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Jean-Pierre Sodini Errin}1o, Kaenynrn, Bu(avnvn, ApxalOAoyia, oro IIav£TTlorn}11O rou IIaplolOv

01 METAMOP<DOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY • 3

SCIENCE

ILLUSTRATED

ITEPIEXOMENA

MHNIAIO EnirTHMONIKO nEPIOAIKO EIAIKH EKAOrH - MAPTIOr 2008 Brand name Copyright© Bonnier Publications AlS. Denmark Copyright© nEPIOAIKO[ TYnO[ A.E. riA THN EMHNIKH EKAO[H [EMMA KAI KVnpO[]

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NiKO~ [EpBEIIi~ EniMEAEIA EKAO[HI:

BIBllivo AEAlfiliKn \ METAIDPArH:

MipKO [Klipo KAMITEXNIKH EniMEAEIA-O.T.P: [Olpio AopBDpn AIEYBYNrH MARKETING: 806wpn~ BA6V1~o~ rENIKH AIEYBYNrH AIAIDHMlrH[: rlwpVo~ [oKEM6nouAo~ TEXNIKH EniMEAEIA:

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Mopio AAI~nEpm EKTYnOrH-BIBAIOAE[IA:

TYnOEKAOTIKH AE.

TEXT Copyright© €AHIERS 10111#lln\\9l# MONDADORI FRANCE S.A.

mrPAIDEI[ APBPON:

Jean-Baptiste Gouyon Perrine Vennetier Stephanie Bonato-Baccari Agnes Taravella Philippe Testard-Vaillant Philippe Des camps Jean-Franccis Mondot

4· 01 METAMOPOlnrElr TOY BYZANTIOY

> 'Evnc 108po<; orpumvncnc onpnciuc • IOU Jean-Baptiste Gouyon

1. H E1AnvopwpolKn n01n

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> H NEO Propn

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> 70<; O1WVO<;: 0 puupoc O1WVO<; • IOU Philippe Testard-Vaillant

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3. MEOO1WVIKn npuHEUOUOO

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4. Otleopnvucn uutoxpntopiu

01 METAMOP<llOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY • 5

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bTPATHrrI(HI LHMALIAL

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6· 01 METAMOP!llm:m TOY BYZANTIOY

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8· 01 METAMOP!Dm:m TOY BYZANTIOY

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BEBOla, «iva oAAo arEvo npooeipei ina nopouou: 6uvarorflra, ta /Jap6aviAAIC1», nopotnpet a Michel Kaplan. 'AA.AWOTE EKEl BPlOKETOl n opxolo Ipoio, PUSoAoVlKn VEVET£lPo me; PWpne;, onou a KwvolavTlVOe;, KaSWe; aqJnVElTOl a Lw(opEvne;, Bu(ovnvoe; 10TOpIKOe; TaU 50U cuovc, ~EKlvnoE va KavEI EPVo. T EAtKa a Bocnopoc KEpOl(EI. «tun; /JIOfi to /Jap6aviMw eivtn tuo rpaxur; tonot; KonWr; aIfJIAO~£vor;. KOI KUp{Wr; 6£v txe:

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01 METAMOP<DOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTIOY • 9

HNEA

flo vc Vivo n KWV01ovIlVOUnOAn npcoteuouon uutoxpntopioc, OEV 0PKEi VO Eiv01 KOT' EIKOVO me Ptopnc.

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H nosn eo onoooxeEi OKOPO rno q)l10oo~n.

me Perrine Vennetier

10·01 METAMOPIDOrEILTOY BYZANTIOY

a 324 a KwvmOVllVOe; OnO(jlOOl~El va lfipuOEll-JlO KOlVOUPlO nOAn om Been me; 0pXOlOe; nOAne; lOU BU~OVllOU. [He; 11 Mo'Lou lOU 330 a KwvmoVllVOe; EyKOlVlO~El tn «NEo Pr.iJ~n», nou 80 ncpa 10 ovo~o lOU. 'Onwe; n Pr.iJ~n, 10 npotuno me, n Ktovorovnvounoxn Ssv EYlVE ~EOO OE pro uepo. KOl OLIlE rnv unoOKEAlOE OE pro uepo.

