x
0
∫−1(u + 3u )du
= 7 6 1
limits of integration become = 3 and
1
0 3
u 3u  8 7
=  +  1
= 2.
 8 7 
 −1
1
2
17 2
= = − ∫ eu du
56 3
3
2 2 = ∫ eu du
e (ln x) 2
41. ∫1 x
dx
= ( eu )
3
2
1
Let u = ln x. Then du = dx, and the = e − e2 3
x
limits of integration become ln 1 = 0 and 4
⌠ ( x − 1)3/ 2
44.  dx
⌡1 x
dx
Let u = x − 1, du = .
2 x
If=
x 1,=
u 0, and if=
x 4,=
u 1. 2 1 5 1
2
33
∫−1 x= (x = [(2)5 − (−=
4
4 51. dx ) 1)5 ]
⌠ ( x − 1)3/ 2 1 5 −1 5 5
 dx = 2 ∫ u 3/ 2 du
⌡1 x 0
4
4
= u5 / 2
1 52.=
Area ∫0 x ( x + 1) dx
4 3/ 2
5 = ∫0 ( x + x ) dx
0 1/ 2
4
= 2 5 / 2 2 3/ 2
4
5 = x + x
5 3 0
2
∫−3[−2 f ( x) + 5 g ( x)]dx
45. =
64 16
+
2 2 5 3
= 2 ∫ f ( x)dx + 5∫ g ( x)dx 272
−3 −3 =
= −2(5) + 5(−2) 15
= −20 4
∫0 (3x + 4)
1/2
53. dx
1
∫−3[4 f ( x) − 3g ( x)]dx
46.
Let u = 3x + 4. Then
1
du = dx, and the
1 1
= ∫ 4 f ( x) dx − ∫ 3 g ( x) dx 3
−3 −3 limits of integration become 3(0) + 4 = 4
1 1
= 4 ∫ f ( x) dx − 3∫ g ( x) dx and 3(4) + 4 = 16.
−3 −3 1 16
= 4(0) − 3(4) = ∫ u1/2 du
3 4
= −12 16
1 2 
4 =  u 3/2 
3 3 4
47. ∫4 g ( x)dx = G(4) − G(4) = 0, where G(x) 16
is the antiderivative of g(x). 2
= (u 2/3 )
9 4
−3 2
48. ∫2 − ∫ f ( x) dx =
f ( x) dx =
−3
−5 2
= [(16) − (4)3/2 ]
3/2
9
112
2 =
∫1 [3 f ( x) + 2 g ( x)]dx
49. 9
2 2
= 3∫ f ( x)dx + 2 ∫ g ( x)dx 0 3
1 1 54. Area = ∫ dx
−8
= 3  ∫ f ( x)dx − ∫ f ( x)dx 
 9 − 2x
2 1
 −3 −3  Let u = 9 − 2x, then du = −2 dx. If x = −8,
+ 2  ∫ g ( x)dx − ∫ g ( x)dx 
2 1 u = 25 and if x = 0, u = 9, so
 −3 −3 
= 3(5 − 0) + 2(−2 − 4)
=3
∫−3[ 2 f ( x) + 3g ( x)] dx
1
50.
1 1
= 2 ∫ f ( x) dx + 3∫ g ( x) dx
−3 −3
= 2(0) + 3(4)
= 12
0 3 u = 5 − 2(1) = 3.
Area = ∫ dx
−8
9 − 2x 1 33 3 31
− ∫ du = − ∫ du
3 0 1 2 9u 2 9u
= − ∫ (−2 dx) 3 91
− 9 − 2x = ∫ du
2 8
3 9 1 2 3u
= − ∫
( )
du 3 9
2 25 u = ln u
9 2 3
3
2
( )
= − 2 u =
3
(ln 9 − ln 3)
25 2
−3 ( 9 − 25 )
= 3 9
=  ln 
=−3(−2) 2 3
=6 3
= ln 3 ≈ 1.6479
2
ln 3
ln 3 2 x 1 2x
55. ∫ e dx = (e ) e 2
58. Area = ⌠
0 2 3
0  dx
1 2ln 3 0 ⌡1 x
= (e −e ) e2
2 = 3ln x
1 ln 32 1
= (e − 1) = 3ln e2 − 3ln1
2
=4 =6
5
56. Area = ∫ xe − x dx
3 2
0
59. ∫0 V ′(t=
) dt V (5) − V (0)
Let u = x then du = 2 x dx . If=

2
x 0,=
u 0
60. At 11:00 A.M., t = 2 , and at 1:00 P.M.,
and if=x 3,=u 9 so t = 4 . The number of people who enter
Area = ∫ xe − x dx
3 2
the fair between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M.
0 4
1 3 2
= ∫ e − x (2 x) dx
is ∫2 N '(t ) dt .
2 0
1 9 61. The number of pounds of soybeans stored
= ∫ e−u du per week x weeks from now is
2 0
9 12,000 − 300x, a function that decreases
1
= − e −u linearly from 12,000 to 0 in 40 weeks. The
2 0 weekly cost rate will be
=
1 −9 1
− e + 0.2(12,000 − 300x) cents per week. The
2 2 cost over the next 40 weeks
≈ 0.499938 40
= ∫0 0.2(12,000 − 300 x) dx
1 3
∫−2 5 − 2 x dx
40
57. = 0.2(12,000 x − 150 x 2 )
0
du = 48,000 cents, or $480
Let u = 5 − 2x. Then, = −2 and
dx
1 62. The number of kilograms of rice stored x
− du = dx. When x = −2, months from now is 10,000 – 2,000x. The
2
storage cost is 0.80(10,000 – 2,000x)
u = 5 − 2(−2) = 9 and when x = 1, dollars per month. The cost over the next
five months is 2
V (2) − V (1)
= ∫1 220( x − 10)dx
2
= ∫1 (220 x − 2200)dx
2
= (110 x 2 − 2200 x)
1
= [110(2) 2 − 2200(2)]
− [110(1) − 2200(1)]
= −1870,
63. Let V(t) be the value of the crop, in
dollars, after t days. Then or the machine depreciates by $1,870.
dV
= 3(0.3t 2 + 0.6t + 1). 66. (a) The total cost of producing the first 10
dt items is
The change in value will be 10 10
5 ∫0 C '(=
q ) dq ∫0 (6q + 1) dq
V (5) − V=
(0) ∫0 3(0.3t 2 + 0.6t + 1)dt 10
5 = (3q 2 + q )
= 3(0.1t 3 + 0.3t 2 + t ) 0
0 = 310 dollars.
= 3[(0.1(5)3 + 0.3(5) + 5) − 0] 2
= $75 (b) The total cost of producing the next 10

items is
20 20
64. Let D(t ) denote the demand for the
product. Since the current demand is 5,000
∫10 C '(=
q ) dq ∫ (6q + 1) dq
10
20
and the demand increases exponentially, = (3q 2 + q )
10
D(t ) = 5,000e0.02t units per year. = 910 dollars.
Let R (t ) denote the total revenue t years
from now. Then the rate of change of the 67. P (3) − P (2)
3  t 
revenue is = ∫ 1500  2 −  dt
dR  dollars   units  2  2t +5
=  400   D(t )  3 t3
dt  unit   year  = 3000 ∫ dt − 1500 ∫ dt
( ) 2t + 5
2 2
= 400 5,000e0.02t dollars/year
1
Let u = 2t + 5. Then du = dt , and
= 2,000,000e0.02t dollars/year. 2
The increase in revenue over the next u −5
t= . Further, the limits of integration
2 years is 2
2
∫ 2,000,000e dt
R (2) − R (0) = 0.02t
0
2
= 100,000,000 e0.02t
0
= $4,081,077.
65. Let V(x) be the value of the machine, in

dollars, after t years. Then,
dV
= 220( x − 10).
dt
become 2(2) + 5 = 9 and 2(3) + 5 = 11. (a) In 2006, t = 0 and in 2010, t = 4.

3 11 u − 5 4 −0.05t
= 3000 ∫ dt − 750 ∫ ∫0 12e − 36e dt
0.25t
du
2 9 2u
= 12 ∫ e0.25t dt − 36 ∫ e −0.05t dt
4 4
3 11  5
= 3000 ∫ dt − 375∫ 1 −  du 0 0
2 9  u For the first integral, let u = 0.25t.
− 375 ( u − 5ln u )
3 11
= 3000(t ) 2 du
9 Then = 0.25 and 4 du = dt. When
= 3000(3 − 2) dt
− 375[(11 − 5ln11) − (9 − 5ln 9)] t = 0, u = 0 and when t = 4, u = 1.
=3000 − 375(2 − 5ln11 + 5ln 9) For the second integral, let u = −0.05t.
≈ 2,626 telephones du
Then, = −0.05 and −20 du = dt.
dt
68. Q′(t ) = 2t 3 − 3t 2 + 10t + 3 When t = 0, u = 0 and when t = 4,
u = −0.2.
4 4
∫2 Q′(t ) dt= ∫2 (2t − 3t 2 + 10t + 3)dt
3
4
1 
=  t 4 − t 3 + 5t 2 + 3t 
2 2
= 130
130 units are produced between 10 A.M.
and noon.
70. During the first week
So, the value decreases by

approximately $48,036.33.
(b) In 2012, t = 6.
− 36e −0.05t dt
6
∫0 12e
0.25t
Using the same substitutions as

before, for the first integral, when
or about 571 people have heard about the t = 4, u = 1 and when t = 6, u = 1.5.
product. During the second week the For the second integral, when t = 4,
number of people who learn about the u = −0.2 and when t = 6, u = −0.3.
1.5 u −0.2 u
product is = 48∫ e du − 720 ∫ e du
14 1 −0.3
14 5 3   1.5   u −0.2 
∫7 N '(t ) dt =  3 t − 0.2ln(t + 3) 
2
= 48  eu  − 720  e 
 7  1   −0.3 
= 4001.398 = 48(e1.5 − e1 ) − 720(e −0.2 − e −0.3 )
or 4,001 people. ≈ 28.54652 thousand
So, the value increases by
69. V ′(t ) 12e−0.05t (e0.3t − 3)
= approximately $28,546.52.
= 12e0.25t − 36e −0.05t
3 75. P (2) − P (5) = −[ P (5) − P (2)]

71. L(3) − L(0)= ∫0 (0.1t + 0.1)dt 5 2
3 = −∫ − dt
2 t +1
= (0.05t 2 + 0.1t )
0 Let u = t + 1. Then du = dt, and the limits
= [0.05(3)2 + 0.1(3)] − 0 of integration become 2 + 1 = 3 and
= 0.75 ppm 5 + 1 = 6.
61
= 2 ∫ du
72. Let A(t) denote the amount of pollution in 3 u
= 2 ( ln u )
the lake after t years. Let P(t) denote the 6
population in thousands of people. Then 3
we are given = 2(ln 6 − ln 3)
dP
= 0.6t 2 + 0.2t + 0.5 thousand  6
= 2  ln 
dt  3
dA = 2ln 2 ≈ 1.386 grams.
people/yr and = 5 units/thousand
dP
people. 76. The difference in mass between the 2 hour
By the chain rule and the 5 hour marks is
5
dA dA dP
= = 5(0.6t 2 + 0.2t + 0.5) ⌠ dm dt = 5
− ∫ (0.1t + e0.1t ) dt

dt dP dt ⌡2 dt 2
= 3t 2 + t + 2.5 units/year. 5
=
−(0.05t 2 + 10e0.1t )
The increase in pollution over the next 2
two years is = −5.323 .
2 The mass of the protein will decrease by
⌠ dA= 2
dt ∫ (3t 2 + t + 2.5) dt
 5.323 grams.
⌡0 dt 0
2
 t2  10 4
=  t 3 + + 2.5t 
 
∫
77. L(10) − L(5) =
5 t +1
dt
 2 0
Let u = t + 1. Then du = dt, and the limits
= 15 units. of integration become 5 + 1 = 6 and
10 + 1 = 11.
8
73. P (8) − P (0) = ∫ (5 + 3t 2/3 )dt = 4 ∫ u −1/2 du
11
0 6
8
 9  11
=  5t − t 5/3  = 4(2u1/2 )
 5 0 6
( u)6
11
 9 5/3  =8
=
5(8) + 5 (8)  − 0
 
488 = 8 ( 11 − 6 ) ≈ 7 facts.
= ≈ 98 people
5
74. The water consumed is

10 10
∫0 C=
'(t ) dt ∫0 (10 + 0.3e0.03t ) dt
10
= (10t + 10e0.03t )
0
= 103.499
or roughly 103.5 billion gallons.
78. The total change expected is 80. Since velocity is the derivative of the
10 distance function, the distance traveled in
∫0 P′(t ) dt
the first 2 hours is
10
∫ −0.75t 10 − 0.2t dt
2 2
=
0 ∫0 v=
(t ) dt ∫ (45 + 12t ) dt
0
(letting u =
10 − 0.2t , so t =
5(10 − u )) 2
8 = (45t + 6t 2 )
∫ 0.75[5(10 − u )] u (−5) du
=−
10 = 114 miles.
0
10
−18.75∫ (10u1/ 2 − u 3/ 2 ) du
=
8 81. Let s(t) be the distance traveled, in feet,
= −110.357. after t seconds. Since velocity is the
The population will decrease by roughly derivative of distance,
110 individuals between 2005 and 2015. 3
s (3) − s (0) = ∫0 (−32t + 80)dt
4 −0.33t
79. C (4) − C (0) = ∫0 dt =
(−16t 2 + 80t )
3
0.02t 2 + 10 0
= −0.33∫
4 t
dt = [−16(3) 2 + 80(3)] − 0
0
0.02t 2 + 10 = 96 feet.
=
Let u 0.02t 2 + 10. Then 25 du = t dt, and
the limits of integration become
0.02(0) + 10 = 10 and
0.02(4) 2 + 10 =10.32.
10.32 −1/2
= −8.25∫ u du
10
10.32
= −8.25(2u1/2 )
10
( u ) 10
10.32
= −16.5
−16.5 ( 10.32 −
= 10 )
≈ −0.8283,
or the concentration decreases by
approximately 0.8283 mg/cm3 .
82. Let F(x) and G(x) be any antiderivatives of f(x) and g(x) respectively. By the sum rule for
differentiation
( F ( x) + G ( x))′ =F ′( x) + G '( x)
= f ( x) + g ( x)
so F ( x) + G ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x) + g ( x) . By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

b
∫a [ f ( x) + g ( x)] dx =
b
[ F ( x) + G ( x)] a
= [ F (b) + G (b)] − [ F (a ) + G (a )]
= F (b) + G (b) − F (a ) − G (a )
= [ F (b) − F (a )] + [G (b) − G (a )]
b b
= ∫a f ( x) dx + ∫a g ( x) dx
1
83. (a) ∫0 1 − x 2 dx represents the area under the curve 1 − x 2 , above the x-axis, from x = 0 to x = 1.
But the graph of =

y 1 − x 2 is a semi-circle, having radius 1 and center (0, 0) since
=
y 1 − x2
y 2 = 1 − x2
x2 + y 2 =1
The area from x = 0 to x = 1 corresponds to a quarter of the circle’s area.
1 π
= [π(1) 2 ] =
4 4
(b) Similarly, the graph of 2x − x 2 is the same semicircle, shifted one unit to the right since
=y 2 x − x2
y=
2
2 x − x2
x2 − 2 x + y 2 =
0
( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + y 2 =
1
( x − 1) 2 + y 2 =
1
π
So, the area from x = 1 to x = 2 still corresponds to a quarter of the circle = .
4
1
84. (a) f=
( x) 2 x +
x +1
2
I = ∫ f ( x)dx
0
The four subintervals are of length 0.5. The numbers xi are= x1 0,= x2 0.5,= x3 1.0,= x4 1.5
and x5 = 2.0 . Each subinterval forms the base of a rectangle. The height of the rectangle is
determined by choosing a point in each subinterval and taking the value of f(x) at that point to
be the height of the rectangle on that subinterval. The point in each subinterval can be any
point. The table below summarizes the process where the selected point is the left endpoint or
the right endpoint of the subinterval.

