RESULT

50 mm 500 mm

Specimen

W, load

With applying load W, the specimen will sustain a stress.

At point O,
∑M = 0
500 x W = F x 50
F = 10 W

Where F = the actual load will apply on the specimen, N

Y x Z section

Creep specimen

Y = width

Z = thickness
Table 1

Length, mm
Thickness,
5.050
Experiment 1 31.91 mm
Width, mm 5.050
Thickness,
5.027
Experiment 2 28.50 mm
Width, mm 5.027
Thickness,
5.090
Experiment 3 31.91 mm
Width, mm 5.090
Thickness,
5.084
Experiment 4 31.60 mm
Width, mm 5.084

Experiment 1 : ( Table 2 )
Temperature : 80 ⁰C
Load : 2 N

Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm )

0 1.91
1 2.10
2 2.29
3 2.42
4 2.48
5 2.56
6 2.61
7 2.64
8 2.69

Calculation :

Specimen cross section area :

(A) = Y x Z
 (A) = 5.050 mm x 5.050 mm
=25.50 mm²

Stress act on the specimen :

(σ) = F/A = 10 W/A
(σ) = 2N / 25.50 mm²
= 0.08 N / mm²

Creep strain:
(ϵ) = elongation of current time / original length
= L’ / x
Experiment 1 : ( Table 3 )
Temperature : 80 ⁰C
Load : 2 N

Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm ) Length,L0 (mm) Creep Strain,ε

0 1.91 31.91 0.060
1 2.10 31.91 0.066
2 2.29 31.91 0.072
3 2.42 31.91 0.076
4 2.48 31.91 0.078
5 2.56 31.91 0.080
6 2.61 31.91 0.082
7 2.64 31.91 0.083
8 2.69 31.91 0.084

Time (minute ) = 0
1.91 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.060 mm

Time (minute ) = 1
2.10mm /31.91 mm = 0.066mm
Time (minute ) = 2
2.29mm / 31.91mm = 0.072 mm

Time (minute ) = 3
2.42mm / 31.91mm = 0.076 mm

Time (minute ) = 4
2.48mm / 31.91mm = 0.078 mm

Time (minute ) = 5
2.56mm / 31.91mm = 0.080 mm

Time (minute ) = 6
2.61mm / 31.91mm = 0.082 mm

Time (minute ) = 7
2.64mm /31.91 mm = 0.083 mm

Time (minute ) = 8
2.69mm / 31.91mm = 0.084mm

Modulus of elasticity :

(E) = stress / strain

=σ/ϵ
 Stress, N / mm² Creep Strain,ε Modulus of elasticity, (E)
0.08 0.060 1.33
0.08 0.066 1.21
0.08 0.072 1.11
0.08 0.076 1.05
0.08 0.078 1.02
0.08 0.080 1.00
0.08 0.082 0.98
0.08 0.083 0.96
0.08 0.084 0.95

Time (minute ) = 0 Time (minute ) = 1

0.08 / 0.060 =1.33 N / mm 0.08 / 0.066 = 1.21 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 2 Time (minute ) = 3

0.08 / 0.072 = 1.11 N / mm 0.08 / 0.076 = 1.05 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 4 Time (minute ) = 5

0.08 / 0.078 = 1.02 N / mm 0.08 / 0.080 = 1.00N / mm

Time (minute ) = 6 Time (minute ) = 7

0.08 / 0.082 = 0.98 N / mm 0.08 / 0.083 = 0.96 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 8
0.08 / 0.084 = 0.95 N / mm

Experiment 2 : ( Table 4 )
Temperature : 100 ⁰C
Load : 2 N

Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm )

0 4.38
1 5.40
2 5.90
 3 6.10
4 6.38
5 6.52
6 6.66
7 6.91
8 7.14

Calculation :

Specimen cross section area :

(B) = Y x Z

(B) = 5.027 mm x 5.027 mm

= 25.27 mm²

Stress act on the specimen :

(σ) = F/A = 10 W/A

(σ) = 2N /25.27 mm²

= 0.08 N / mm²

Creep strain:
(ϵ) = elongation of current time / original length
= L’ / x
Experiment 2 : ( Table 5 )
Temperature : 100 ⁰C
Load : 2 N
Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm ) Length,L0 (mm) Creep Strain,ε
0 4.38 28.50 0.154
1 5.40 28.50 0.189
2 5.90 28.50 0.207
3 6.10 28.50 0.214
4 6.38 28.50 0.224
5 6.52 28.50 0.229
6 6.66 28.50 0.234
 7 6.91 28.50 0.242
8 7.14 28.50 0.251

Time (minute ) = 0
4.38 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.154 mm

Time (minute ) = 1
5.40 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.189 mm

Time (minute ) = 2
5.90 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.207 mm

Time (minute ) = 3
6.10 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.214 mm
Time (minute ) = 4
6.38 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.224 mm

Time (minute ) = 5
6.52 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.229mm

Time (minute ) = 6
6.66 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.234 mm

Time (minute ) = 7
6.91 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.242 mm