H Ptopn ElVOl KUplWe; npotuno YlO rnv Kwv-

orovnvounoxn. APXlKO, we; npoe; tnv ronoypO(jlla me. n filo8Eon ~l~none; me; 0pXOlOe; ana mv nAwpo me; VEOe; ElVOl (jIOVEpn [BA. op8po o. 16J. Imv KwvmoVllvounoAn (ornv nAOlElo lOU Auvouoteloul ElVOl EyKOlEmn~tvo OVllypO(jlO lOU Xpuoou MlAlou, EVOe; opoonpou ~E Boon 10 onolo unoxoYl~OVlOl Ol onoorooac. To ou~BoAo OU10, on' onou EEKlVOUV OAOl Ol fipO~Ol, KOVEl mv Ktovotovnvounosn KEV1PO me; OU- 1OKpOlOplOe;.

'Onwe; n YEWypO(jllO tnc. erm KOl n unoplo me; KwvolOvnvounoxnc ElVOl EKpw~o·Lo~Evn. [u~(jIWVO ~E 10 KEl~EVO lWV Patria, oruoc OVOAUEl a Gilbert Dagron 1,10 nopEA8ov lOU Bu~OVllOU oVOOUOlnVElOl novto ornv 0PXOlO KOl ~U8oAoYlKn urroplo me; Pr.iJ~ne;. «API8IloUllc cqmi otpomvoiic atnv iotopia rou Bu(avr[ou. oncac 01 crpra BaatAde; otnv tatopia me PWIlf)( ra aKuAla (unvouv tnv noAf) nou «ouuittn. tuu»; eixov «ave: 01 xryvce; rou Kamrw).{ou».

Waissance d'une capitaie, PUF, 1984

TE},o\, 01.0 TO On~aVnKO 6n~00la ktipto unopxouv KaL EKEl (BA. ap8po, o. 18). 001000, npocoxn O1l\ 6EUTEpE\ avayvwoEl\ KOl n\ ypaIjlE\! OPlO~EVE\ nnYE\, nponconorst a Gilbert Oagran, an06(60uv curd TO KT(pla OTOV KWVOTaVT(VO, «nepioootepo YIO vo aKlOyparpr,aouv, ana tnv [6pual] KloJtae; tnc noJtI]e; ana roy Ktovotovtivo, evav noJtmKo xwpo ouunavt; «o: oJtoKltI]PWllivo, omoc dVOI aurae; 1l1Oe; npiomioooat; napa YIO va to Kararafouv xpOVOJtOYIKtl». Irnv ncpouoicon me Kurvotnvnvounoxnc. 6l0AOU an(8avo va anaAElljl8nKE evcc ouovcc lO1op(a\, 06nywvTO\ ETOl O1n ouunuoon ovcpeco otnv (6puon KOl otnv ovcvvtopron m<; nOAn<; W<; npay~anKn\ NEa<; pw~n<;.

o (6l0\ a Kwv01aVT(vo\, l6puoVTa\ cum tn «NEa Pw~n», 8EAnoE apaYE va aVTlKOTa01noEl mv aAAn, mv lOToplKn Pw~n; [ln TO ZWOl~O, xpovucovptnpo TaU 50U ouovc KaL Ev8EP~0 on060 TOU novoviouou. TO npay~OIa ElVaL ~EKa8apa: a KwvOTOVT(VO\, aljlou EYlVE xpumovoc. 8EAnoE va XT(OEl ~la ovroYWV(OTplO me Pw~n\, pro nOAn nou 8a cnorexouoc TO «oVTiBopo» KaL 8a mv avnKa8lO1oUoE. LU~IjlWVa ~E pro aAAn nnvn, ovayvwp(~ETaL a (6l0<; O1OXO\ O1OV KWV01aVT(VO aAAa YlO 6l01jl0PWKOU\ AOyoU\: n KWVOTavnVOUnOAn ElVaL avnxornotdrpro me Pw~n<;, OXl W\ aVT(naAO<; aAAa W<; KAnpovo~o\. LE cum mv neplnnoon. EUPlOKO~Evn npo me ncpoxpru; tnc Pw~n<;, n KWV01ovnvounOAn 8a EvoapKWVE mv avaYEVvnon TaU nOAlTlO~oU. AUTn n EK60xn 8a y(VEl KaL enionun roroplc TWV Bu~avnvwv.