Subinterval Width Height (left) Height (right)
[0,0.5] 0.5 1.000 2.081
[0.5,1.0] 0.5 2.081 2.500
[1.0,1.5] 0.5 2.500 2.849
[1.5, 2.0] 0.5 2.849 3.162
(b) The sum of the area of the rectangles in (a) and the approximation to the integral is
0.5(1.000 + 2.081 + 2.500 + 2.849) = 4.215
using rectangles determined by the left endpoint of the subinterval and
0.5(2.081 + 2.500 + 2.849 + 3.162) = 5.296
using right endpoints.
(c) Subinterval Width Height (left) Height (right)

[0,0.25] 0.25 1.000 1.800
[0.25,0.50] 0.25 1.800 2.081
[0.50,0.75] 0.25 2.081 2.303
[0.75,1.00] 0.25 2.303 2.500
[1.00,1.25] 0.25 2.500 2.681
[1.25,1.50] 0.25 2.681 2.849
[1.50,1.75] 0.25 2.849 3.009
[1.75, 2.00] 0.25 3.009 3.162
Estimate using left-hand endpoints:
0.25(1.000 + 1.800 + 2.081 + 2.303 + 2.500 + 2.681 + 2.849 + 3.009) =
4.556
Estimate using right-hand endpoints:
0.25(1.800 + 2.081 + 2.303 + 2.500 + 2.681 + 2.849 + 3.009 + 3.162) =
5.096
5.4 Applying Definite Integration: Distribution of Wealth and Average Value
1. The limits of integration are x 3 = x ; =

2. First note the curve y x( x 2 − 4)
x3 − x1/2 = 0; x1/2 ( x5/2 − 1) =
0 so x = 0 intersects the x axis when x( x 2 − 4) = 0 or
and x = 1. The shaded area is x = −2,0, 2 .
1
2 x4  The area pictured is the area above the
∫0 ( )
1
x − x dx =  x3/2 − 
3
= y x( x 2 − 4) and below y = 0 , the
3 4  curve
 0 x axis, over the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 . The
5
=
12
area is 5. The shaded area is

2 2 1
∫0 0 − x( x − 4)  dx =
1
∫0 (4 x − x ∫0
2 3

) dx [ x − (− x)]
= dx ( x=
2
) 1.
0
2
 x4 
=  2 x2 − 
 4 
 0
= 8−4
= 4.
3. The limits of integration are x = 0 and

2
x= , x2 + x = 2, x 2 + x − 2 =0,
x +1
(x + 2)(x − 1) = 0, x = 1 (rejecting x = −2
since shaded area starts at x = 0). 6.
The shaded area is
1
1 2  x2 
∫0  x + 1 − x =
 2ln x + 1 − 

dx
2 
 0
1
= 2ln 2 −
2
4. The area pictured is the area above the

1
= ∫0 [ x − (− x
2 2
curve =y 2 x − 2 and below = y x2 + 1 Area )] dx
over the interval −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 . The area is 1
2
= ∫ 2 x 2 dx
∫−1 ( x + 1) − (2 x − 2)  dx
2 0
1
2 3
2 = x
= ∫ ( x 2 − 2 x + 3) dx 3 0
−1
2 2
 x3  =
=  − x 2 + 3x  3
 3 
  −1
14  13 
= −− 
3  3
= 9.
7. The shaded area is 9. The shaded area is

3 2
∫1 [(− x + 4 x − 3) − 0]dx  x3 
2
2
∫0 − − =− +
2 2
[0 ( x 2 x )]dx  x 
3  3 
 x3   0
=− + 2 x 2 − 3x 
 3  =
4
 1
3
4
=
3
10.
8.
The region is split into two subregions on

either side of the vertical line x = 1.
(e x − e − x ) dx
ln 2 2
∫0
1
=
Area ⌠  x ⌠  1 x
Area =   x −  dx +   2 −  dx
ln 2 ⌡0  8 ⌡1  x 8
= (e x + e − x ) 1 2
0
7 x2  1 x2 
 1 = − + 
= 2 +  − 2 16  x 16 
 2 0  1
1 3
= = .
2 4
11. The limits of integration are

x2 − 2 x = − x2 + 4
2 x2 − 2 x + 4 =0
2( x − 2)( x + 1) =
0
x = −1 and x = 2.
The shaded area is
2 0
∫−1[(− x + 4) − ( x 2 − 2 x)]dx ∫−1[( x − 3x 2 ) − ( x 2 + 5 x)]dx
2 3
2 5
 2 x3  + ∫ [( x 2 + 5 x) − ( x3 − 3x 2 )]dx
=−
 + x2 + 4 x  0
 3  0
  −1  x 4 4 x3 5 x 2 
=9 = − − 
 4 3 2 
 −1
5
 x 4 4 x3 5 x 2 
+− + + 
 4 3 2 
 0
11 825
= +
12 12
443
=
6
12.
14.
The graph of y = x intersects y = 9 x at
3
x = 0 and x = 3 .
3
= ∫0 (9 x − x
3
Area )dx
3
 9 x2 x4 
=  − 
 2 4 
 0
81
= . 43
4 =
Area ∫0 (4 − 3 x)dx
43
13. The points of intersection are  3x 2 
=  4x − 
 
x3 − 3 x 2 =x 2 + 5 x  2  0
x3 − 4 x 2 − 5 x =
0  4 3 4
2
x( x − 5)( x + 1) =
0. = 4  −  
 3 2 3
There are two shaded areas 8
= .
3
15. The equation of the top curve is the 2

2  x2 
equation of the line through the points
∫0 [( x + 6) − 0]dx=  2 + 6 x  = 14.
(−4, 0) and (2, 6).  0
6
m= = 1, so y = x + 4.
6
The shaded area is
2
2  x2 
∫−4 [( x + 4) − 0]dx= 
 2
+ 4 x  = 18.

  −4
18.
16.
The region is a trapezoid with height 2

units and bases of 6 and 2 units, so the
1
area is (2)(6 + 2) = 8 square units. The
2
area can also be viewed as the area
The region is a rectangle of length 5 and between the curves y = 8 − x and y = x + 2
height 1 − (−2) =3 and so the area is over 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 which can be computed as
2
(5)(3) = 15 square units. The area can also Area= ∫0 [8 − x − ( x + 2)]dx
be viewed as the area under the curve 2
y = 5 over −2 ≤ x ≤ 1 which can be = ∫0 (6 − 2 x)dx
computed as 2
1 = (6 x − x 2 )
∫−2=
1
=
Area 5 dx 5=
x −2 15 . 0
= 8−0
=8
17. The equation of the top curve is the
equation of the line through the points 1 3
(0, 6) and (2, 8). =
19. f av ∫
3 − (−3) −3
(1 − x 2 )dx
8−6
= m = 1, so y = x + 6 3
2−0 1 x3 
= x− 
The shaded area is 6  3 
−3
= −2
20. The average value is 1 ln 3  e x − e − x 

ln 3 − 0 ∫0  e x + e − x
1 2 23. f av =   dx

= V
2 − (−1) ∫− 1
( x 2 − 3 x + 5) dx 
2 Using substitution with = u e x + e− x ,
1  x3 3 x 2 
=  − + 5x  1 10/3 1
ln 3 ∫2 u
3  3 2  = du
 −1
1  27  1
10/3
=   = (ln u )
3 2  ln 3 2
9 1  10 
= =
2  ln − ln 2 
ln 3  3 
1
1 1 −x = (ln10 − ln 3 − ln 2)
=
21. f av ∫
1 − (−1) −1
[e (4 − e 2 x )]dx ln 3
1
1 1 = (ln 5 − ln 3)
(4e− x − e x )dx
2 ∫−1
= ln 3
1 24. The average value is
1
= (−4e− x − e x )
2 −1 1 ⌠1 x +1
V=  dx
1  −3  1 − (−1) ⌡−1 x + 2 x + 6
2
=  + 3e 
2 e  Let u = x 2 + 2 x + 6 so du
= 2( x + 1) dx .
3 1 When x = −1, u = 5 and when=
x 1,=
= e −  u 9
2 e so
22. The average value is 1 ⌠ 1 1 2( x + 1)
V=  dx
1 2 ⌡−1 2 x 2 + 2 x + 6
(e + e − x ) dx
ln 2 2 x
= V
ln 2 − 0 ∫ 1 91
= ⌠
0
ln 2  du
1  1 2x −x  4 ⌡5 u
=  e −e 
ln 2  2 0 1
= (ln 9 − ln 5)
1  1   1  4
=   2 −  −  − 1  ≈ 0.147
ln 2  2   2 
2
=
ln 2
≈ 2.885
1 2 28. The average value is

=
25. f av
2−0 ∫ (2 x − x 2 )dx
1 2 −2t
∫
0
V= e dt
2 2 − (−1) 1
−
1  2 x3 
= x −  2
2  3  e−2t
0 = −
2 6
−1
=
3 = 1.2285.
26. The average value is

4
1 4 1 x2 1
4 − 0 ∫0
=V = xdx = 2 1  2 x4  1
4 2 29. GI =2 ∫ ( x − x )dx =x −  =
3
0 0  2  2
 0
30. L( x) = x 2
G 2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx
1
=
0
1
(
= 2 ∫ x − x 2 dx
0 )
1
 x 2 x3 
= 2 − 
 2 3 
 0
1
=
2 3
1 41 1 1
=
27. f av =∫
4−2 u
2
du =
2
ln u 
0 2
ln 2
1
31. GI =2 ∫ ( x − 0.55 x 2 − 0.45 x)dx
0
1
 0.55 x 2 0.55 x3 
= 2 − 
 2 3 
 0
= 0.183
32. L( x) = 0.7 x 2+ 0.3 x Here,

1 5
=G 2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx
1
0 5−2 ∫ 2
(0.5 p 2 + 3 p + 7)dp
( )
5
1  0.5 p 3 3 p 2 
1
= 2 ∫ 0.7 x − 0.7 x 2 dx
0 =  + + 7p
1 3  3 2 

 x 2 x3  2
= 1.4  −  1  0.5(5) 3 2 
 2 3  = +
3(5)
+ 7(5) 
 0  
3  3 2 
0.7
=
3  0.5(2)3 3(2)2 
− + + 7(2)  
 3 2 
1
 
2 1 
33. GI = 2 ∫  x − x3.7 − x  dx = 24 hundred, or 2,400
0 3 3 
1
 x 2 2 x 4.7  36. The average rate during the first 3 months
= 2 −  is
 3 3(4.7) 

= 0.383
0
= Qave
1 3
3−0 ∫0 (
700 − 400e −0.5t dt )
( )
1 3
ex −1 = 700t + 800e −0.5t
34. L( x) = 3 0
e −1 = 492.83
=G 2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx
1 ≈ 493 letters per hour.
0
1 37. The equation of the function is the
⌠  ex −1 
= 2  x −  dx equation of the line joining (0, 60,000)
  e − 1 
⌡0  and (1, 0).
1 60,000
 x2  m= , so y = −60,000(t − 1)
= 2 −
 2 e − 1
1
( ex − x 

) −1
1 1
1 − 0 ∫0
0 yav = −60,000(t − 1)dt
2 ( e − 2) )
= 1− 1
e −1  t2 
≈ 0.164 = −60,000  − t 
2 
 0
35. Average value of a function is = 30,000 kilograms
1 b
b − a ∫a
f ( x) dx.
38. The average price during the first 3
months is
1 3
= Pave
3−0 ∫0
(0.09t 2 − 0.2t + 4)dt
1 3
= (0.03t 3 − 0.1t 2 + 4t )
3 0
= 3.97 or $3.97 per pound
39. (a) The average value of a function is (c)

1 b
b − a ∫a
f ( x) dx.
Here, f (t ) = 10,000e0.05t and

1 5
5−0 ∫0
10,000e0.05t dt
5
= 2,000 ∫ e0.05t dt
0
du 41. (a) Testing a couple of values shows that
Let u = 0.05t. Then, = 0.05 and
dt P2′ is initially more profitable. It will
20 du = dt. When t = 0, u = 0 and stay more profitable until
when t = 5, u = 0.25. P2′ (t ) = P1′(t ).
0.25 u
= 40,000 ∫ e du 306 + 5t = 130 + t 2
0
 u 0.25  0 = t 2 − 5t − 176,
= 40,000  e 
 0  0 =−(t 16)(t + 11)
= 40,000(e0.25 − e0 ) or t = 16 years (rejecting the negative
≈ $11,361.02 solution).
16
(b) Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary. =
(b) Excess ∫0 [(306 + 5t ) − (130 + t 2 )]dt
16
40. (a) The rate of profitability of the second  5t 2 t 3 
investment exceeds that of the first = 176t + − 
 2 3 
when  0
P2′ (t ) = 220 + 2t ≥ P1 '(t ) = 100 + t 2 = 2,090.67, or $209,067.
or (c)
120 + 2t − t 2 = (12 − t )(10 + t ) ≥ 0
which is true for t ≤ 12 .
(b) The net excess profit generated by the

second plan over the 12-year period is
the
NE ∫  P2′ (t ) − P1′ (t )  dt
12
=
0  
12
= ∫ (220 + 2t ) − (100 + t 2 )  dt
0  
12
 t3 
= 120t + t 2 −  42. (a) P1′ (t ) = 60e0.12t and
 3 
 0
P2′ (t ) = 160e0.08t
= $1,008.00.
P1′ (t ) = P2′ (t ) when
60e0.12t = 160e0.08t
8
= 0.04t ln= or t 24.52 years.
3
(b) The net excess profit is (c)

=NE
24.52
∫0 (160e 0.08t
− 60e 0.12t
) dt
24.52
 160 0.08t 60 0.12t 
=  e − e 
 0.08 0.12  0
= $3, 240.74
(c)
44. (a) The average percentage of viewers

aware of the show during the 5 week
period is
5
43. (a) Testing a couple of values shows that 1⌠  59t 
=Pave   + 6  dt
P2′ is initially more profitable. It will 5 ⌡0  0.7t + 16
2

stay more profitable until 5
1  59 
P2′ (t ) = P1′(t ). =  ln(0.7t 2 + 16) + 6t 
5  1.4 0
140e0.07t = 90e0.1t
≈ 12.228
14 0.07t
e = e0.1t or roughly 12.2%.
9
 14  (b)
ln  e0.07t  = ln e0.1t
9 
59t
14
ln + ln e0.07t = 0.1t +6=
12.228
9 0.7t 2 + 16
14 59t
ln + 0.07t = 0.1t , = 6.228
9 0.7t 2 + 16
or t ≈ 14.7 years. = 59t 4.3596t 2 + 99.648
14.7
=0 4.3596t 2 − 59t + 99.648
= ∫0 − 90e
0.07t 0.1t
(b) Excess (140e )dt
14.7 From the Pythagorean theorem, the
= (2,000e0.07 − 900e0.1t ) solutions are t ≈ 1.978 and t ≈ 11.555.
0
Since the domain of P(t) is [0, 5], the
≈ 582.22, or $582,220
solution t ≈ 11.555 is extraneous.
Approximately two weeks after the
beginning of the campaign, the
percentage of viewers is the same as
the average percentage.
45. below the graph of Q1′ (t ) and above

(a) The average production is
the graph of Q2′ (t ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 .
47.
The average cost is
(b) Need to find L so Q ( L ) = 65, 244 .

65, 244 = 500 L2/3
L2/3 ≈ 130.488 48. The curve y= 4 − x 2 intersects the x axis
Raising both sides to the power, when x = −2 and x = 2 . The desired area
is then
2
2  x3  32
Area = ∫−2 − = −  =
2
(4 x ) dx  4 x
 3  3
46. (a) The situation is directly analogous to  −2
that for net excess profit. The amount or about 10.67 square miles.
the first worker will produce over the
second worker in the four hours 49. Total cost = cost of cabin + cost of land
between 8:00 A.M. and noon is cost of cabin
4 = (area of cabin)(price per sq yard)
∫0 [Q1′ (t ) − Q2′ (t )] dt = (64)(2,000)
4 = $128,000
= ∫ [60 − 2(t − 1) 2 − (50 − 5t )] dt cost of land
0
4 = (area of land)(price per sq yard)
= ∫ (8 + 9t − 2t 2 ) dt area of land
0
4 = area under curve − area of cabin
9 2t 3
=8t + t 2 − 15
2 3
0
= ∫0 10e0.04 x dx − 64
15
=
184 = 250(e0.04 x ) − 64
0
3
= 61.3333 ≈ 141.53
or about 61 units. = = $113, 224
cost of land (141.53)(800)
So, the total cost is $241,224.
(b) The difference in production between
the two workers is equal to the area
50. The Gini index for lawyers is 1 5 1 

1 GI 2 = 2 ∫  x − x 2 − x  dx
G1 2 ∫ ( x − L1 ( x)) dx
= 0 6 6 
0 1
1
⌠  4 1   5 5 
= 2  x 2 − x3 
= 2  x −  x 2 + x   dx  12 18 0
⌡0   5 5 
5
⌠ 4 4 
1 = ≈ 0.28
= 2  x − x 2  dx 18
⌡0  5 5  1 3 2 
1 GI 3 = 2 ∫  x − x 4 − x  dx
2 4  0 5 5 
= 2  x 2 − x3  1
5 15  0  3 3 
= 2  x 2 − x5 
4  10 25  0
=
15 9
≈ 0.2667 = = 0.36
25
while that for surgeons is
1
So, football is the most equitable,
G2 2 ∫ ( x − L2 ( x)) dx
= basketball is the least equitable.
0
1
⌠  5 3 
= 2  x −  x 4 + x   dx 52.
⌡0   8 8 
1
⌠ 5 5 
= 2  x − x 4  dx Using substitution with
⌡0  8 8 
1
 5 1 
= 2  x 2 − x5 
 16 8 0
3
=
8
= 0.375.
The Gini index for lawyers is slightly
smaller than that for surgeons so lawyers
demonstrate a more equitable distribution
or 411,607 people.
of income.
1 2 1 
51. GI1 = 2 ∫  x − x3 − x  dx 53.
0 3 3 
1
 x2 x4 
= 2 − 
 3 6 
 0
1
= ≈ 0.33
3
54. The net difference in population resulting from two growth rates is given by
10 10
∫0 [ P1′ (t ) − P2=
′ (t )] dt
∫0 [10e0.02t − (10 + 0.02t + 0.002t 2 )] dt
10
 0.002 3 
=  500e0.02t − 10t − 0.01t 2 − t 
 3 0
= 9.035.
In other words, if the indicated socio-economic changes are not instituted, the population will grow
by an additional 9,035 people.
55. Excess
10  20e0.02t 
= ∫ 10e0.02t −  dt
0  + 0.02t 
 1 e 
10 0.02t 10 e0.02t
= 10 ∫ e dt − 20∫ dt
0 0 1 + e0.02t
Using substitution with u = 1 + e0.02t ,