Time (minute ) = 8
7.14 mm / 28.50 mm = 0.251 mm

Modulus of elasticity :

(E) = stress / strain

=σ/ϵ

Stress, N / mm² Creep Strain,ε Modulus of elasticity, (E)

0.08 0.154 0.519
0.08 0.189 0.423
0.08 0.207 0.386
0.08 0.214 0.374
0.08 0.224 0.357
0.08 0.229 0.349
0.08 0.234 0.342
0.08 0.242 0.331
0.08 0.251 0.319
 Time (minute ) = 0 Time (minute ) = 1
0.08/ 0.154 =0.519 N / mm 0.08 /0.189 = 0.423 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 2 Time (minute ) = 3

0.08/0.207 = 0.386 N / mm 0.08 / 0.214 = 0.374N / mm

Time (minute ) = 4 Time (minute ) = 5

0.08 / 0.224 = 0.357 N / mm 0.08 / 0.229 =0.349N / mm

Time (minute ) = 6 Time (minute ) = 7

0.08 / 0.234 = 14.29 N / mm 0.08 /0.242=0.331 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 8
0.08 / 0.251 = 0.319 N / mm

Experiment 3 : ( Table 7 )

Temperature : 80 ⁰C
Load : 3 N

Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm )

0 2.90
1 3.55
2 4.30
3 6.10
4 6.99
5 7.30
6 7.32
7 7.34
8 7.38

Calculation :

Specimen cross section area :

(C) = Y x Z
 (C) = 5.09 mm x 5.09 mm
= 25,91 mm²

Stress act on the specimen :

(σ) = F/A = 10 W/A

(σ) = 3N / 25.91 mm²

= 0.12N / mm²

Creep strain:
(ϵ) = elongation of current time / original length
= L’ / x
Experiment 3 : ( Table 8 )

Temperature : 80 ⁰C
Load : 3 N
Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm ) Length,L0 (mm) Creep Strain,ε
0 2.90 31.91 0.091
1 3.55 31.91 0.111
2 4.30 31.91 0.135
3 6.10 31.91 0.191
4 6.99 31.91 0.219
5 7.30 31.91 0.229
6 7.32 31.91 0.229
7 7.34 31.91 0.230
8 7.38 31.91 0.231
Time (minute ) = 0
2.90 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.091 mm

Time (minute ) = 1
3.55mm / 31.91 mm = 0.111 mm

Time (minute ) = 2
4.30 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.135 mm

Time (minute ) = 3
6.10 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.191 mm

Time (minute ) = 4
6.99 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.219 mm

Time (minute ) = 5
7.30 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.229 mm

Time (minute ) = 6
7.32 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.229 mm

Time (minute ) = 7
7.34 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.0.230 mm

Time (minute ) = 8
7.38 mm / 31.91 mm = 0.231 mm

Modulus of elasticity :

(E) = stress / strain

=σ/ϵ

Stress, N / mm² Creep Strain,ε Modulus of elasticity, (E)

0.12 0.091 1.319
0.12 0.111 1.081
0.12 0.135 0.889
0.12 0.191 0.628
0.12 0.219 0.548
0.12 0.229 0.524
0.12 0.229 0.524
0.12 0.230 0.522
0.12 0.231 0.519

Time (minute ) = 0 Time (minute ) = 1

0.12 / 0.091 =1.319 N / mm 0.12/ 0.111=1.081 N / mm
 Time (minute ) = 2 Time (minute ) = 3
0.12/ 0.135 = 0.889 N / mm 0.12/ 0.191 = 0.628 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 4 Time (minute ) = 5

0.12 / 0.219 = 0.548 N / mm 0.12 / 0.229 = 0.524 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 6 Time (minute ) = 7

0.12 / 0.229 = 0.524 N / mm 0.12 / 0.230 = 0.522 N / mm

Time (minute ) =
0.12 /0.231 = 0.519 N / mm

Experiment 4 : ( Table 9 )
Temperature : 100 ⁰C
Load : 3 N

Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm )

0 4.90
1 6.22
2 7.30
3 7.34
4 7.42
5 7.50
6 7.54
7 7.60
8 7.63

Calculation :

Specimen cross section area :

(D) = Y x Z

(D) = 5.084 mm x 5.084 mm

= 25.85 mm²

Stress act on the specimen :

(σ) = F/A = 10 W/A
 (σ) = 3N / 25.85 mm²
= 0.12 N / mm²

Creep strain:
(ϵ) = elongation of current time / original length
= L’ / x
Experiment 4 : ( Table 10 )
Temperature : 100 ⁰C
Load : 3 N
Time ( minute ) Deflection ( mm ) Length,L0 (mm) Creep Strain,ε
0 4.90 31.60 0.155
1 6.22 31.60 0.197