'O~W\, onw\ unoypa~~(~El a Gilbert Oagran, «ouumoooa aXc60v svcv ouavo 1010- piat: «ot« roy onoio I] PWIlI] unapxCl aKolla we; nponevouoa. rouJtaxlOwv aUIlBoJtIKI), inc !JU(JI]e; Kal aUYKpoucral ue rl] via avr[naJto tnc tou Boanopoi».

KwvcnavtlVOC; 0 £VWllKOC;

T nv snoxn EKElVn a l6puTn\ me «vcopnc ovnndxou TaU Bocnopou- EKavE to novtc EKTO\ ana TO va ouyKPOUETaL ~E tn Ptopn. KaL aUTO nrcv a~OlBa(o. OllTOAO( KaL Ptouolm otpondrrsc. vro napa6Ely~a, elxov nOAE~noEl ~E ~nAo Yla TOV Kwv01aVT(vo O1n MouAB(a yEljlupa. 0 outokpotepee. OE aVTaAAay~a, Kat ~EXPl TO 80VOIO TOU, npoEBatVE OE nopoxec npoc TOU\ KOIO(KOU\ me pw~n\. H anoljlaon TOU AOlnov va l6puOEl mv KWV01aVTlvounOAn 6E O1OXEUEl O1OV EK~n- 6EVlO~0 me Pw~n\, me onolcc a KWV01aVT(VO\ 8EWPElTat ana OpLO~EVOU\ ava~opIjlWTn\, aAAO 8EWPElTaL xlvnon EVO\ autoKpOTopa, nYEm ~La<; EVW~Evn\ aUTOKpOIop(a<;.

o KWVOTaVT(VO\ npovpon EPXETaL va aVTlTE8El otnv KOIavopn me E~ouo(a<; cvopcoo OE TEOOEpl\ nYETE<;, TOU\ tetpnpXE\, Eva 8EO~0 nou ElXE EYKaLVlaOEl a aUTOKpoTOpa\ lILOKAnnavo\ OTa TEAn TaU 30U cuovo. Ava~EOa O1OU\ 6la60- XOU\ auTOU TaU OU01n~aTO\, a KWV01OVTlO\ a XAWpO\, nOIE-

o Kovotdvnoc B . , ylO~ TOU KWV01OVTivou, uvoi oUT6~ 1I0U XOpi~£l amy 1I6An EVOV Eq>opO KOI jllO ouyK1mo, otoixeic uncpcirntc ylO mv nvepovio plO~ IIPWTEUOUOO~. (KEqJOM 1I0U urrooioetui otov KorvmoVTIO B·.J

~ H PEYaAOnptnEIQ H PVllP£lOKD. OPXHEKTOvim 1I0U 80 EPllVEUO£l rnv KwvmoVTIVOUIIOAn

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• Kuplllt£P£1; n6A£11; tOU Ou~avtlvou KaO!lOU

pee tou KWVlTIaVllVOU, VlVETOl AUvouITIO<;. METa to 8avOIo rou o KWVlTIaVllvo<; OE OUVOlVEl OE ~olpaOlE<;: E~OUOETEPWVEI roue ovnruixouc rou. ~E TEAW1OlO to J\IKlVla, TO 324, Kal EVWVEl ~ava mv outoxpotoplc. Tnv lOla EKElVn xpovui anoqlOol~El va 10PUOEl mv Ktovotcvuvounoxn KOl m8avov TOTE ElVOl nou npow8El to VIO tou KwvITIaVlLO B' oto a~lw~a rou xclonpo. EKTO<; ana roue Mvou<; otpotnvuou; n cnoeocn tou KwvlTIaVTlVOu VIa mv lopuon me vEa<; nponeuouooc EXEl Kl Evav npootornxo AOVO: ElVOl n nOAn tau. Kl av Elval nporeuouon, ElVOl nponeuouon me OUVaOTEla<; tau: mv outoapctoplo tnv KAnpaVO~noE ana rov notepo tou KOl 8a tn ~ETaBlBaOEllTIa nOlola tau.