10 1+ e0.2 1
= 10 ∫ e0.02t dt − 1,000 ∫ du
0 2 u
1+ e0.2
− 1,000 ( ln u )
10
= 500(e0.02t )
0 2
≈ 5.710, or 5,710 people.
56. The average aerobic rating between the ages of 15 and 25 is

25
1 ⌠ 25 110(ln x − 2) (ln x − 2) 2
 = dx 11 ≈ 5.414 .
25 − 15 ⌡15 x 2
15
70
(ln x − 2) 2
Between the ages of 60 and 70 the average rating is 11 ≈ 3.682 .
2
60
57. (a) M av
1
( M 0 + 50te −0.1t )dt
12 2
=
12 − 0 ∫0
1  12
)dt 
12 −0.1t 2
= 
12  ∫0
M 0 dt + 50 ∫0
(te

Using substitution with u = −0.1t 2 ,
1  12 −14.4 u 
= ∫
12  0
M 0 dt − 250 ∫0
e du 

1  12 0 u 
12  ∫0
= M 0 dt + 250 ∫ e du 
−14.4 
1  12 u 0 
= M 0t 0 + 250(e )
12  −14.4 
= M 0 + 20.83 kilo-Joules per hour.
(b) When t = 0, M (0) = M 0 so (0, M 0 ) is an intercept.

lim ( M 0 + 50te −0.1t ) =
2
M 0 , so y = M 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
t →+∞
M ′(t )
= 50[(t )(e −0.1t ⋅ −0.2t ) + (e −0.1t )(1)]
2 2
= 50e −0.1t (−0.2t 2 + 1)

2
So M ′(t ) = 0 when −0.2t 2 + 1 =0, or t = 5. The peak metabolic rate is

M (=
5) M 0 + 50 5e−0.5
5
= M 0 + 50
e
M ′′(t ) 50[(e −0.1t )(−0.4)
2
=
+ (−0.2t 2 + 1)(e−0.1t ⋅ −0.2t )]
2
=−10e −0.1t [2 + (−0.2t 2 + 1)]

2
So M ′′(t ) = 0 when 3 − 0.2t 2 =

0, or t = 15.
When 0 < t < 5, M ′(t ) > 0 so m is increasing
M ′′(t ) < 0 so m is concave down
When 5 < t < 15, M ′(t ) < 0 so m is decreasing
M ′′(t ) < 0 so m is concave down
When t > 15, M ′(t ) < 0 so m is decreasing
M ′′(t ) > 0 so m is concave up
58. (a)
(b) Need to find t when S(t) = 39.25, so
To solve press and enter x ^ 3 – 10.5x ^ 2 + 30x – 19.25 for

. Use zstandard under the zoom menu and the graph of is displayed. The graph has 3
x-intercepts. To find the first, use the zero function under the calc menu. Enter a left bound
close to the first x-intercept, a right bound, and a guess. The first x-intercept is approximately
Repeat this process to find the other two x-intercepts, x = 3.5 and The only
intercept corresponding to a time between 1:00 and 6:00 p.m. is x = 3.5, which is 3:30 p.m
1 8 3t
59. Cav = ∫
8 − 0 (t + 36)3/2
0 2
dt
Using substitution with u= t 2 + 36,

3 100
= ∫ u −3/2 du
16 36
100
3 2 
= −
16  
u  36
1
= mg/cm3 .
40
60. (a) The aortic pressure P (t ) increases at a constant rate so P′(t ) = k

or some positive constant k. Thus P (t= ) kt + C for some other constant C. We have
P −P P −P 
P (0)= C= P0 and P (T ) = kT + C = kT + P0 = P1 so k = 1 0=and P (t )  1 0  t + P0 .
T  T 
(b) Using the formula for P(t) from (a) in the expression for V(t), the average value of V(t) for
0 ≤ t ≤ T is
T
1⌠    P1 − P0     3t 2 2t 3 
 C1 + C2    t + P0    2 − 3  dt
T ⌡0   T     T T 
T T
1 ⌠  3t 2 2t 3  C2 ( P1 − P0 ) ⌠  3t 3 2t 4 
= (C1 + C2 P0 )  2 −  + −
  T 2 T 3 

dt dt
T  T 3  2
⌡0 
T  T ⌡0  
1  T  C ( P − P ) 3T  2
2T 2
= (C1 + C2 P0 )  T −  + 2 1 2 0  − 
T  2  5 
T  4
1 7
= (C1 + C2 P0 ) + C2 ( P1 − P0 )
2 20
1 3 7
= C1 + C2 P0 + C2 P1
2 20 20
1 (b) Need to find t when T(t) = 0, so

=
61. (a) ′( M )
S F= (2kM − 3M 2 )
3 1
0= − (t − 5) 2
We need to maximize S. 3
1 1
F ′′=
(M ) (2k − 6 M ) (t − 5) =
2
3
3 3
So F ′′( M ) = 0 when 2k − 6M = 0, or (t − 5) 2 = 9
k k t − 5 =±3
M = . F ′′′( M ) = −2, so F ′′′   < 0, t = 2.8
3 3 When t = 2, the time is 8:00 A.M. and
so the absolute maximum occurs when when t = 8, the time is 2:00 P.M.
k
M= .
3 64.
1 k /3 1
− 0 ∫0 3
=
(b) Fav k
(kM 2 − M 3 )dM
3
k /3
1  kM 3 M 4 
=  − 
k  3 4 
0
k3
=
108 Using the features of a graphing calculator
2 −x 1
62. The average temperature between = y x= e intersects y at
9:00 A.M. and noon is x
(1.8571, 0.5384) and (4.5364, 0.2204).
= Tave
1
12 − 9 ∫9
12
( )
−0.3t 2 + 4t + 10 dt Using the calculator’s numeric integration
feature with each curve evaluated one at a
( )
1 12
= −0.1t 3 + 2t 2 + 10t time,
3 9 4.5364 2 − x

= 18.7 C ∫1.8571 x e dx = 1.0915
4.5364
⌠ 1
dx = 0.8931
1 
63. (a) T (t ) =−
3 (t − 5) 2 ⌡1.8571 x
3
so the area between the curves is
Since t = 2 at 8:00 A.M., a = 2. Since
A = 1.0915 − 0.8931 = 0.1984.
t = 11 at 5:00 P.M., b = 11. So, the
average temperature is
2 2
1 11 1 x − 2 for y1 =,
∫
= Tav 3 − (t − 5) 2 dt 65. Press y = and input
11 − 2 2 3 5
Using substitution for the second term 2 2
input − x − 2 for y2 =, and input
with u = t − 5, du = dt, u1 = −3 and 5
u2 = 6, x ^ 3 − 8.9 x 2 + 26.7 x − 27 or y3 = .
1  11 1 3 
6 Use window dimensions [−5, 5]1 by
= 3t 2 − u  [−4, 4]0.5
9 9 −3 
  Press graph.
1 1 
= (33 − 6) − (216 + 27)  Use trace and zoom-in to find the points of
9  9  intersection are (4.2, 2.25) and
= 0°C (2.34, −0.44).
An alternative to using trace and zoom is window under y-vars.

to use the intersect function under the calc
menu. To find the first point, use ↑ and ↓
2 2
=
arrows to verify y1 x − 2 is
5
displayed. Enter and value close to the
point of intersection.
Then, verify y3 = x3 − 8.9 x 2 + 26.7 x − 27
is displayed and enter a value close and
finally, enter a guess. This gives the point
(4.2, 2.25).
Repeat this process using 66. Let F(x) be any antiderivative of f(x).
Then by the Fundamental Theorem of
2 2
y2 = − x − 2 and Calculus
5 b
y3 =x − 8.9 x + 26.7 x − 27 to find the
3 2 ∫a f ( x=
) dx F (b) − F (a ) . The average
second point (2.34, −0.44). value of f(x) over a ≤ x ≤ b is then

1 b F (b) − F (a )
To find the area bounded by the curves,
we also find the positive x-intercept of b−a a ∫ f ( x) dx =
b−a
.
x2 y 2 The right hand side is precisely the slope

− =
1 to be x = 2.236. of the line joining the points (a, F (a ))
5 2
and (b, F (b)) .
The area is given by
2.34 4.2 67. Let t1 represent the starting time of an
∫2.236 y1 − y2 + ∫2.34 y1 − y3 arbitrary time interval and let t2 represent
2.34 2.34 4.2 4.2
= ∫
2.236 1 ∫2.236 2 ∫2.34 1 ∫2.34 3
y − y + y − y the ending time. Also, let S(t) represent
the distance function. Then, the average
Use the ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc S (t2 ) − S (t1 )
value of the velocity is .
menu making sure the correct y equation t2 − t1
is displayed in the upper left corner for The average velocity is
each integral to find the area is 1 t2
0.03008441 − (−0.0300844) + 2.7254917 ∫
t2 − t1 t1
v(t ) dt
− 0.68880636 ≈ 2.097
An easier alternative to evaluating each Since distance is the integral of velocity,
1 
S (t ) t2 
separate integral is to use the f n Int t
= 
function. From the home screen, select t2 − t1  1 
f n Int from the math menu and enter 1

= [ S (t2 ) − S (t1 )]
f n Int(y1 − y2 , x, 2.236, 2.34) t2 − t1
+ f n Int( y1 − y3 , x, 2.34, 4.2) S (t2 ) − S (t1 )
=
to find the area. You input the y equations t2 − t1
by pressing vars and selecting which y
equation you want from the function
5.5 Additional Applications of Integration to Business and Economics

1. (a) D=
(q) 2(64 − q 2 ) (b)
6
A(6) 2 ∫ (64 − q 2 )dq
=
0
6
 q3 
= 2  64q − 
 3 
 0
= $624
(b) The consumer’s willingness to spend The total willingness to spend in part
in part (a) is the area under the (a) is the area of the region under the
demand curve from q = 0 to q = 6. demand curve from = q 0= to q 5.
400
3. (a) D(q ) =
0.5q + 2
12 1
A(12) = 400∫ dq
0 0.5q + 2
12
= 800ln 0.5q + 2
0
= 800ln 4
= $1,109.04
2. (a) If the consumers’ demand function is (b) The consumer’s willingness to spend
300 in part (a) is the area under the
D(q) = dollars per unit,
(0.1q + 1) 2 demand curve from q = 0 to q = 12.
the total amount that consumers are
willing to spend to get 5 units is the
definite integral
5
∫0 D(q)dq
= 300 ∫ (0.1q + 1) −2 dq
5
0
5
−3,000(0.1q + 1) −1
=
0
 1 
= −3,000  − 1 4. (a) If the consumers’ demand function is
 1.5 
= $1,000. 300
D(q) = dollars per unit, the
4q + 3
total amount that consumers are
willing to spend to get 10 units is the
definite integral definite integral

−1
D(q ) dq = 50 ∫ e −0.04q dq
10 10 15 15
∫0=
D(q ) dq 300 ∫ (4q + 3) dq
0 ∫0 0
10 15
300 50 −0.04 q
= ln 4q + 3 = − e
4 0 0.04 0
= 199.70 = 1, 250(1 − 0.5488)
= $563.99
(b)
(b)
The total willingness to spend in part

(a) is the area of the region under the The total willingness to spend in part
demand curve from = q 0= to q 10. (a) is the area of the region under the
demand curve from q = 0 to q = 15.
5. (a) D(q ) = 40e −0.05q
10 −0.05q
= 2(64 − q 2 ) or q = 3.
7. D(q ) = p0 if 110
A(10) = 40 ∫ e dq The consumer’s surplus is
0
3
−0.05q 10 CS = ∫0 2(64 − q )dq − 3(110)
2
= −800e
0
3
= $314.78  q3 
= 2  64q −  − 330
 3 
(b) The consumer’s willingness to spend  0
in part (a) is the area under the = $36
demand curve from q = 0 to q = 10.
8. The consumers’ demand function is

6. (a) If the consumers’ demand function is
D(q ) = 150 − 2q − 3q 2 dollars per unit.
D(q ) = 50e −0.04 q dollars per unit, the
For the given demand of q0 = 6 units,
total amount that consumers are
willing to spend to get 15 units is the p0 = 150 − 12 − 108 = 30
Thus the consumer’s surplus is
∫0 (150 − 2q − 3q ) dq − (30)(6)
6
S (=
q) 2
= 150(6) − 62 − 63 − 180
= $468.
The consumer’s surplus is the area of the The consumer’s surplus is the area of the
region under the demand curve from q = 0 region under the demand curve from q = 0
to q = 6, from which the actual spending is to q = 3.
subtracted.
11. S (q ) =0.3q 2 + 30, p0 =S (4) =$34.80.
9. D(q ) = p0 if 31.15 = 40e −0.25 or q = 5.
The producer’s surplus is
The consumer’s surplus is 4
5 −0.05q
PS =4(34.80) − ∫ (0.3q 2 + 30)dq
=CS ∫0 40e dq − 5(31.15) 0
4
5 = 139.20 − (0.1q3 + 30q )
−800e −0.05q
= − 93.45 0
0 = $12.80
= $21.20
12. The producer’s supply function is

10. The consumers’ demand function is S=
(q ) 0.5q + 15 dollars per unit.
D(q ) = 75e −0.04 q dollars per unit. The p0 = S (5) = 2.5 + 15 = 17.5
market price for a demand of q0 = 3 units The producer’s surplus for q0 = 5 is
is=
p0 D= (3) 75e −=
0.12
$66.52 5
PS= (5)(17.5) − ∫ (0.5q + 15)dq= $6.25
Thus the consumer’s surplus is 0
S (q ) 75∫ e −0.04 q dq − 3(66.52)

3
=
0
3
75 −0.04q
= − e − 199.56
0.04 0
= $12.46.
13. S (q ) =
10 + 15e0.03q , p0 =
S (3) =
$26.41. (b) The corresponding consumer’s surplus
The producer’s surplus is is
3
PS= 3(26.41) − ∫ (10 + 15e 0.03q
)dq
0
3
= 79.23 − (10q + 500e0.03q )
0
= $2.14
since q0 = 9 means 9,000 units will
be supplied and the corresponding
producer’s surplus is
14. The producer’s supply function is

S (q=
) 17 + 11e0.01q dollars per unit. 16. (a) The equilibrium price corresponds to
p0 = S (7) =
17 + 11e0.07 = 28.80 the point where supply equals
The producer’s surplus for q0 = 7 is demand. Solving
D(q) = S (q)
PS
7
0 (
= (7)(28.80) − ∫ 17 + 11e0.01q dq ) 1
65 − q 2 = q 2 + 2q + 5
= $2.84 3
4 2
0= q + 2q − 60
3
1
0 = (2q + 15)(2q − 12)
3
yields qe = 6 units. So
pe = D(qe ) = 65 − 62 = 29 dollars per
unit.
15. (a) The supply equals demand when

2 1
50 + q 2 =131 − q 2
3 3
= =
q 2 81, or q 9
So, the equilibrium price is
1
pe = D(9) = 131 − (9) 2 = $104.
3
18. (a) The equilibrium price corresponds to

(b) the point where supply equals
demand. Solving
D(q) = S (q)
245 − 2q =5 + q
245 − 2q = q 2 + 10q + 25
0 =q 2 + 12q − 220
0 =−(q 10)(q + 22)
yields qe = 10 units. So
pe =S (qe ) =5 + 10 =15.
(b)

−0.3q 2 + 70
= 0.1q 2 + q + 20
=0 0.4q 2 + q − 50
−1 ± 1 + 4(0.4)(50)
q=
2(0.4)
= 10
pe = D(10) = −0.3(10) 2 + 70 =
$40.
(b) The corresponding consumer’s surplus

is

1 16
(q + 1)
= −3
3 q+2
(q + 1) 10 − 3q
be supplied and the corresponding =
3 q+2
0 =q 2 + 12q − 28
−12 ± (12) 2 + 4(1)(28)
q=
2(1)
or, q = 2.
16
p=
e D (2)= −=
3 $1.
2+2
(b) The corresponding consumer’s surplus between the curves

= y R= ′(t ) and y C ′(t ) from
is
=t 0= to t 8.