2 7.30 31.60 0.231

3 7.34 31.60 0.232

4 7.42 31.60 0.235

5 7.50 31.60 0.237

6 7.54 31.60 0.239

7 7.60 31.60 0.241

8 7.63 31.60 0.241

Time (minute ) = 0
4.90 mm / 31.60 mm = 0.155 mm

Time (minute ) = 1
6.22mm / 31.60 mm = 0.197 mm

Time (minute ) = 2

7.30 mm / 31.60 mm = 0.231 mm

Time (minute ) = 3
7.34 mm / 31.60 mm = 0.232 mm

Time (minute ) = 4

7.42 mm / 31.60 mm = 00.235 mm

Time (minute ) = 5
7.50 mm / 31.60 mm = 0.237mm

Time (minute ) = 6
7.54 mm / 31.60 mm = 0.239 mm
Time (minute ) = 7
7.60 mm / 31.60 mm = 0.241 mm

Time (minute ) = 8
7.63 mm / 31.60 mm = 0.241 mm

Modulus of elasticity :

(E) = stress / strain

=σ/ϵ

Stress, N / mm² Creep Strain,ε Modulus of elasticity, (E)

0.12 0.155 0.774
0.12 0.197 0.609
0.12 0.231 0.519
0.12 0.232 0.517
0.12 0.235 0.511
0.12 0.237 0.506
0.12 0.239 0.502
0.12 0.241 0.498
0.12 0.241 0.498

Time (minute ) = 0 Time (minute ) = 1

0.12/ 0.155 =0.774 N / mm 0.12 / 0.197 = 0.609 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 2 Time (minute ) = 3

0.12/ 0.231 = 0.519 N / mm 0.12 / 0.232 = 0.517 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 4 Time (minute ) = 5

0.12 / 0.235 = 0.511 N / mm 0.12 / 0.237 = 0.506 N / mm

Time (minute ) = 6 Time (minute ) = 7

0.12 / 0.239 = 0.502 N / mm 0.12 / 0.241 =0.498 N / mm
Time (minute ) = 8
0.12 / 0.241 = 0.498 N / mm
 GRAF

Creep Strain vs Time curves for exp. 1

0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
Creep Strain

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time(minute)

Creep Strain vs Time Curves for exp.2

0.3

0.25

0.2
Creep strain

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time(minute)
 Creep Strain vs Time Curves for exp.3
0.25

0.2

0.15
Creep Strain

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time(minute)

Creep Strain vs Time Curves for exp. 4

0.3

0.25

0.2
Creep Strain

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time(minute)

DISCUSSIONS

Creep is high temperature progressive deformation at constant stress. "High

temperature" is a relative term dependent upon the materials involved. Creep rates are used in
evaluating materials for boilers, gas turbines, jet engines, ovens, or any application that
involves high temperatures under load. Understanding high temperature behaviour of metals
is useful in designing failure resistant systems.

When a material like steel is plastically deformed at ambient temperatures its strength
is increased due to work hardening. This work hardening effectively prevents any further
deformation from taking place if the stress remains approximately constant. Annealing the
deformed steel at an elevated temperature removes the work hardening and restores the steel
to its original condition.

However, if the steel is plastically deformed at an elevated temperature, then both

work hardening and annealing take place simultaneously. A consequence of this is that steel
under a constant stress at an elevated temperature will continuously deform with time, that is,
it is said to "creep”.

To determine creep properties, material is subjected to prolonged constant tension or

compression loading at constant temperature. Deformation is recorded at specified time
intervals and a creep vs. time diagram is plotted. Slope of curve at any point is creep rate. If
failure occurs, it terminates test and Time for Rupture is recorded.

Like the Creep Test, Stress Rupture Testing involves a tensile specimen under a
constant load at a constant temperature. The difference being, Stress Rupture Testing uses
higher stresses and is always continued until failure of the material occurs. The Stress
Rupture test is used to determine the time to failure and elongation.

If specimen does not fracture within test period, creep recovery may be measured. To
determine stress relaxation of material, specimen is deformed a given amount and decrease in
stress over prolonged period of exposure at constant temperature is recorded. Standard creep
testing procedures are detailed in ASTM E-139, ASTM D-2990 and D-2991 (plastics) and
ASTM D-2294 (adhesives).
 A creep test involves a tensile specimen under a constant load maintained at a
constant temperature. Measurements of strain are then recorded over a period of time. Creep
occurs in three stages: Primary, or Stage I; Secondary, or Stage II: and Tertiary, or Stage III.
Stage I, or Primary creep occurs at the beginning of the tests, and creep is mostly transiently,
not at a steady rate.

Resistance to creep increases until Stage II is reached. In Stage II, or Secondary

creep, the rate of creep becomes roughly steady. This stage is often referred to as steady state
creep. In Stage III, or tertiary creep, the creep rate begins to accelerate as the cross sectional
area of the specimen decreases due to necking or internal voiding decreases the effective area
of the specimen. If stage III is allowed to proceed, fracture will occur.

The creep test is usually employed to determine the minimum creep rate in Stage II.
Engineers need to account for this expected deformation when designing systems. A creep
test is carried out by applying a constant load to a specimen and observing the increase in
strain (or extension) with time.