«000 t(l)aE 0 Kwvoravr[vot:;, I) noAI) Bptoxotov ott; aKili rou 61)I.IlOUPYou mi». OUVOl!Jl~El 0 Gilbert Oagron. METa to 8avOIo taU o~w<;, to 337, TlnOTE OEV ElVOl E~aoljlaAlo~EvO W<; npoc tn olaooxn tau. «OPIOJ.1tVOI moteuouv tuo; I) vto npiatecouoo dVOI 1610rpon[a EVOt:; auroKporopa sm ort 6Ev npoKElral va WI-

12·01 METAMOP(JJOEEILTOY BYZANTlOY

BUlJaEI rou 16purrJ tnt». KanolOl auroKparopEt:;, ono»; 0 OuaAI)t:; (364-37B), EYKaraAe[nouv tnv KwvoravTlvounoAI) yw tnv AvrloXEla. H noAI) rpravEI tote «noM «ovui ae pu: noAlrlKrJ XPEoronio».

o KWV01OVTlVO<; ElXE EnEvouoEl OE pro KatalKn~Evn nOAn, Op8wvoVla<; TElXn nou 8a opl~av Eva xcipc nOAu ~EVaAuTEpo an' o.n xpEla~01Ov. lie va EAKUOEI nAn8uo~0, ElXE OUVOlVEOEl ITInv cnoooon npovouuov. once n ncpoxn owpEav TpOljll~WV. To ~noAlao~a rndva. llsplnou evov ouovo opvotspo. n aufnon tou nAn8uo~au ElVOl retoio. nou a 8E056010<; B' (408- 450J xpEla~ETOl va OIWPUVEl 10 TElXn: TOTE run 8EWPEl1Ol on to ~EMov rnc nOAn<; ElVOl E~aOljlaAlO~EvO. 15.EV opkouoe a~w<; povo va KatalKn8Ei n KwvlTIavnVOUnaAn, OUTE va ~ElVEl EKEl a outoxpmcpcc. VIa va ViVEl n «NEa pw~n».

Kl aME<; noME<; nOAEl<;, oruoc n NlKo~noEla, to MEoloAavo (on~. MtAaV'oJ n n Avuoxao. elxov IjltAO~EVnOEl outokpntopsc. XWPl<; Ka~la an' aUTE<; va OIEKOlKEl tov TlTAO ~la<; «OEU-

BOoWOOE<; tnc OUIOKpoIOpio<; AAEEovopElo, Popn, Kovotuvnvounosn ... rrOAEl<; EvooEE<;, rrou onpuoeuouv P.E 10 npoocornxo IOU<; otivpc I tnv ioropio IOU Bu~ovtiou. (Bixovnvo xpuoo KurrEMO P.E nnpdotoon lWV rrOAEWV OUIWV, npoocononompevov, onoc uc ~AErrEl

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01 METAMOP<DOl:EII: TOY BYZANTlOY • 13

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14·0\ METAMOPlDOrEILTOY BYZANTIOY

tEpne; PWlme;». lin va yiV€1 utn nOAn 100njJn me; PWjJne;, npenEI vc EX€l Kat 8EOjJOUe; nou vo tn xapaKmpi~ouv, Kupiwe; encpxo Kat OUYKAnTO. Itn /)lapKE10 me; BaotAEiae; tau Kwvotovnou B', Y10U tau KWVOIOVtivou, /)lopiOinKE enopxoc ernKElpaMe; me; nOAne;, n anoia EtOI /)IOKpivEtOI ana nc aMEe; nOAEle;, nou EXOUV /)njJonKn /)loiKnon. nOpaMnAo, a Kwvotovtivoc /)EV EYKOtEOInoE OUYKAnTO otnv nOAn tou, AvajJljliBOAo, unnpfov oUYKAnnKoi nou EYKotOOla8nKav 010 napaAla tau Boonopou. llopcptvouv ojJwe; KotwtEpne; ta~ne;, OE oxson jJE roue Ptouciouc oUYKAnnKOUe;. naAI a Ktovotuvnoc eivm outoc nou EVEpyEi WOIE n OuvEA€Uon me; KWVOIavtlVOunoAne; vo yiVEI OAOKAnpwjJEvn oUYKAnTOe;, Evae; 8EOjJOe; loonjJOe; jJE tOY cvnoroixo me; PWjJne;.