be supplied and the corresponding
21. (a) The use of the machine will be

profitable as long as the rate at which
revenue is generated is greater than
the rate at which costs accumulate.
20. (a) The useful life of the machine is the That is, until
period during which the rate of R′(t ) = C ′(t )
revenue generation is greater than the 7, 250 − 18t 2 = 3,620 + 12t 2
rate at which costs accumulate. The or t = 11 years.
useful life is found by solving
R′(t ) = C ′(t ), (b) The rate at which net earnings are
generated by the machine is
6,025 − 8t 2= 4,681 + 13t 2 R ′(t ) − C ′(t ).
21t 2 = 1,344
t 2 = 64
t = 8 years.
So, the net earnings over the next
(b) The difference R′(t ) − C ′(t ) represents 11 years is
11
the rate of change of the net earnings
generated by the machine. Hence, the
∫0 [ R′(t ) − C ′(t )]dt
11
net earnings over the next 8 years is = ∫ [(7, 250 − 18t 2 ) − (3,620 + 12t 2 )]dt
0
the definite integral 11
= ∫ (3,630 − 30t 2 )dt
∫0 [ R′(t ) − C ′(t )] dt
8
0
11
= ∫ ( 6,025 − 8t 2 ) − ( 4,681 + 13t 2 )  dt
8 = (3,630t − 10t 3 )
0
0  = $26,620
∫0 (1,344 − 21t ) dt
8
= 2
8
 21t 3 
= 1,344t − 
 3 
 0
= $7,168
(c) In geometric terms, the net earnings in

part (b) is the area of the region
(c) =t 0=
to t 10.
23. (a) The drive is profitable as long as rate

22. (a) The campaign generates revenue at of revenue exceeds weekly expenses.
−0.3t 593
the rate of e= = 0.090714,
R '(t ) = 5,000e−0.2t dollars per week 6,537
−0.3t = ln 0.090714,
and accumulates expenses at the rate
of $676 per week. The campaign will or t = 8 weeks.
be profitable as long as R (t ) is greater (b) The net earnings during the first
than 676, that is, until 8 weeks are
5,000e −0.2t = 676 8 −0.3t
ln ( 676 5,000 )
=N ∫0 (6,537e − 593)dt
t= − 8
0.2  6,537 −0.3t 
= − e − 593t 
≈ 10 weeks  0.3 0
6,537
(b) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, the difference = (1 − 0.09072) − (593)(8)
0.3
R '(t ) − 676 is the rate of change with
= 19,813.26 − 4,744
respect to time of the net earnings = $15,069.26
generated by the campaign. Hence, the
net earnings during the 10 week (c) In geometric terms, the net earnings in
period is the definite integral part (b) is the area of the region
∫0 [ R '(t ) − 676] dt between the curves y = R′(t ) and
10
y = E ′(t ).
= ∫ 5,000e−0.2t − 676  dt
10
0   Rewrite as:
= (−25,000e−0.2t − 676t ) 0
10
= y R= ′(t ) 6,537e −0.3t and
= $14,857 = y E= ′(t ) 593
(c) In geometric terms, the net earnings in 24. The future value of the income stream is
part (b) is the area of the region
e rT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt
T
between the curves y = R '(t ) and the 0
horizontal line y = 676 from
= e0.06(5) 2, 400e−0.06t dt
5
0 ∫
0.3 5 −0.06t
= 2, 400e
0
e ∫ dt
2, 400 0.3 −0.06t 5
= e e ≈ $13,994.
−0.06 0
Accounting for the $25,000 investment,

25. amount = ∫ 1000e0.1(10−t ) dt
10
0 the net earnings from the second plan are
= 1000e1 ∫ e −0.1t dt
10 $25,893.48 − $25,000 = $893.48 ,
0 a profit, indicating Magda should go with
10
= −10,000e(e −0.1t ) the second plan if the earnings over the
0 3 year period is the deciding factor.
= −10,000e(e −1 − e0 )
≈ $17,182.82 27. At age 60, Tom would have
2500e0.05(35−t ) dt
35
26. Under the first plan the future value of the ∫0
= 2500e1.75 ∫ e−0.05t dt
35
resulting income stream is
0
T
35
0 = −50,000e1.75 (e−0.05t )
0
= e0.05(3) 10,000e −0.05t dt
3
0∫ = −50,000e1.75 (e−1.75 − e0 )
= 10,000e0.15 e −0.05t dt
3 ≈ $237,730.13
0 ∫ At age 65, Tom would have
10,000 0.15 −0.05t 3
= e e 40
2500e0.05(40−t ) dt
−0.05 0 ∫0
= $32,366.85. 40 −0.05t
= 2500e2 ∫ e dt
However, the cost of the first plan is 0
$40,000 so the net earnings are 40
= −50,000e2 (e −0.05t )
$32,366.85 − $40,000 = −$7,633.15 , 0
a loss of almost $7,700. = −50,000e2 (e −2 − e0 )
Under the second plan, the future value is ≈ $319, 452.80
T
0
=e 0.05(3) 3
∫8,000e−0.05t dt
0
= 8,000e0.15 e−0.05t dt
3
0 ∫
8,000 0.15 −0.05t 3
= e e
−0.05 0
= $25,893.48.
28. The future value of Sue’s investment, for the 25 year period until she retires, is
e rT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt = e0.08(25) ∫ 2,000e −0.08t dt
T 25
0 0
25 −0.08t
= 2,000e 2∫0
e dt
2,000 2 −0.08t 25
= e e
−0.08 0
= $159,726.40.
29. PV = ∫ 1200e −0.05t dt

5
0
5
= −24,000(e −0.05t )
0
= −24,000(e −0.25 − e0 )
≈ $5,308.78
30. The present value of the franchise’s income stream is given by

f (t )e − rt dt = ∫ 10,000e−0.04t dt
T 10
∫0 0
= 10,000 ∫ e −0.04t dt
10
0
10,000 −0.04t 10
= e
−0.04 0
= $82, 419.99.
31. The net income of the first investment is

5 0.06(5−t )
∫0 15,000e dt − 50,000
= 15,000e0.3 ∫ e−0.06t dt − 50,000

5
0
= 87, 464.70 − 50,000
= $37, 464.70
The net income of the second investment is
5 0.06(5−t )
∫0 9000e dt − 30,000
= 9000e0.3 ∫ e−0.06t dt − 30,000

5
0
= 52, 478.82 − 30,000
= $22, 478.82
So, the first investment will generate more income.
32. The value of Kevin’s investment after the 4 year period is

e rT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt = e0.05(4) ∫ 3,000e−0.05t dt
T 4
0 0
0.2 4 −0.05t
= 3,000e
0∫e dt
3,000 0.2 −0.05t 4
=
e e
−0.05 0
= $13, 284.17.
Kevin’s net earnings are then
$13, 284.17 − $4,000 = $9, 284.17 .
In Molly’s case the value after 4 years is

e rT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt = e0.05(4) ∫ 2,000e0.04t e −0.05t dt

T 4
0 0
0.2 4 −0.01t
= 2,000e
0
e ∫ dt
2,000 0.2 −0.01t 4
= e e
−0.01 0
= $9,578.38.
If I represents Molly’s initial investment then her net earnings are $9,578.38 − I which must equal
Kevin’s net earnings of $9,284.17. Solving $9,578.38 − I = $9, 284.17 for I tells us Molly invested
only $294.21.
33. (a) The profit function is

P(q)
= (110 − q )q − (q3 − 25q 2 + 2q + 3,000)
= 110q − q 2 − q3 + 25q 2 − 2q − 3,000
=−q3 + 24q 2 + 108q − 3,000
(b) P′(q ) =
−3q 2 + 48q + 108
=
−3(q 2 − 16q − 36)
24 ± 242 + 3(108)
P′(q ) = 0 when q
So,= = 18
3
′′
P (q) = ′′
−6q + 48 and P (18) < 0, so
q = 18 corresponds to the maximum profit.
(c) When q = 18, the price is

p = 110 − 18 = 92 and the corresponding consumer’s surplus is
18
CS= ∫0 (110 − q )dq − 18(92)
18
 q2 
=110q −  − 1656
 2 
 0
= $162
34. (a) The dollar price per unit is =

p 124 − 2q so the revenue, R(q) is
R (q ) =pq = (124 − 2q )q =124q − 2q 2
and the cost function is
C (q ) = 2q3 − 59q 2 + 4q + 7,600.
The profit function is
P=(q) R(q) − C (q)
(
= (124q − 2q 2 ) − 2q3 − 59q 2 + 4q + 7,600 )
=
−2q3 + 57 q 2 + 120q − 7,600
(b) Profit is maximized when

P′(q ) = (
− 6q 2 − 114q − 120 =
0 )
= −6(q − 20)(q + 1) =0
or q = 20 (since q > 0 ).
(c) The corresponding consumer’s surplus is

20
CS = ∫0 (124 − 2q )dq − 20[124 − 2(20)]
( )0
20
= 124q − q 2 − 20(84)
= $400.
35. (a) P (t ) = ∫ P′(t ) dt

= ∫ 1.3e0.04t dt
= 1.3∫ e0.04t dt
= 32.5e0.04t + C
When t = 0, P(0) = 0 so C = −32.5 =
and P (t ) 32.5e0.04t − 32.5.
When t = 3, =P (3) 32.5e0.04(3) − 32.5 ≈ 4.14 billion barrels.
Over the following three years, the amount pumped is P(6) − P(3), or
= (32.5e0.04(6) − 32.5) − 4.14
≈ 4.68 billion barrels
(b) The field stops operating when it uses up the 20 billion barrels it holds, or when
= 20 32.5e0.04t − 32.5
21 0.04t
=e
13
21
ln = ln e0.04t , or
13
ln 21
t = 13 , or approximately
0.04
12 years
(c) PV = ∫ V (t )e − rt dt
= ∫ 112 P′(t )e − rt dt
= ∫ 112(1.3e0.04t )e −0.05t dt
12
0
= 145.6 ∫ e −0.01t dt
12
0
 12 
= −14,560  e −0.01t 
 0 
−0.12
= −14,560(e − e0 )
≈ 1,646.44 billion dollars
(d) Writing exerciseAnswers will vary.
1.5 0.03t
36. (a) An antiderivative of P '(t ) = 1.5e0.03t is e = 50e0.03t and so
0.03
=
P (t ) 50e0.03t + C .
Using the fact that no oil has been pumped at time t = 0 , C = −50 and
=
P (t ) 50e0.03t − 50 billion barrels.
=
P (3) 50e0.03(3) − 50 ≈ 4.709
=
P (6) 50e0.03(6) − 50 ≈ 9.861
P(6) − P(3) = 5.152
About 4.71 billion barrels is pumped from the field in the first 3 years, and 5.15 billion barrels
are pumped during the next three.
(b) The field will run dry when the reserve of 16 billion barrels is exhausted. Therefore the time T
until the field runs dry satisfies
ln1.32
50e0.03T − 50 = 16 and= so T = 9.254 years.
0.03
(c) The present value of the continuous income stream V (t ) = 112 P′(t ) is
−0.05t
112(1.5e0.03t )e −0.05t dt
T 9.254
∫0 V (t )e dt = ∫
0
168e −0.02t dt
9.254
=∫
0
9.254
= −8400e −0.02t
0
≈ 1, 419.3
The present value is about $1,419 billion.
(d) Writing exercise. Answers will vary.

37. (a) P (t ) = ∫ P′(t )dt

= ∫ 1.2e0.02t dt
= 1.2 ∫ e0.02t dt
= 60e0.02t + C
When t = 0, P(0) = 0 so C = −60 and
= P (t ) 60e0.02t − 60.
When t == 3, P (3) 60e0.02(3) − 60
P (6) −=
P (3) (60e0.02(6) − 60) − 3.71
=
(b) 12 60e0.02t − 60
6
= e0.02t
5
6
ln = ln e0.02t
5
6
ln = 0.02t , or
5
ln 6
t = 5 , or approximately
0.02
9.12 years
(c) PV = V ( t ) e − rt dt
∫
= ∫ 112e 0.015t
P ′ ( t ) e − rt dt
9.12
= ∫ 112e
0.015t
(1.2e ) e
0.02 t −0.05t
dt
0
9.12
= 134.4 ∫
0
e −0.015t dt
= −8, 960 ( e −0.015t )

9.12
−8, 960 ( e −0.1368 − e0 )

=
≈ $1,146 billion
(d) Writing exerciseAnswers will vary.

38. The present value of the income flow is

e rT ∫ S (t )e − rt dt = e0.04(5) ∫ 9e −0.04t dt
T 5
f (t )e −rt dt = ∫ 200, 000e −0.05t dt

T 10
∫0
0 0
0.2 5 −0.04t
= 9e ∫
0
e dt
= 200, 000 ∫ e −0.05t dt
10 0
9 5
e0.2 e −0.04t
0
=
200, 000 −0.05t
10
−0.04 0
= e = 49.82 million dollars.
−0.05 0 The first contract is more valuable by
= 1, 573, 877.36 about $800,000.
The total present value is $250,000 +
$1,573,877.36 = $1,823,877.36 so this is 41. A(t ) = 10e1−0.05t
not a good deal for Luisa.
5 1− 0.05t 0.05(5 − t )
= =
39. PV 10 million
6
∫0 Ae −0.05t dt =
(a) FV ∫0 10e ⋅e dt
5
6 = 10∫ e(1− 0.05t ) + (0.25 − 0.05t ) dt
10 = −20 A(e −0.05t ) 0
5
= 10∫ e1.25 − 0.1t dt
0
−0.3
10 = −20 A(e −e ) 0 0
5
1 = 10e1.25 ∫ e −0.1t dt
= A ≈ 1.929148 million, or 0
−2(e −0.3 − 1)  5
$1,929,148. = 10e1.25  −10e −0.1t 
 0
 5
40. Under the first plan, the player’s salary, S, = −100e1.25  e −0.1t 
has an initial value 8 million dollars and is  0
1.25 −0.5
changing at the rate
dS
= 0.03S million = −100e ( e − e0 )
dt = −100e1.25 ( e0.5 − 1)
dollars per year. ≈ 137.33429
Solving this initial value problem gives an or $137,334.29
income stream of S (t ) = 8e0.03t million
dollars for the (b)
5 year period. The future value of this
stream is
e rT ∫ S (t )e − rt dt = e0.04(5) ∫ 8e0.03t e −0.04t dt

T 5
0 0
0.2 5 −0.01t
= 8e
0
e ∫ dt
8 5
= e0.2 e −0.01t
−0.01 0
= 47.65 million dollars.
Adding in the 3 million dollar signing

bonus, the value of the first contract is
50.65 million dollars.
The second contract has no signing bonus or $44,585.04
and no guaranteed raises, so S (t ) = 9 and
the future value is
42. (a) Since t ≥ 0 , the sign of P′(t ) is (d)

determined by the sign of
1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1) which will be
positive when 1.4 > ln(0.5t + 1) or
e1.4 − 1
t< = 6.11 and so P′(t ) is
0.5
negative when t > 6.11 .
The second derivative is found to be The air purifier does exhibit some fad-
100[5ln(0.5t + 1) − 12] like qualities, namely the rapid rise to
P′′(t ) = and is maximum profits after roughly 6
(t + 2) 2 months. Unlike a true fad though, the
positive when subsequent decrease in profits is much
5ln(0.5t + 1) − 12 > 0 or less rapid, taking another 19 months
for profits to reach 0. This may
t > 2(e 2.4 − 1) =
20.046 .
indicate the appearance of a viable
Thus the rate of profitability is competitor on the market rather than a
increasing for t > 20.046 and fad.
decreasing for t < 20.046 .
R′(t ) 300(18 + 0.3t1/2 )
43. (a) =
(b) In part (a) it was found that P(t) is
increasing for t < 6.11 and decreasing
for t > 6.11 . Thus tm = 6.11 is when
monthly profit is maximized. The net
change in profit over the period from
0 to tm is
⌠
6.11
500[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]
 dt
⌡0 t+2
(using u =−
1.4 ln(0.5t + 1))
6.11 (b) Writing exerciseAnswers will vary.
=
−250[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]2
0
44. Let Q(t ) denote the number of units in
≈ 490
storage after t months.
(c) From the integration performed in part N units are received when t = 0 and
(b) , exhausted one year later, when t = 1. Thus
P (t ) =
−250[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]2 + C . Q(t ) = − Nt + N =−(1 t ) N units. Now
divide the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 into n equal
Thus P (0) =−250(1.42 ) + C =−100
subintervals of length ∆t years and let t j
and C = 390 giving
P (t ) =
390 − 250[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]2 denote the beginning of the j th
subinterval. During the j th subinterval,
the cost will be pQ(t j )∆t = (1 − t j ) Np∆t .
Hence the total cost is
n
∑ (1 − t j )Np
1
=C lim = ∆t Np ∫ (1 − t )dt (b)
n→∞ j =1
0
1
(1 − t ) 2
= (−1) Np
2
0
Np
= − (0 − 1)
2
Np
=
2
45. (a)
5.6 Additional Applications of Integration to the Life and Social Sciences
1. After 5 months, the number of the original population surviving is 50,000e −0.1(5) .
5 −0.1(5−t )
The number of new members surviving after 5 months is ∫0 40e dt.
So, the total will be
= 50,000e −0.5 + 40e −0.5 ∫ e0.1t dt
5
0
 5
= e −0.5 50,000 + 400(e0.1t ) 
 0
≈ 30, 484 members.
2. The population at time T is given by

(T − t ) dt 100,000e −0.02(10) + ∫ 300e −0.02(10−t ) dt
T 10
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS
=
0 0
−0.2 −0.2 10 0.02t
= 100,000e + 300e ∫
0
e dt
300 −0.2 0.02t 10
= 100,000e −0.2 + e e
0.02 0
= 84,592.114
or 84,592 individuals.
3. After 3 years, the number of the original population surviving is 500,000e −0.011(3) .
3 −0.011(3−t )
The number of new members surviving after 3 years is ∫0 800e dt.
500,000e −0.033 + 800e −0.033 ∫ e0.011t dt
3
0
 1
3
= 800e −0.033 625 + (e0.011t ) 
 0.011 0 
≈ 486,130 members
4. The population at time T is given by

(T − t ) dt 800,000e −0.005(5) + ∫ 500e −0.005(5−t ) dt
T 5
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS
=
0 0
= 800,000e −0.025 + 500e−0.025 ∫ e0.005t dt
5
0
500 −0.025 0.005t 5
= 800,000e −0.025 + e e
0.005 0
= 782,716.938
or 782,717 individuals.
5. After 8 years, the number of the original population surviving is 500,000e −0.013(8) .
The number of new members surviving after 8 years is
8 −0.013(8−t )
∫0 100e − e
0.01t
dt
= 100 ∫ e0.01t −0.104+0.013t dt

8
0
= 100e−0.104 ∫ e0.023t dt
8
0

500,000e −0.104 + 100e −0.104 ∫ e0.023t dt
8
0
 1
8
= 100e −0.104 5000 + e0.023t 
 0.023 0 
 1000  0.023t 8  
= 100e −0.104 5000 + 
23 
e
 0 
 1 
= 100,000e −0.104 5 + (e0.184 − e0 ) 
 23 
 1 
= 100,000e −0.104 5 + (e0.184 − 1) 
 23 
≈ 451, 404 members
T
P0 S (T ) + ∫ R (t ) S (T − t )dt
6. The population at time T is given by P (T ) =
0
P (20) 300,000e −0.02(20) + ∫ 150e0.012t e −0.02(20−t ) dt

20
=
0
300,000e −0.4 + 150e −0.4
20 0.032t
=
0
e ∫
dt
20
−0.4 150 −0.4 0.032t
= 300,000e + e e
0.032 0
≈ 203,913
The population is 203,913 individuals.
1
=
7. Volume of S π ∫ (3 x + 1) 2 dx
0
1 9. Volume of S
= π ∫ (9 x 2 + 6 x + 1)dx 3
0
= π ∫ ( x 2 + 2)2 dx
  1 −1
= π  3 x3 + 3 x 2 + x  3
 0  = π ∫ ( x 4 + 4 x 2 + 4)dx
−1
= π [(3 + 3 + 1) − (0)]
 5 3 
= 7π  x 4 x3
= π + + 4x 
 5 3 
 −1 
( x)
4 2
8. V = π∫ dx
1  243 108   1 4 
4 = π  + + 12  −  − − − 4  
= π∫ x dx  5 3   5 3 
1
 729 540 180 3 20 60 
πx 2
4 = π + + + + + 
=  15 15 15 15 15 15 
2 1532
1 = π
16π π 15
= −
2 2
15π
= cubic units
2
2 2
π ∫ (4 − x 2 ) 2 dx
10. V = e2 
1 
−2 13. Volume of S = π ∫ 
1  x 
dx
−2
π ∫ (16 − 8 x 2 + x 4 )dx
= e2 1
−2
2 =π∫ dx
 8 1  1 x
= π 16 x − x3 + x5 
= π  ln x 1 
e2
 3 5  −2
 
 64 32  64 32  
=π 32 − + −  −32 + −  = π (ln e2 − ln1)
 3 5  3 5 
= π (2 − 0)
512π
= cubic units = 2π
15
14. V = π ∫ (e −0.1x ) 2 dx
10
( 4 − x ) dx
2 2
=
11. Volume of S π ∫ 2 0
−2
π e −0.2 x dx
10
2
= ∫
0
= π ∫ (4 − x 2 )dx 10
−2 π −0.2 x
 2  = e
x3  −0.2

= π 4x −
0
  π −2
3
−2  = − (e − 1
 0.2
 8  8  = 5π(1 − e−2 )
=  8 −  −  −8 +  
 3  3  ≈ 13.582 cubic units
 24 8 24 8 
= π − + − 
15.= ∫=
P′(t ) dt ∫ e= 50e0.02t + C
0.02t
 3 3 3 3 P (t ) dt
32
= π When t = 0 P(0) = 50
3 50 =
50e0 + C , or C = 0.
10  1 
2 So, P (t ) = 50e0.02t and
12. V = π∫   dx
1  x =
P (10) 50e0.02(10) ≈ 61.07 million, or
= π∫ x −2 dx
10 61,070,138 people.
1
10 16. Let P ( x) denote the population x months
=π (− x −1 )
1 from now. Then P '( x=) 10 + 2 x ,
 1 
=π  − − (−1)  and the amount by which the population
 10  will increase during the next 9 months
9 9 9
=
10
π cubic units ∫0 P′( =
x) dx ∫ (10 + 2
0
x ) dx
9
 4 x3 2 
= 10 x + 
 3 
 0
= 126 − 0
= 126 people.
17. After 8 months, the number of the original

members remaining is 200e −0.2(8) .
The number of new members remaining is
8 −0.2(8−t ) Sarah may expect roughly 15,224 votes

∫0 10e dt.
after 20 weeks.
19. After 30 days, the number of those
200e −1.6 + 10e −1.6 ∫ e0.2t dt
8
0 originally infected who still have the
 8 disease is 5000e −0.02(30) .
= 10e −1.6  20 + 5(e0.2t ) 
 0 The number of those since infected who
≈ 80 members still have the disease is
60e −0.02(30−t ) dt.
30
18. This is a survival and renewal problem ∫0
=
with P0 25,000,= =
R 100, T 20 and So, the total still infected will be
20e −0.6  250 + 3∫ e0.02t dt 
30
S= (t ) e −0.03t .
(t ) f=
 0 
T
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt  30 
0 = 20e −0.6  250 + 150(e0.02t ) 
−0.03(20)  0 
+ ∫ 100e −0.03(20−t ) dt
20
= 25,000e
 30 
= 1,000e −0.6 5 + 3(e0.02t ) 
0
−0.6 −0.6 20 0.03t
= 25,000e + 100e
0
e dt∫  0 
≈ 4,098 people
100 −0.6 0.03t 20
= 25,000e −0.6 + e e
0.03 0
= 15, 224.252
20. Radioactive material decays exponentially so that if Q(t ) denotes the amount of radioactive
material present after t years, Q(t ) = Q0 e − kt , where Q0 is the amount present initially and k is a
positive constant.
Since the half-life is 28 years,
Q0
= Q0 e −28k
2
1 ln 2
−28k = ln = − ln 2 or k =
2 28
− kt
The factor e represents the fraction of the radioactive material that survives until time t so
ln 2
− t
S (t ) = e 28 in the survival/renewal model. The renewal function is given by R (t ) = 500 pounds
per year.
The period of time is T = 140 years and we may take P0 = 0 the amount of waste when the plant
first becomes operational. The survival/renewal model then gives the amount of radioactive waste
present after 140 years as

 − ln 2 (500)  140 −
ln 2
(140−t )
P0 S (T ) + ∫
T
RS (= 
T − t ) dt 0 e 28  ⌠
+  500e 28 dt
0   ⌡0
 
ln 2 ln 2
− (140) 140
= 500e ⌠ e 28 t
28  dt
⌡0
ln 2 ln 2 140
 28  − (140) t
=  500e
28 e 28
 ln 2 
0
= 19,566.55 pounds.
10 10
21. ∫0 30e0.1t dt = 300(e0.1t )
0
≈ 515.48 billion barrels.
=
22. This is a survival and renewal problem with =
P0 20,000, =
R 500, T 10 and S= (t ) e −0.04t .
(t ) f=
(T − t ) dt 20,000e −0.04(10) + ∫ 500e −0.04(10−t ) dt
T 10
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS
=
0 0
−0.4 −0.4 10 0.04t
= 20,000e + 500e
0
e ∫
dt
500 −0.4 0.04t 10
= 20,000e −0.4 + e e
0.04 0
= 17,527.4
The population will be approximately 17,527 in 10 years.
23. After 10 months, the number of the original members remaining is 8,000e−10/10 .
200e −(10−t )/10 dt.
10
The number of new members remaining is ∫0
200e −1  40 + ∫ et /10 dt 
10
 0 
 10 
= 200e −1  40 + 10(et /10 ) 
 0 
≈ 4, 207 members
24. Following the example in the text, the rate of flow is given by
R
∫0 2πrS ( r) dr
where R is the radius of the artery and S(r) gives the speed of the flow at a distance r from the
central axis. Here S (r )= 8 − 800r 2 and so
Rate=
0.1
of flow π∫ 8 2 800
0
r − ( r 2 ) dr
16π ∫ ( r − 100 r 3 ) dr
0.1
=
0
0.1
 r 2 100r 4 
= 16π  − 
 2 4 
 0
= 0.04π
= 0.126 cubic cm per sec.
25. From text Example 5.6.4, the total quantity of blood flowing through an artery is .
The average velocity is
Need to show that the maximum velocity is . Maximum flow occurs at the central axis, where
. So, the maximum velocity is The average velocity is half of the
maximum velocity.
R
26. (a) P (=
R) ∫0 2πrD(r ) dr
5 2 −1
∫ 2πr[5,000(1 + 0.5r ) ]dr
P (5) =
0
= 10,000π ∫ r (1 + 0.5r 2 ) −1 dr
5
0
5
= 10,000π[ln(1 + 0.5r 2 )]
0
=10,000π(ln13.5 − ln1)
= 10,000π ln13.5
≈ 81,766
(b) Find r where D(r) = 1,000.

=1,000 5,000(1 + 0.5r 2 )−1
1 1
=
5 1 + 0.5r 2
1 + 0.5r 2 = 5
0.5r 2 = 4
r2 = 8
r ≈ 2.83 miles
2πr[5,000(1 + 0.5r 2 ) −1 ]dr

2.83
∫
P (2.83) =
0
r (1 + 0.5r 2 ) −1 dr
2.83
=10,000π ∫
0
2.83
= 10,000π[ln(1 + 0.5r 2 )]
0
= 10,000π(ln 5.00445 − ln1)
= 10,000π ln 5.00445
≈ 50,590
The total population within the city limits of 2.83 miles is 50,590.
27. # people = ∫ 2π r (25,000e −0.05r )dr

2 2
1
= 50,000π ∫ re −0.05r dr
2 2
1
Let u = −0.05r ; then −10 du = r dr and the limits of integration become −0.05(1) 2 =
2
−0.05 and
−0.05(2) 2 =
−0.2. So,
−0.2 u
= 50,000π ∫ e ⋅ −10 du
−0.05
−0.05 u
= 500,000π
−0.2∫ e du
 u −0.05 
= 500,000π  e 
 −0.2 
= 500,000π (e−0.05 − e −0.2 )
≈ 208,128 people
28. (a) Byron’s initial cholesterol level is L(0) = 190 + 65 = 255 mg/dL.
(b) We solve the equation

190 + 65e −0.003t =
220
65e −0.003t = 30
6
e −0.003t =
13
1 6
t= ln
−0.003 13
t = 257.73
to find Byron must stay on the regimen N = 258 days to reach the desired goal.
(c) Average cholesterol level over 30 days:

1 30 1  65 30 
∫ (190 + 65e −0.003t ) dt =190t + e −0.003t 
30 0 30  −0.003 0 
= 252.16 mg/dL
Average cholesterol level over N = 258 days:

1 258 1  65 258 
∫ (190 + 65e −0.003t ) dt = 190t + e−0.003t 
258 0 258  −0.003 0 
= 235.25 mg/dL
3
∫0 0.3t (49 − t
2 0.4
29. (a) ) dt
Using substitution with =

u 49 − t 2 ,
−0.3 40 0.4
2 ∫49
= u du
0.3 49 0.4
2 ∫40
= u du
49
0.3 1.4
= (u )
2.8 40
≈ 6.16,
so LDL decreases by approximately 6.16 units.
(b) L(t ) = ∫ L′(t ) dt

= ∫ 0.3t (49 − t
2 0.4
) dt
3
= (49 − t 2 )1.4 + C
28
3
= 120 (49)1.4 + C , or
When t = 0, L(t) = 120 so 28
3
=C 120 − (49)1.4
28
So, L(t )
3 3
= (49 − t 2 )1.4 + 120 − (49)1.4
28 28
3 21
= (49 − t ) + 120 − (49)0.4
2 1.4
28 4
(c) To find how many days it takes for patient’s LDL level to be safe,
Press y =
Input (3 / 28)(49 − x 2 ) ^ (1.4) + 120
− (21/4)(49) ^ (0.4) for y1 = .
Use window dimensions [0, 10]1 by [0, 200]20.
Press graph.
Use trace and zoom-in to find that
y = 100 when x ≈ 5.8.
Therefore, it takes approximately
5.8 days for the LDL level to be safe.
T
P0 S (T ) + ∫ R(t ) S (T − t )dt
30. P (t ) =
0
−0.03(5)
+ ∫ 10e0.017t e −0.03(5−t ) dt
5
=P (5) 10,000e
0
−0.15
+ 10e−0.15 e0.047t dt
5
= 10,000e
0 ∫
−0.15 5
−0.15 10e
= 10,000e + 0.047t
e
0.047
0
10e −0.15 0.235
= 10,000e −0.15 + (e − 1)
0.047
≈ 8,656
After 5 years, the group has 8,656 members.
31. Using the result of problem #24,

P (10) = 3,000e −0.07(10)
+ ∫ 10e0.01t e −0.07(10−t ) dt
10
0
−0.7
+ 10e −0.7 ∫ e0.08t dt
10
= 3,000e
0
 1
10 
= 10e −0.7 300 + (e0.08t ) 
 0.08 0 
≈ 1,566 members of the species.
32. This is a survival and renewal problem with P0 = 85,000, R = 1,200 e0.01t., T = 10 and
S(t) = f(t) = e−0.02t.
( N − t ) dt 85,000e −0.02(10) + ∫ 1, 200e0.01t e −0.02(10−t ) dt
N 10
P0 S ( N ) + ∫ R (t ) S=
0 0
−0.2
+ 1, 200e −0.2 ∫ e0.03t dt
10
= 85,000e
0
10
 1, 200 −0.2 0.03t 
=  85,000e −0.2 + e e 
 0.03 0
= 81,049.72
or approximately 81,050 people.
33. Using the result of problem #24,

 1 
P (10) = 85,000  
 10 + 1 
101
+ ∫ 1,000 dt
0 (10 − t ) + 1
85,000 10 1
= + 1,000 ∫ dt
11 0 11 − t
85,000 1 1
= − 1,000 ∫ du
11 11 u
85,000 11 1
= + 1,000 ∫ du
11 1 u
11
85,000
= + 1,000ln u
11 1
≈ 10,125 people.
34. After 1 year ( t = 12 ) the number of people infected after administration of the drug is
12 12
∫0 (0.2 − 0.04t1/ 4 ) dt =
(0.2t − 0.032t 5 / 4 )
0
=
1.685 hundreds of people
or 169 people. Had the drug not been administered, the number infected would have been
12 12
⌠ 0.8e0.13t 0.8 1
 dt =
− =
2.008
⌡0 (1 + e 0.13 1 + e0.13t 0
0.13t 2
)
or 201 people. The drug protected 201 − 169 = 32 people or 32 / 201 ≈ 16% of the people who
would have been infected if the drug were not used.
35. D(t ) = ∫ D′(t ) dt = 0.8∫

1
e0.13t dt
0.08 (1 + e ) 0.13t 2
= ∫ 0.12 + t + 1 dt 0.8
u −2 du
0.13 ∫
=
= 0.12t + 0.08ln t + 1 + C
When t = 0, D(0) = 0 so C = 0 and 80  −1 
=  +C
D(t) = 0.12t + 0.08 ln |t + 1|. 13  (1 + e0.13t ) 
When t = 12 months (1 year),
When t = 0, W(0) = 0, so
D(12) =0.12(12) + 0.08ln 12 + 1
80  −1  40
≈ 1.65, or 165 infected people =0   + C , or C = and
13  2  13
of those inoculated.
−80 40
Of those not inoculated, =W (t ) + .
W (t ) = ∫ W ′(t ) dt 13(1 + e 0.13t
) 13
So, after 12 months,
0.8e0.13t −80
=∫ dt =W (12) +
40
(1 + e0.13t ) 2 13(1 + e 0.13(12)
) 13
Using substitution, with u = 1 + e0.13t , ≈ 2.01, or approximately
201 people infected.
So, approximately 201 − 165 = 36 people 1 70 110e0.015t