'Eva~ 6£Ul£PO~ «nana~» Olnv KWVOlaVllVOUnoAn

TEA1Ka n KWVOIOvtlVOunoAn OlKO/)OjJEltat we; VEO PWjJn OE 8pnoK€UtlKO winE/)o. To 381 n nOAn uno/)EXEtOI rn B' OIKOUjJEvlKn ruvo/)o: a entoxonoc KWVOIavtlVOunoAne; nctpva tOY titAO tau nctpicpxn. jJE mv omoAoyia aKplBwe; 10 on E/)pEUEI OIn NEo PWjJn. 0 cutoxpnropoc KOtoljlEPVEI vc W1KUpw8Ei a lilAOe; ana rn ruvo/)o me; XaAKnl)6voe;, 10 451. 0 E1KOOlOe; oy/)ooe; xovnvoc ano/)i/)El orov notpuipxn rn /)EUIEpn 8Eon OIn 8pnOKEunKn tepcpxlo. EVW a nnncc /)lompEl JJOVO nuntlKa to nponelo. ita toy Gilbert Dagron, cum tn xpovoAoyio yivOVlat OVltAnmEe; 01 IEA€UtoiEe; OUVEn£l£e; me; i/)puone; me; nOAne;: «Otov o nonce opveittu va avavvtopiae: ra 61Kalwpara «o: ra npovtuuo rau narplapxlJ KwvaravTlvaunaAIJe;, 61JAa6tj orav IJ PWpl7. ato uovo toueo nau rlJe; sivtn aura ouvatov, apveiuu va ovavvtopioe: tnv unap(1J rlJe; viae; npw-

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H EVVOia "KOAOS" I-IEPIKES <pOPES OUVOEErOII-iE 1010- mrcs enos ~AOKEIO, £UnlOtIO, O<PEAEIO. OEIAIO. oMa am "H tEXVn taU va £1001 KOAOS" onoOIO£tOI am AE~n EVa noM OIO<pOPEtIKO vonl-lo. 0 Stefan Einhorn nlOtElJEI on EII-iOOtE 01 OXEOEIS uos, KOI to va EiIJOOtE KOAOi EIVOI EVa ana to WPOIOtEPO npaVl-loto nou IJnOpOUI-iE va 0<pIEPWOOUIJE orov EOUtO IJOS. H KOAoouvn £lVOI 0 ruo OnIJOvtlKOS nopuvovtos erutuxios am ~wn I-IOS KOI unopef

va I-IOS KavEI ruo £UtUXIOI-iEVOUS KOI rue OAOKAnpWI-IEVoUS. Auto oAneEUEI tOOO Via to ctouo, 000 KOI Via to OUVOAO KOI Via rnv KOIvwvio tnv iOlo. !:,.EV xpEla~Etol va £lIJOOtE OOiOtoKtal KOI EVWIOtES Via va ViVOUI-iE erntUXnIJEVOI am ~wn uos.

To va £1001 KoMs IJE vvnoro KOI eErIKO toone eivrn tsxvn- KOI EivOi tEXVn nou IJOeOivEtol.

••• EKIlOIEII

OP<DEAI

I\. LUyypou 224, Ka!-!-18€a 17672, A8~va, T'1!-. 210-9531300, Fax: 210-9581018

M10 nsoreio, evoc lIIII08popo~, p10 ouyK1nTo~, jno ornsn om 8o~a TOU aUTOKpOTopa ...