70 − 10 ∫10 1 + e0.015t
protected by the drug, or (b) Lav = dt
W (12) − D(12)
≈ 18.1%. Using substitution, with
W (12)
u = 1 + e0.015t ,
36. (a) At birth L(0) = 41.6 years while at age 110 70 1
50,
=
60 ∫10 1 + e0.015t
e0.015t dt
11 1+ e1.05 1
L(50) =+ 41.6[1 1.07(50)]0.13 =
6(0.015) ∫1+ e u
69.96 = 0.15 du
or about 70 years.
1+ e1.05
(b) The average life expectancy between =
11
0.09
( ln u ) 0.15
10 and 70 years is 1+ e
1 70 ≈ 70.78 years of age
∫
70 − 10 10
41.6(1 + 1.07t )0.13 dt
1  41.6  1 70 (c) To find the age T such that L(T) = T,
=   (1 + 1.07t )1.13 we must find T such that
60  1.07  1.13 10
= 67.17 110e0.015T
=T
or about 67 years. 1 + e0.015T
110e0.015T − T (1 + e0.015T ) =0
(c) The age T satisfies
Press y = and input 110e ^ (0.015x) −
41.6[1 + 1.07T ]0.13 =T (x * (1 + e ^ (0.015x))) for y1 = .
an equation that cannot be solved Use window dimensions [0, 100]10 by
using standard algebraic methods. A [−10, 120]20.
graphing calculator shows the age T to
Press graph.
be approximately 73.5 years. A person
Use the zero function under the calc
older than T years has surpassed
his/her life expectancy. menu to find that T ≈ 86.4 years.
On the average, this is how long
(d) Writing exercise. Answers will vary. people in this country live.
The average life expectancy over the
interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T is 1 86.4 110e0.015t
86.4 − 0 ∫0 1 + e0.015t
(d) Le = dt
1 73.5
73.5 − 0 ∫0
41.6(1 + 1.07t )0.13 dt
Using substitution as before,
1  41.6  1 73.5 110 1+ e1.296 1
(86.4)(0.015) ∫2
=   (1 + 1.07t )1.13 = du
73.5  1.07  1.13 0 u
= 65.4 years. 110
= [ln(1 + e1.296 ) − ln 2]
1.296
37. (a) At birth, ≈ 71.7 years of age
dE 0.31v 2 − 471.75
38. (a) The derivative =
dv v2
is 0 when 0.31v 2 − 471.75 =
0 or
471.75 dE
= v = 39.01 . Since <0
0.31 dv
dE 5.72
to the left of this value and > 0 to =t = 2.1833 seconds
dv 1.2
the right, this gives a minimum of E the duration of the inspiration phase.
so vmin = 39.01 .
(b) The total volume of air during the
⌠ 0.31v − 471.75
2 inspiration phase is
(b) E (v) =  dv 2.1833
⌡ v2 ∫0 (−1.2t 3 + 5.72t ) dt
⌠ 471.75  2.1833
=   0.31 −  dv =
(−0.3t 4 + 2.86t 2 )
⌡ v2  0
471.75 = 6.8163 liters.
= 0.31v + +C
v
(c) The average flow rate into the lungs
Since Emin = E (vmin ) ,
during the inspiration phase is
Emin = E (vmin ) 6.8163 liters
= E (39.01) = 3.122 liters/sec.
2.1833 sec
= 24.186 + C
=
So C Emin − 24.186 and
3
E (v ) 41. T (=
r) = 3(2 + r ) −1
2+r
471.75
= 0.31v + + Emin − 24.186.
v (a) domain: [0, ∞)
intercepts:
39. (a) 0 = −0.41t 2 + 0.97t =
t (0.97 − 0.41t ) 3  3
when r = 0, T (0) = ; point  0, 
so R(t) = 0 when t = 0 and when 2  2
t ≈ 2.37 sec. when T(r) = 0, no solution
vertical asymptote outside of domain
2.37
(b) Volume = ∫ (−0.41t 2 + 0.97t )dt (r = −2)
0
2.37
horizontal asymptote
 −0.41 3 0.97 2  3
=  t + t 
 3 2 0 lim r = 0, or y = 0
r →∞ 2 +1
≈ 0.905 liters r
3
T ′(r ) = − −3(2 + r ) −2
=
(c) Rav (2 + r ) 2
1 2.37
= ∫
2.37 − 0 0
(−0.41t 2 + 0.97t )dt T ′′(r ) =
6
(2 + r )3
0.905
≈ ≈ 0.382 liters/sec. When r ≥ 0,
2.37
40. (a) The inspiration phase lasts until

R (t ) =
−1.2t 3 + 5.72t
= −t (1.2t 2 − 5.72)
= 0.
The only feasible solution is
T ′(r ) < 0 so T is decreasing Volume

T ′′(r ) > 0 so T is concave up 3/2 
3 
2
= π∫ − 2  dT
1/3  T 
3/2  9 12 
= π ∫  2 − + 4  dT
1/3  T T 
 9 3/2 
= π  − − 12ln T + 4T 
 T 1/3 
 3 
= π  −6 − 12ln + 6 
 2 
 1 4 
−  −27 − 12ln + 
 3 3 
3
(b) T (r ) =  3 81 1 4
2+r = π  −12ln + + 12ln − 
3  2 3 3 3
2+r =  1 3 77 
T = π 12ln − 12ln + 
3  3 2 3
r (T )= −2
t ≈ 23.93 ft 3
Graph is reflection of the graph in part

(a) over the line y = x. 42. (a)
3
(c) When r = 0, T = and when r = 7,
2
1
T= .
3
2 200
(b) T= 43. p (r ) =
1+ r 2
5 + 2r 2
2
1+ r =
2
(a) Since the pollution is distributed in a
T
2 circular fashion about the smoke
r=
2
−1 stack,
T
3  200 
2 pollution = 2π ∫ r 
0  5 + 2r 2 
= r −1 dr
T
3 r
= 400π ∫ dr
0 5 + 2r 2
Using substitution with u= 5 + 2r 2 ,

1
du = r dr and limits of integration
4
u1 = 5 and u2 = 23,
23 1 1
= 400π ∫ ⋅ du
5 u 4
23 1
= 100π ∫ du
5 u
(c) When r = 9, =
T
2
=
1
82 41
, and when = 100π ln u 5
23
( )
= 100π (ln 23 − ln 5)
r = 0, T = 2.
23
2 = 100π ln ≈ 479.42 units
V = π∫ [r (T )]2 dT 5
1/ 41
2
2 2  200
π∫ 
= − 1  dT (b) 4 =
1/ 41
 T  5 + 2r 2
2 2 
π∫  − 1 dT
= L= r=
45 3 10
= ≈ 4.74 miles
1/ 41  T  2 2
2 amount of pollution
 2 
= π  ln − T 
 T  1/ 41
3 10
 200 
= 2π ∫ 2 r   dr
  1 
0  5 + 2r 2 
= π (0 − 2) −  ln 82 −  

≈ 21.48
 41   (
= 100π ln u 5
50
)
= 100π (ln 50 − ln 5)
Approximately 21.48 cubic feet of oil
= 100π ln10 ≈ 723.38 units
were spilled.
44. Find the limits of integration by solving

to obtain a = 0, b = 4.
Solving
45.
The graph of y crosses the x-axis when
or . That is, x = 0 and x
=3. The volume of the tumor is
47. For the first colony, the number of
approximately
bacteria after 50 days will be
100,000e −0.011(50) + ∫ 50e −0.011(50−t ) dt
50
0
−0.55
+ 50e −0.55
50 0.011t
= 100,000e
0 ∫e dt
 1
50 
= 50e−0.55  2,000 + (e )  0.011t
 0.011 0 
≈ 59,618
The number in the second colony will be
5,000
P (50) =
1 + 49e0.009(50)
≈ 64.228, or 64,228
So, after 50 days, the population is larger
in the second colony.
46. Find the limits of integration by solving Similarly, after 100 days, the first colony’s
population will be
to obtain a = 0, b = A.
100,000e −0.011(100) + ∫ 50e −0.011(100−t ) dt
100
0
≈ 36,320
and the second colony will be
5,000 h
P (100) = 49. Volume = ∫ π y 2 dx
1 + 49e0.009(100) 0
≈ 41.145, or 41,145 Since the hypotenuse of the triangle is
r
So, the second colony is still larger after along the line y = x,
100 days. Similarly, after 300 days, the h
first will be 2
h r 
= π ∫  x  dx
100,000e −0.011(300) 0h 
50e −0.011(300−t ) dt
300
+∫ π r2 h
0 = 2 ∫ x 2 dx
≈ 8,066 h 0
 h
and the second will be π r 2  x3 
5,000 = 2
=P (300) ≈ 6,848. h  3 0 
1 + 49e0.009(300)  
2 3 
So, after 300 days, the first colony is now πr h
=  − 0 
larger. h 2  3 

1
b
48. V = π ∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx = π r 2h
a 3
Here f =
( x) r 2 − x 2 , a = −r, and b = r.
Checkup for Chapter 5
2
π∫  r 2 − x 2  dx
r
∫ ( x − 3x + 5e ) dx
V= 3 −2 x
−r   1. (a)
r
π∫ (r 2 − x 2 )dx
= −2 x
= ∫ x dx − 3 ∫ x dx + 5∫ e dx
3 1/2
−r
r
 1  x 4 2 3 3/2 5 −2 x
= π  r 2 x − x3  =− x − e +C
 3  −r 4 3 2
 1  1 
=π  r 3 − r 3 −  − r 3 + r 3   x2 − 2 x + 4
 3  3  (b) ∫ x dx
 2 
= π  2r 3 − r 3   4
 3  = ∫  x − 2 +  dx
 x
4 3
= π r  1
3  = ∫ x dx − 2∫ dx + 4∫ x dx
4 3
= πr x2
3 = − 2 x + 4ln x + C
2
 1
(c) ∫ x  x 2 −  dx = ∫ (x
5/2
− x −1/2 )dx
 x
2 7/2
= x − 2 x1/2 + C
7
x dx 4  3/2 2
(d) ∫ (3 + 2 x 2 )3/2 2. (a) ∫1  x +  dx
x
4 3/2 41
Let u= 3 + 2 x 2 ; then
1
4
du = x dx = ∫1 x dx + 2 ∫
1 x
dx
4
+ 2 ( ln x )
1 −3/2 2 5/2 4
4∫
u =
du = x
5 1
1
1
= (−2u −1/2 ) + C =
2
[(4) − (1)5/2 ] + 2[ln 4 − ln1]
5/2
4 5
−1 62
= +C = + 2ln 4
2 3 + 2x 2 5
62
= + 2ln 22
1 ln x 5
ln x
(e) ∫ dx = ∫ 2 dx 62
x x = + 4ln 2
1 5
Let u = ln x; then du = dx
x 3 3− x
1 1 1 (b) ∫0 e dx
2 ∫ (ln x) dx = ∫ u du
x 2 Let u = 3 − x; then −du = dx and the
1 limits of integration become 3 − 3 = 0
= (ln x) 2 + C
4 and 3 − 0 = 3
0
1+ x 2
= − ∫ eu du
(f) ∫ xe dx
3
3
1 = ∫ eu du
0
Let u = 1 + x ; then du = x dx
2
2 = e − e0 3
= ∫ (e1+ x ) x dx
2
= e3 − 1
1 u
2∫
=
e du 1 x
(c) ∫0 x + 1 dx
1 1+ x 2
= e +C Let u = x + 1; then du = dx and
2 x = u − 1. Further, the limits of
integration become 0 + 1 = 1 and
1+2=2
2 u −1
=∫ du
1 u
2 1
= ∫ 1 −  du
1  u
( u − ln u ) 1
2
=
= (2 − ln 2) − (1 − ln1)
= 1 − ln 2
3 ( x + 3)dx
(d) ∫0
x2 + 6 x + 4
Let u = x 2 + 6 x + 4; then
du
du = (2x + 6)dx or, = ( x + 3)dx. 5
= ∫−1[( x + 5) − ( x − 3x)]dx
2 2
Area
Further, the limits of integration
5
= ∫−1(4 x + 5 − x )dx
become 0 + 6(0) + 4 = 4 and 2
(3) 2 + 6(3) + 4 =31 5

 x3 
1 31
= ∫ u −1/2 du =  2 x2 + 5x − 
 3 
2 4  −1
31
1  (5) 3
= (2u ) 1/2
=  2(5) 2 + 5(5) − 
2 4  3 
31
= u1/2  (−1)3 
4 −  2(−1) 2 + 5(−1) − 
= 31 − 2  3 
= 36 sq units
∫1 ( x + x ) − 0 dx
4
3. (a) Area =
1 2x−2
2 − 1 ∫1 x
4 4. f av = dx
= ∫1 x + x dx
1/2
2 2
4 = ∫ 1 −  dx
 x 2 2 3/2  1  x
=  + x 
 2 3 
( x − 2ln x ) 1
2
 1 =
 (4) 2
2  = (2 − 2ln 2) − (1 − 2ln1)
=  + (4)3/2  = 1 − 2ln 2
 2 3 
1 2  b
−  + (1)3/2  5. Net change = ∫ R′(q)dq
2 3  a
9
=
73
6
sq units = ∫4 q(10 − q)dq
9
= ∫4 (10q − q )dq
2
(b) The limits of integration are 9
x 2 − 3 x =x + 5  q3 
=  5q 2 − 
x2 − 4 x − 5 =  3 
0  4
( x − 5)( x + 1) = 0  3
(9)
x = −1, 5 = 5(9) 2 − 
Further, from a sketch of the graphs,  3 
or by comparing function values  (4)3 
− 5(4) 2 − 
between −1 < x < 5, y = x + 5 is the
 3 
top curve.
310
= hundred,
3
or approximately $10,333.33.
6. The rate the trade deficit is changing

= rate of change of imports
− rate of change of exports.
D=′(t ) I ′(t ) − E ′(t )
So, the change over the next five years is So, the total will be
50,000e −0.4 + 700e −0.4 ∫
5 20 0.02t
∫0 [ E ′(t ) − I ′(t )]dt 0
e dt
5
= ∫ [12.5e0.2t − (1.7t + 3)]dt   1 0.02t  
20
0 = 100e −0.4 500 + 7  e  
5   0.02  0 
  1 0.2t  1.7 2 
= 12.5  e − t − 3t   20 
  0.2  2 0 = 100e −0.4 500 + 350(e0.02t ) 
 1.7   0 
= 62.5e0.2(5) − (5)2 − 3(5)  ≈ 45,055 people
 2 
− [62.5e0 − 0 − 0] 1 3 0.3t
≈ 71.14, or the trade deficit will 10. Cav = ∫
3 − 0 0 (t + 16)1/2
2
dt
increase by approximately
1
71.14 billion dollars. Let u= t 2 + 16; then du = t dt , and the
2
7. When q0 = 4, p0 =25 − (4) 2 =9. limits of integration become 0 + 16 = 16
4 and (3) 2 + 16 = 25.
CS = ∫ (25 − q 2 )dq − (4)(9)
0 0.3 3 1
 q3 
4 = ∫
3 0 (t 2 + 16)1/2
t dt
= 25q −  − 36
 3  0.1 25 −1/2
2 ∫16
 0 = u du
 (4)3  25
=  25(4) −  − 36 = 0.05(2u1/2 )
 3  16
25
≈ 42.6667, or approximately = 0.1(u1/2 )
$4,266.67 16
3
= 0.1 ( 25 − 16 )
0.05(3 − t )
8. FV = ∫ 5,000e dt = 0.1 mg/cm 3
0
3
= 5,000e0.15 ∫ e −0.05t dt
0 Review Exercises
3
5,000e0.15 −0.05t
= ∫ ( x + x − 9 ) dx
(e ) 3
1.
−0.05
0
0.15 =∫ x3dx + ∫ x1/2 dx − 9 ∫ dx
5,000e
= ( e −0.05(3) − e0 )
−0.05 x 4 2 3/2
= + x − 9x + C
≈ $16,183.42 4 3
9. The number of the original 50,000 people ⌠ 1 

remaining after 20 years is 2.   x 2 / 3 − + 5 + x  dx
⌡ x 
50,000e −0.02(20) .  2/3 1 
The number of new arrivals remaining = ∫ x − + 5 + x1/ 2  dx
 x 
700e −0.02(20−t ) dt.
20
after 20 years is ∫0 =
3 5/3
x − ln x + 5 x + x
2 3/ 2
+C
5 3
3. ∫ (x
4
− 5e −2 x )dx = 4 −2 x
∫ x dx − 5∫ e dx 9. ∫ 3 x + 1 dx = ∫ (3x + 1)
1/2
dx
5 1
x 5
= + e−2 x + C Let u = 3x + 1; then du = dx
5 2 3
1 1/2
3∫
= u du
⌠ 5 ⌠ 5
4.   2 3 s +  ds
=   2 s1/ 3 +  d
⌡ s  ⌡ s 2
= (3 x + 1)3/2 + C
4/3 9
s
= 2 + 5ln s + C
4/3
3 4/3 10. Let u = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 5. Then
= s + 5ln s + C
2 1
= (6 x + 2)dx or (3 x + 1)dx =
du du .
2
 5 x3 − 3   3 Hence
∫ x = ∫  5 x
−  dx 2
5.   dx
 x I= ∫ (3x + 1) 3x + 2 x + 5 dx
2
 
1
= 5∫ x 2 dx − 3∫ dx 1
= ∫ u1 2 du
x 2
3
5x
= − 3ln x + C 1 2u 3 2
= +C
3 2 3
(3 x 2 + 2 x + 5)3 2
−
⌠  3e + 2e 
x 3 x ⌠  3e − x
2e 3 x = +C
6.   =  dx   +  dx 3
 e2 x    e2 x e 2 x 
⌡  ⌡
= ∫ 3e−3 x + 2e x dx ( ) 11. ∫ ( x + 2)( x 2 + 4 x + 2)5 dx
−e −3 x + 2e x + C
= Let u = x 2 + 4 x + 2; then du = (2x + 4)dx,
1
or du= ( x + 2)dx
 1 2
7. ∫  t 5 − 3t 2 + 2  dt
 t  = ∫ ( x 2 + 4 x + 2)5 ( x + 2)dx
=∫ t 5 dt − 3∫ t 2 dt + ∫ t −2 dt 1 5
2∫
=u du
t6 3 1
= −t − +C 1 2
6 t = ( x + 4 x + 2)6 + C
12
∫ ( x + 1)(2 x + x ) dx
2
8.
12. Let u = x 2 + 4 x + 2. Then
= ∫ (2 x3 + 2 x 2 + x3/ 2 + x1/ 2 ) dx 1
= (2 x + 4)dx or ( x + 2)dx =
du du .
1 4 2 3 2 5 / 2 3 3/ 2 2
= x + x + x + x +C
2 3 5 2
Hence 1
16. Let u = ln 3 x . Then du = dx . Hence
⌠ x+2 x
I = 2 dx
⌡ x + 4x + 2
I =⌠
ln 3 x
 dx
= ⌠ ⌡ x
1 1
 du
2⌡ u = ∫ u du
1
= ln u + C (ln 3 x) 2
2 = +C
1 2
= ln x 2 + 4 x + 2 + C
2
− x2
3x + 6
17. ∫ 5 xe dx
13. ∫ (2 x2 + 8 x + 3)2 dx 1
Let u = − x 2 ; then − du =
x dx
2
Let u = 2 x 2 + 8 x + 3; then,
= 5∫ (e − x ) x dx
2
1
du = (4x + 8)dx, or du= ( x + 2)dx 5 u
2∫
4 = − e du
3( x + 2)
=∫ dx =
5
− e− x + C
2
(2 x 2 + 8 x + 3)2 2
3
= ∫ u −2 du 18. Let u= x − 4 . Then x= u + 4 and
4
−3 du = dx .
= +C
4(2 x + 8 x + 3)
2 ⌠ x  ⌠u + 4
  dx =    du
⌡ x−4 ⌡ u 
14. Let Then Hence ⌠ 4
=  1 +  du
⌡ u 
= u + 4ln u + C
= x − 4 + 4ln x − 4 + C
= x + 4ln x − 4 + C1
where C1= C − 4 is a constant.
∫ v(v − 5)
12
15. dv
 ln x 
Let u = v − 5; then, du = dv and v = u + 5 19. ∫  x  dx
 
= ∫ (u + 5)u du
12
1
Let u = ln x; then du = dx
= ∫ (u + 5u )du
13 12
x
(v − 5)14 5(v − 5)13 1
= ∫ (ln x) ⋅ dx
1/2
= + +C x
14 13
= ∫ u1/2 du
2
= (ln x)3/2 + C
3
2
∫−130(5 x − 2)
20. Let Then 2
25. dx
1
Let u = 5x − 2; then du = dx, and the
5
limits of integration become
5(−1) − 2 = −7 and 5(2) − 2 = 8
30 8
= ∫ u 2 du
5 −7
1 1 8
 u3 
21. ∫0 (5 x 4 − 8 x3 + 1)dx = ( x5 − 2 x 4 + x)
0 = 6 
 3 
= (1 − 2 + 1) − 0   −7
=0  (8)3 (−7)3 
= 6 − 
 2t 3 2 
4  3 3 
∫1 ( )
−3 2
− 2t −1/ 2 
4
22. t +t dt = = 1,710
 3 
 1
17 = (2 x + 4)dx
26. Let u = x 2 + 4 x + 5. Then du
=
3 3
or (3 x + 6)dx = du . When x =
−1, u =2,
2
∫0 (e + 4 x ) dx
1
23. 2x 3 and when= x 1,= u 10. Hence
1
1
= ∫ ( e2 x + 4 x1/ 3 )dx ⌠ 3x + 6 3 10
0  dx = ∫ u −2 du
1 ⌡−1 ( x + 4 x + 5)
2 2 2 2
1 
=  e2 x + 3x 4 / 3  3
10
 2 0 = −
2u 2
 1  1 
=  e2 + 3(1)  −  e0 + 3(0)  3
 2   2  =
5
1 2 5
= e +
2 2 1 t 2 −1
27. ∫0 2te dt
9
⌠ x + x −5
2
24.  dx Let u= t 2 − 1; then du = 2t dt, and the
⌡1 x limits of integration become (0) − 1 = −1
9
⌠  5 and (1) 2 − 1 =0
=   x + x −1/ 2 −  dx
⌡1  x 0
= ∫ eu du
9 −1
 x2  0
= + 2 x1/ 2 − 5ln x  = ( eu )
 2  −1
 1
 81  1  = e0 − e −1
=  + 6 − 5ln 9  −  + 2 − 0  1
 2  2  = 1−
= 44 − 5ln 9 e
u e − x + 1 . Then du = −e − x dx . When
28. Let=
∫1 ( x + 2 x ) − 0 dx
4
31. Area =
u e −1 + 1 .
x = 0 , u = 2 and when x = 1 ,= 4
= ∫1 ( x + 2 x )dx
1/2
Thus
1 −x −x
∫0 e (e + 1) dx
1/ 2 4
 x 2 4 3/2 
=  + x 
 2 3 
− ∫ (e− x + 1)1/ 2 (−e − x ) dx
1
=  1
0
e−1 +1 1/ 2  (4) 2
4  1 4 
= −∫ u du =  + (4)3/2  −  + (1) 
 2 3   2 3 
2
2
=∫ u1/ 2 du 101
e−1 +1 =
2 6
2 3/ 2
= u
3 e−1 +1
5/ 2
2 2
= − (e−1 + 1)3/ 2
3 3
e −1 
x 
29. ∫0

 x +1
 dx
Let u = x + 1; then du = dx, x = u − 1, and
the limits of integration become 0 + 1 = 1
and (e − 1) + 1 = e
32.
e u −1
=∫ 
1  u 
du
e 1
= ∫ 1 −  du
1 u
( u − ln u ) 1
e
=
= (e − ln e) − (1 − ln1)
= e−2
+ e − x ) dx
1 1
= ∫−1(e
x
30. Let u = ln x . Then du = dx . When Area
x
1
=x e= =
, u 1, and when x e= 2
, u 2. = (e x − e − x )
−1
(e − e ) − (e −1 − e)
−1
Hence
=
e2 2
⌠ 1 2 −2 1 1 = 2(e − e −1 )

⌡e x(ln x) 2 ∫
dx =
1
u du =
− =
u1 2
2 1 2
=
33. Area ∫1  x + x  dx

2
 x3 
=  ln x + 
 3 
 1
 (2) 3
 1
=  ln 2 +  −  ln1 + 
 3   3

= ln 2 +
7 Noting that y = 5 − x is the top curve,
3 4  4 
= ∫ (5 − x) −    dx
Area
1   x 
4 4
= ∫  5 − x −  dx
1  x
4
 x2 
=  5x − − 4ln x 
 2 
 1
 (4) 2 
= 5(4) − − 4ln 4 
 2 
34.
 1 
− 5(1) − − 4ln1
 2 
15
= − 4ln 4
2
15
= − 4ln(2) 2
2
15
= − 8ln 2
2
1
Area =∫ 9 − 5 x 2 dx =2.6926 36.
0
where a graphing calculator is used to
evaluate the integral.
35. The limits of integration are

4
= 5− x
x
=4 5x − x2
x2 − 5x + 4 = 0
( x − 4)( x − 1) =
0 From the graph the curves intersect when
x = 1, 4
x = 4 . The desired area is then 38.

8
⌠  8
=
Area   x −  dx
⌡4  x
8
2 
=  x3/ 2 − 8ln x 
3 4
2  2 
=  83/ 2 − 8ln 8  −  43/ 2 − 8ln 4 
3  3 
32 2 16
= − − 8ln 2 The equation of the upper line, through
3 3 (0, 6) and (2, 4), is y= 6 − x . The
equation of the lower line, through (0, 0)
37. The graph of y = 2 + x − x 2 intersects and (2, 4), is y = 2 x . The desired area is
y = 0 when 0 = 2 + x − x 2
∫0 [(6 − x) − 2 x] dx
2
=
Area
x −x−2=
2
0
2
( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0 or, = ∫0 (6 − 3x) dx
x = −1, 2 2
So, the limits of integration are x = −1 and  3 
=  6 x − x2 
x=2  2 0
=6.
Note the area is a triangle of base 6, along
the y axis, and height 2 so the area is also
1
easily computed as (2)(6) = 6 .
2
39.=
f av
1 8 3
8 − 1 ∫1
(
x − 3 x + 2 x dx )
=
1 8 3
7 ∫1
(
x − 3 x + 2 x1/2 dx )
8
1  x 4 3 x 2 2 2 3/2 
=  − + x 
7  4 2 3 
 1
1  (8) 4 3(8) 2 2 2 3/2 
=  − + (8) 
7  4 2 3 

 1 3(1) 2 2  
−  − + (1)  
4 2 3  
11, 407 2 2
= −
84 21
40. f =
3
(t ) t 8 − 7t 2 43. When q0 = 2, p0 =4[36 − (2) 2 ] =$128
1 2
= ∫0 t (8 − 7t ∫0 4(36 − q
2 13
f ave ) dt CS = 2
)dq − 2(128)
1 1 2
= − ∫ (8 − 7t 2 )1 3 (−14t )dt  q3 
14 0 = 4  36q −  − 256
1 3  3 
= −   (8 − 7t 2 ) 4 3
1  0
14  4  0  (2)3  
45 = 4  36(2) −  − 0  − 256
=  3  
56
= 0.8036 64
= , or approximately $21.33
3
1 2 −v2
2 − 0 ∫0
41. g av = ve dv
44. D(q ) = 100 − 4q − 3q 2 ; q0 = 5
Let u = −v 2 ; then du = −2v dv, or =p0 D(= q0 ) D= (5) 5
1 q0
− du =
2
v dv. Further, the limits of =CS ∫0 D(q) dq − p0 q0
5
= ∫0 (100 − 4q − 3q ) dq − (5)(5)
2
integration become 0 and −(2) 2 = −4
1 −4
(100q − 2q2 − q3 ) 0 − 25
5
= − ∫ eu du =
4 0
1 0 = 300
= ∫ eu du
4 −4
1
0 = 4, p0 10e −0.1(4) ≈ $6.70
45. When q0 =
= ( eu ) 4 −0.1q
4 −4 =CS ∫0 10e dq − 4(6.70)
1 0 −4
= (e − e ) = 10 ∫ e −0.1q dq − 26.80
4
4 0
1 1  4
=  1− 4  −100(e −0.1q ) − 26.80
=
4 e  0
−0.1(4)
= −100(e − e0 ) − 26.80
x
e ≈ $6.17
42. h( x) =
1 + 2e x
1 5 + 3e −0.2 q ; q0 =
46. D(q ) = 10
⌠ ex
=
5 + 3e−2 ≈ 5.406
have dx
⌡0 1 + 2e
x p0 =
D(q0 ) =
D(10) =
q0
1 ⌠1 1
=  (2e x )dx
=CS ∫0 D(q) dq − p0 q0
2 ⌡0 1 + 2e x 10 −0.2 q
1 1
1
1
∫0 (5 + 3e ) dq − (5.406)(10)
=
= ln(1 + 2e x ) = ln(1 + 2e) − ln 3
( )0
10
2 0 2 2 5q − 15e −0.2 q
= − 54.06
≈ 0.3817 = 62.97 − 54.06
= 8.91
1 1
GI 2 ∫ ( x − x3/2 )dx
47.= 49. GI =2 ∫ [ x − (0.3 x 2 + 0.7 x)]dx
0 0
1 1
 x 2 2 5/2  = 2 ∫ (0.3 x − 0.3 x 2 )dx
= 2 − x  0
 2 5  1
 0 = 0.6 ∫ ( x − x 2 )dx
0
 1 2   1
= 2  − (1)  − 0   x 2 x3 
 2 5   = 0.6  − 
 2 3 
=
1  0
5  1 1  
= 0.6  −  − 0 
 2 3  
= 0.1
48.
50.
1
=G 2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx
0
1
= 2 ∫ ( x − x1.2 ) dx
0 1
1 =G 2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx
x x 2 2.2  0
= 2 −  1
 2
 2.2 
0 =2 ∫ [ x − (0.75 x 2 + 0.25 x)] dx
0
= 0.0909 1
= 2 ∫ 0.75( x − x 2 ) dx
0
1
 x 2 x3 
= 1.5  − 
 2 3 
 0
= 0.25
51. After 6 months, the number of the original population surviving is 75,000e−0.09(6) .
−0.09(6−t )
dt = 60e −0.54 ∫ e0.09t dt
6 6
The number of new members surviving is ∫0 60e 0
75,000e −0.54 + 60e −0.54 ∫ e0.09t dt
6
0
 1 0.09t 
6
= 60e −0.54 1250 + e 
 0.09 0 
 100  0.09t 6  
= 60e −0.54 1250 + 
9 
e
 0 
 100 0.54 
= 60e −0.54 1250 + (e − 1) 
 9 
≈ 43,984 members
52. P (5) 125,000e −0.015(5) + ∫ 250e −0.015(5−t ) dt

5
=
0
= 125,000e −0.075 + 250e −0.075 ∫ e0.015t dt
5
0
5
−0.075 250e−0.075 0.015t
= 125,000e + e
0.015
0
250e −0.075 0.075
= 125,000e −0.075 + (e − 1)
0.015
≈ 117,172
53. After 10 years, the number of the original population surviving is 100,000e −0.2(10)
The number of new members surviving is
[90e0.1t ][e −0.2(10−t ) ]dt
10
∫0
= 90 ∫ e0.1t −2+ 0.2t dt
10
0
= 90e −2 e0.3t dt
10
0 ∫
100,000e −2 + 90e −2 ∫ e0.3t dt
10
0
  1 0.3t 10  
−2 
= 10e 10,000 + 9  e 
  0.3 
0  

  10  
= 10e −2 10,000 + 30  e0.3t  
  0 
−2
= 100e [1,000 + 3(e − 1)]
3
≈ 14,308 members
54. P (20) 200,000e −0.017(20) + ∫ 50e0.12t e −0.017(20−t ) dt

20
=
0
−0.34−0.34 20 0.137t
= 200,000e + 50e
0
e ∫
dt
−0.34 20
−0.34 50e
= 200,000e + 0.137t
e
0.137
0
−0.34
50e
=200,000e −0.34 + (e 2.74 − 1)
0.137
≈ 146,117
2
3
1 
57. Volume of S = π ∫ 
1  x 
dx
55. Volume of S
2 31
= π ∫ ( x 2 + 1)2 dx = π ∫ dx
−1 1 x
( )
2
= π ∫ ( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1)dx 3
= π ln x 1
−1
 5  2 = π (ln 3 − ln1)
x 2 x3
= π + +x  = π ln 3 ≈ 3.45
5 3 
 −1 
 32 16   1 2 
= π  + + 2  −  − − − 1  58.
 5 3   5 3 
 33 18 
= π  + + 3
5 3 
78
= π
5
≈ 49.01
56. V = π ∫ (e− x /10 )2 dx

10
0
10 − x / 5
= π∫ e dx
0
− x / 5 10
=−5πe
0
−2
=−5π(e − 1)
−2
= 5π(1 − e )
≈ 13.582 cubic units
dy
59. =
y ∫ dx dx= ∫ 2 dx= 2x + C
4 = 2(−3) + C, or C = 10
so, y = 2x + 10
dy 64. Since
60. = x( x − 1) = x 2 − x
−2 x 2 1
− ∫ e −2 x (−4 x) dx
2
dx
x3 x 2
∫ xe dx =
4
y = ∫ ( x 2 − x) dx = − +C 1 −2 x 2
3 2 =− e +C
4
1 1
When= x 1= , y 1 so 1 = − + C and so the function has the form
3 2 1
− e −2 x + C .
2
7 x 3
x 2
7 f ( x) =
C = . Thus y = − + . 4
6 3 2 6 1
We know f (0) = − +C = −3 so
4
dx −2t 1
∫ dt dt =
61. x = ∫ e dt =− e−2t + C 11 1 11
− e −2 x − .
2
2 C = − and f ( x) =
4 4 4
1 0 9
4=− e + C , or C = so,
2 2 t ) 2[0.5t 2 + 4(t + 1) −1 ]
65. V ′(=
1
=x (9 − e −2t ) 6 2 8 
2 =
increase ∫0 t +
(t + 1) 
dt
dy t + 1 1 Let u = t + 1; then du = dt, and the limits

62. = = 1+
dt t t of integration become 0 + 1 = 1 and
⌠ 1  6+1=7
y=  1 +  dt = t + ln t + C 6 71
⌡ t  = ∫ t 2 dt + 8∫ du
0 1 u
When = t 1= , y 3 so 3 =1 + 0 + C and 6
C = 2 . Thus y =
t + ln t + 2 .  t3 
=   + 8 ( ln u )
7
3 1
 0
dy = (72 − 0) + 8(ln 7 − ln1)
63. Since slope = ,
dx = 72 + 8ln 7 ≈ $87.57
=y ∫ x( x 2 + 1) −1 dx.
66. Let V (t ) denote the value of the machine t
Let =u x 2 + 1; then du = 2x dx, or years from now. Since
1 dV
du = x dx = 200(t − 6) dollars per year, the
2 dt
1 1 function V (t ) is an antiderivative of
= ∫ du
2 u 200(t − 6). Thus,
1
= ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
Since the graph of y passes through the
point (1, 5)
1 1
=5 ln 2 + C , or C= 5 − ln 2 so,
2 2
1 1
= y ln( x 2 + 1) + 5 − ln 2
2 2
=
V (t ) ∫ 200(t − 6) dt 70. The net change in biomass during the first
4 hours is given by
=100t 2 − 1, 200t + C 4
⌠ −15t
4
= ⌠
dm
Since the machine was originally worth m(4) − m(0)  =
dt  2 dt
$12,000, it follows that ⌡0 dt ⌡0 t + 5
= = C . Thus, the value of the
V (0) 12,000 15 ⌠ 4 1
= − (2t ) dt
machine after t years will be 2 ⌡0 t 2 + 5
V (t ) =100t 2 − 1, 200t + 12,000 15 4
= − ln(t 2 + 5)
and the value after 10 years will be 2 0
V (10) = $10,000. 15 21
= − ln
2 5
67. Since t = 1 at 10:00 A.M., and t = 3 at ≈ −10.763
noon, the number of people will be The mass decreases by about
3 10.763 grams.
∫1 [−4(t + 2) + 54(t + 2) 2 ]dt.
3
1
Let u = t + 2; then du = dt, and the limits 71. D′(t ) =
of integration become 1 + 2 = 3 and 1 + 2t
3+2=5 The amount of oil demanded during the
5 2 1
= ∫ (−4u 3 + 54u 2 )du year 2013 will be D(t ) = ∫ dt.
3 1 1 + 2t
5
=−
( u 4 + 18u 3 ) Using substitution with u = 1 + 2t,
3 1
du = dt and the limits of integration
= [−(5) + 18(5) ] − [−(3)4 + 18(3)3 ]
4 3
2
= 1, 220 people become 1 + 2(1) = 3 and 1 + 2(2) = 5.
1 51
2 ∫3 u
68. Let C (q ) denote the total cost of du
producing q units. Then the marginal cost
dC
is = 6(q − 5)2 , and the increase in cost
1
(
= ln u
2 )5
3
dq 1
= (ln 5 − ln 3) ≈ 0.2554 billion barrels
is 2
13 Similarly, the amount of oil demanded
C (13) − C (10) = ∫10 6(q − 5)
2
dq during the year 2014 will be
13
= 2(q − 5)3
10
= $774.
69. C ( x) = ∫ C ′( x)dx
= ∫ (18 x + 500)dx
2
=6 x3 + 500 x + C So, approximately 0.2554 − 0.1682 =

When x = 0, C(0) = 8,000 so C = 8,000, 0.0872 billion more barrels will be
and C ( x) =6 x3 + 500 x + 8,000 demanded in 2013 than in 2014.
So, C (5) =6(5)3 + 500(5) + 8,000
= 11, 250 commuters
72. The future value of this income stream is

given by
(
(5000) 200 + 3 x . )
The average monthly revenue over
e(0.05)(3) ∫ 5000e −0.035t dt
3
0 16 months is
= 5000e
 e −0.035t

0.15


3 1 16
16 ∫0 (
5,000 200 + 3x1 2 dx )
 −0.035 
 0
( )
5,000 16
= 200 x + 2 x3 2
≈ 16,543.77 dollars. 16 0
= $1,040,000.
73. FV = ∫ 1, 200e0.08(5−t ) dt
5
0 77. The decay function is of the form
= 1, 200e0.4 e −0.08t dt
5
Q(t ) = Q0 e − kt .
0 ∫
5 Since the half-life is 35 years,
1, 200e0.4 −0.08t Q0
= (e ) = Q0 e − k (35)
−0.08 2
0
1
= −15,000e (e − e0 ) 0.4 −0.4 ln = ln e−35k
2
≈ $7,377.37
ln 12 − ln 12 ln 2
= k = =
74. The present value is given by −35 35 35
10 ≈ 0.0198
10 −0.07t 1,000 −0.07t
∫0 1,000e dt =
−0.07
e
0
The amount remaining
1,000 −0.7
= − (e − 1)
0.07
= $7,191.64.
75. The number of the original houses still on

the market after 10 weeks is 200e −0.2(10) .
The number of new listings which will
still be on the market after 10 weeks is
8e −0.2(10−t ) dt.
10
∫0
So, the total will be 1
78. h′(=
x) 0.5 + meters per year.
200e + 8e −2 e0.2t dt
−2 10
( x + 1) 2
0 ∫ During the second year the tree will grow
= 8e −2  25 +
10 0.02t 
 0
e dt 
∫ 2
∫ h′( x) dx
h(2) − h(1) =
1
 10  2
= 8e −2  25 +
1 0.2t
(e )  ⌠  1 
 =   0.5 +  dx
0.2 0    + 2
⌡1  ( x 1) 
−2
= 8e [25 + 5(e − e )]
2 0
2
 1  2
≈ 62 houses. = 0.5 x −  = meter.
 x +11 3
76. The price per month is P (=
x) 200 + 3 x
per bicycle and 5,000 bicycles will be sold
per month the monthly revenue is
79. Rate revenue changes line p = 32.

= (#barrels)(rate selling price changes)
=R′(t ) 900(92 + 0.8t )
Since time is measured in months,
36
=
revenue ∫0 900(92 + 0.8t )dt
36
= 900(92t + 0.4t 2 )
0
= 900[(92(36) + 0.4(36) 2 ) − 0]
≈ $3, 447,360
80. (a) The demand function is 81. Pav

1 6
6 − 0 ∫0
D(q ) = 50 − 3q − q 2 dollars per unit. = (0.06t 2 − 0.2t + 6.2)dt
To find the number of units bought 6
when the price is p = 32, solve the =
1
(0.02t − 0.1t + 6.2t )
3 2
equation 32 = D(q ) for q to get 6 0
1
32 = 50 − 3q − q 2 = [(0.02(6) − 0.1(6) + 6.2(6)) − 0]
3 2
(q + 6)(q − =
3) 0 or=
q 3 units. 6
= $6.32 per pound
(b) The amount that consumers are
82. The child’s weight changes from
willing to spend to get 3 units of the
w = 50 to w = 53 . The net change in
commodity is
3 3
surface area is given by
∫0 D(q) dq= ∫0 (50 − 3q − q
2
) dq 53 −0.575 110 0.425 53
3 ∫50 110w dw =
0.425
w
50
 3q 2 q3  = 34.22
=  50q − − 
 2 3  or about 34 in2.
 0
= $127.50 83. At 8:00 A.M., t = 8 and at 8:00 P.M., t = 20
so the change in temperature will be
(c) When the market price is $32 per unit, 20
3 units will be bought and the ∫8 −0.02(t − 7)(t − 14)dt
consumer’s surplus will be 20 2
3 −0.02 ∫
= (t − 21t + 98) dt
∫0 D(q) dq = (32)(3) 8
20
3  t 3 21t 2 
= ∫ (50 − 3q − q 2 ) dq − 96 = −0.02  − + 98t 
0 3 2 
= $31.50.  8
 (20)3 21(20) 2 
= −0.02  − + 98(20) 
(d) The consumer’s willingness to spend 
 3 2 
in part (b) is equal to the area under 
the demand curve p = D(q ) from  (8) 3
21(8) 2 
− − + 98(8)  
q = 0 to q = 3.  3 2 
 
The consumer’s surplus in part (c) is ≈ −2.88, or a decrease of approximately
equal to the area of the region between 2.88°C
the demand curve and the horizontal
dP P2 (10) = 254 cents or $2.54.

84. = −(ln 3)34−t = − ln 3e(4−t ) ln 3
dt
P (t ) = ⌠
dP
 dt
⌡ dt
= − ln 3∫ e(4−t ) ln 3dt
 1 (4−t ) ln 3 
=− ln 3  − e +C
 ln 3 
(4−t ) ln 3
= e +C
P (0) = e 4ln 3 + C = 81 + C
so C = e(4−t ) ln 3 − 80.
−80 and P (t ) =
86. This is a survival/renewal problem with
85. (a) p ( x) = ∫ p′( x)dx P0 = 5,000 , R = 200 , S (t ) = e −0.01t and
T = 24 months. The value of the account
= ∫ (0.2 + 0.003x
2
)dx
after 24 months is then given by
=0.2 x + 0.001x3 + C T
When x = 0, p(0) = 250 cents, so P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt
0
C = 250 and −0.01(24)
+ ∫ 200e−0.01(24−t ) dt
24
= 5,000e
p( x) =0.2 x + 0.001x + 250.
3 0
−0.24
+ 200e−0.24 ∫ e0.01t dt
24
Press y = and input p(x) for y1 = . = 5,000e
0
Use window dimensions [0, 50]10 by 24
−0.24
 0.01t 
−0.24 e
[240, 340]20. = 5,000e + 200e  
 0.01 
Press graph.  0
Use the value function under the calc = 8, 200.58 dollars.
menu and input x = 10 to find the
price of eggs 10 weeks from now is 87. Let s(t) be the distance traveled, in meters,
253 cents or $2.53. after time t, in minutes. Then,
3
s (t ) = ∫ v(t )dt.
(b) = ∫ (0.3 + 0.003x )dx
2
p( x) 2
=
0.3 x + 0.001x + C 3 3
∫2 (1 + 4t + 3t
2
)dt
= 0.3 x + 0.001x + 250
3
3
Press y = and input p2 ( x) for y2 = . =(t + 2t 2 + t 3 )
2
= [3 + 2(3) + (3)3 ] − [2 + 2(2)2 + (2)3 ]
2
[240, 340]20.
= 30 meters
Press graph.
Use the value function under the calc 88. The decade 2005-2015 corresponds to
menu and input x = 10. Verify that 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 . The average population during
p2 ( x) =0.3 x + 0.001x3 + 250 is this decade is given by
displayed on the upper left corner.
10
1 ⌠ 150e0.03t 91. 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 =
6
dt
10 
⌡0 1 + e
0.03t The equation for the bottom half of the
150 ⌠ 10 6 − 2 x2
=
1
(0.03e0.03t )dt curve is y = − .
 3
10(0.03) ⌡0 1 + e 0.03t
10 The volume, in cubic miles, of the lake is
= 500ln(1 + e0.03t ) half the volume of the solid generated by
0
= 80.604 this curve. Since when y = 0, x = ± 3,
or 80,604 people. want
2
1 π 6 − 2 x2 
3
−  dx
sw 2 ∫ ( x − x
2 ∫− 3 
=
89. GI 1.6
)dx
0 3 
1  
 x 2 x 2.6  π 3  2 2
2 ∫− 3 
= 2 −  =  2 − x  dx
 2 2.6  3 
 0
 1 1    3 
= 2  −  − 0  ≈ 0.2308 π 2 x3 
= 2x −
 2 2.6   2 9 
1  − 3 
GI PT =2 ∫ [ x − (0.65 x 2 + 0.35 x)]dx

( 3) 
0 3
1 π  2 
= 2 ∫ (0.65 x − 0.65 x )dx 2
= 2 3−
0 2 
 9 

1
= 1.3∫ ( x − x 2 )dx  
3 
( )
0

1
 2 3 
 x 2 x3  −  −2 3 +
= 1.3 
 2
− 
3   9  
 0  
 1 1   π  3/2 
4(3 )
= 1.3  −  − 0  ≈ 0.2167 = 4 3 −  ≈ 7.255
 2 3   2  9 
So, income is more equitably distributed
To have 1,000 trout per cubic mile, need
for physical therapists.
1,000(7.255) = 7,255 trout. So, need an
90. The Gini index for high school teachers is additional 2,255 trout.
1
G1 =2 ∫  x − (0.33x3 + 0.67 x 4 )  dx − r 2 /10
22π∫ re − r /10 dr
5 5 2
0  92. ∫0 2πr (11e )dr =
0
≈ 0.567 5
= 22π(−5e − r
2
The Gini index for real estate brokers is /10
)
1
2 ∫  x − (0.72 x 2 + 0.28 x)  dx
0
G2 = −2.5
0  =
−110π(e − 1)
1 −2.5
x x 
2 3 = 110π(1 − e )
= 1.44  −  ≈ 317.21
 2 3 
 0 This is the amount in 1 hour. In a
= 0.24 20-minute watering period,
The distribution of income is more 317.21
equitable for real estate brokers. ≈ 105.74 cubic inches of water are
3
laid down.
1 N for the other two points of intersections.

93. (a) Sav =
N −0 ∫0
S (t )dt The curves are bounded by the points of
intersection given by x = −4.66 and
(b) Since velocity is the derivative of x = −1.82. To find the area bounded by the
N curves, we need to find
distance, D(t ) = ∫ S (t ) dt.
0 −1.82
∫−4.66 ( y2 − y1 )dx
distance traveled −1.82 −1.82
(c) Average speed = = ∫ y dx − ∫ y dx
time elapsed −4.66 2 −4.66 1
For each separate integral, use the
94. y = − x3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2 ∫ f ( x) dx function under the calc menu
y = x ln x making sure that the correct y equation is
displayed in the upper left corner. We find
the area to be
10.326439 − 7.32277423 ≈ 3.
An alternative to finding each separate
integral is to use the fnInt function from
the home screen. Select fnInt function
from the math menu and enter
fnInt( y2 − y1 , x, − 4.66, − 1.82). You
input the y equations by pressing vars and
Using the features of a graphing calculator selecting which y equation you want from
the curves can be seen to intersect at the function window under y-vars.
x = 0.4062 and x = 1 . For x between these
values the graph of − x3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2
lies above that of x ln x , thus the area
between the curves is given by
1
∫0.4062 (− x − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2) − x ln x  dx
3

or 0.1692.
95. Press y = and input (x − 2)/(x + 1) for

y1 = and input (25 − x 2 ) for y2 = .
Use window dimensions [−5, 5]1 by
[−1, 6]1.
Press graph.
Use trace and zoom-in to find the points of
intersection are (−4.66, 1.82),
(−1.82, 4.66), and (4.98, 0.498).
An alternative to using trace and zoom is
to use the intersect function under the calc
menu. Enter a value close to the point of
intersection on y1 = and enter a value
close to the same point of intersection on
y2 = and finally, enter a guess for the
point of intersection. Repeat this process

HB C11 ISM 05 Final Odd Even PDF

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Chapter 5

−2/5 u 3/5 5 3/5 ⌠ 1 2 3 

= 4 ∫ x3dx + 4 ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ x dx = ∫ t 3/2 dt − ∫ t1/2 dt + 2∫ t −1/2 dt

4 x3 x 2 t 5/2 t 3/2 t1/2

Integrating both sides, So,

47. C (q) = ∫ C ′(q) dq

49. R′(q ) = 100q −1/2

(c) The store remains profitable provided 53. R′(=

(b) Since R′(q ) = P′(q ), to maximize P, P (q ) = ∫ P′(q )dq

= 0.9 ∫ dx + 0.3∫ x1/2 dx

Since the consumption is 10 billion when where t is in

56. Since profit = revenue − cost,

= ∫ 200e dt + ∫ 150e −0.03t dt

60. M ′(t ) = 0.5e0.2t h′(t ) 0.2t 2 3 + t1 2

maximum occurs when x = 10. The = 1, 400e 2 + 600 ≈ 10,944.679

(b) f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx (a) M (t ) = ∫ M ′(t )dt

=∫ (1 + 1.2 x − 0.06 x 2 )dx = 0.4 ∫ t dt − 0.005∫ t 2 dt

(b) Writing exercise; answers will vary. (b)

′(t ) 0.15 − 0.09e0.006t

71. T ′(t ) = 7e −0.35t (b) After two hours,

The distance traveled during the second minute is

22 (c) The car comes to a complete stop

(b) To use the graphing utility to sketch

7. Let u = 1 − x. Then du = −dx or dx = −du.

Let u= t 2 + 8 then du = 2t dt and 1

21. Let t = u 2 − 2u + 6. Then Check:

= ∫ t dt In the first integral, let u = − x so

This can also be written as

Let u = 1 + 3 x 2 then du = 6 x dx and

53. (a) R ( x) = ∫ R′( x) dx

(b) When C0 = 436,

52. (a) Let V (t ) denote the value of the

Profit will increase by $7120.

56. Since profit = revenue − costs,

57. (a) p ( x) = ∫ p′( x) dx (b) When x = 5 hundred,

(b) Here D = 8,000 and r = 0.04 . At time

(c) Here V (30) = 800,000 and r = 0.05 .

for D says Anibal should deposit So,

(c) Need for all t, or

1,100, 000 e0.05t = 1, 600, 000

(b) The value of the land 10 years from now will be

= $510.56 per acre

Integrating both sides,

Integrating both sides,

Let u = 14 – 7p. Then, or

68. (a) Let R(t) denote the radius at time t.

69. (a) in function under the zoom menu to

(c) Writing exercise; answers will vary.

At 7:00 a.m., t = 0 and

Press and move along curve to the 73. (a)

77. Let Then

5.3 The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

4 − xj 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

Here, a = −1, b = 2, n = 8, and

(x ) 1 1.27 1.56 1.89 2.25 2.64 3.06 3.52

1 1 0.89 0.8 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.57 0.53

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

4 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

11. Here, a = 0, b = 4, n = 8 and f ( x=

(x ) 1 1.25 2 3.25 5 7.25 10 13.25