AUTO civet P£PlKO uno to conxd oroixeio IIOU xpntnoe 0 aUTOKpOTopa~ Korvotnvtivoc y10 tnv oixooopnon me vcoc TOU nponeuououc,

KWV01aVl[Vo~, Xl[~OV- 1O~ uro «nvouprc naAn O1l~ aK1E~ TOU Boonepou, OEV apKE01nKE va EnEVOUOEl ~E ~EYaAOnpcnao pro EnapXlaKn Kw~anoAn. l1n~lOUpvncs npay~01lKo Eva xtopo K01' ElKava TOU AiKVOU me outoxpcroploc. H Pw~n, n EmoAoqm nOAn nou BPEXETat ana 10 VEPO TOU TiBEpn, ~E1010ni~ETat oupfloAlKO cue nUAE~ me aVaTOAlKn~ MEOOyEiou. H Kwvo1OvnvounoAn yiVElat etm ~la vee EntAEY~Evn yn, OE pre snoxn onou n Auovro naAn, aKa~a Aa~nEpn, apx[~El va napaK~o~El oouoommo.

To Bu~ovno, nou lopuSnKE TOV 70 ouovo n.X ano'EMnvE~ onotsouc ana 10 Mtyapa, EiXE olampnoEl KaTO m pw~a'iKn enoxn mv ElKava ~la~ naAn~ owtepcuouooc onpooio; napa m onouoolo olpamYlKn SEan tnc. l1lESm naV1W~ uvnuslo anw~ outo nou ouvovrovror otnv nepioxn me MEOOyEiOU Kat Ka1OM~BavE KaTO anOKAElOnKam1O 010U~ nptorour; xproucvrxour; ouevec TO aKPO TOU XpUOOU KEP010~, ~la~ q>uOlKn~ XEPcovncou nou mv EVWVE evoc loS~a~ ~E

7 A®CDeI

ITII ITYAEI THI ANATOAHI

Tnc Stephanie Bonato-Baccari

rue; anEe; IOU Xpuoou KEpatoe; (KEpOllOU KOArrOU)

16·01 METAMOPtDnI:EII:TOY BYZANTIOY

m OTEPUl. AUTO 10 nAololo XWPl~ 1010lTEpn nponotunio EUVOOUOE TO OXE010 TOU KwvOToVTlvou.

To Bu~aVTlo VlVETat ETaI KWVOTOVT1VOUnoxn, one OPXE~ TOU 40u atWVO, EVa 6vo~a nou 80 010mpn8d Via nnvto ana ~la XtA1ETlO. Kat lOUlO V10l1. ov KatOEV eivct oncvro n ouvn8Elo otnv OpXatOmTO va ovo~a~OVTat 01 nOAE1~ ana TO OVO~O lOU 10pUTn TOU~, n KWV010VTlvounOAn OE ~Ola~El W~ npoc mv lopuon me ~E KO~la 6Mn. H poipn me eivrn uotpo ~10~ npwTEUOUOO~ nou oXEolaomKE VI' aUTO 10 OKano Kat npooplotnxe va OVT1KOlo01nOEI onwoonnoTE tn Ptoun, To OU~BOA1KO B6po~ me A1WV10~ nOAn~ w8noE lOV oulOKpalOpo va OVOB1WOE11O nAolmo ~wn~ m~. 110 TO oxono aUTO, OEV enpene anAW~ va EqlOolao£l aUTO TO ~IKPO OlKl- . o~6 ~E TO Olaon~o tnc E~ouolO~, oMa KOl va ovonA6oE1TEAdw~ 10 nEplBaMov m~. Ana mv lopuon me. n 0011Kn outn nEpupEp£lO xWPl~ETat OE 14 nEplOXE~ KaT' E1KOVO OUlOU nou nopotnpel Kovd~ am pw~n. 01 Eqna M!pOI unupxouv Afvo nOAU, Kat lOUTO V10l1 TO U41W~OlO OEV EiVOl noMa OE cum rnv nepioxn. Kat, oV11 Via TOV norcuo TlBEpn, 10 nOAu noM va EnlOn~aVEI Kovd~ rnv unop~n EVO~

~IKPOU norouou lOU !\UKOU, nou on01EAd XAW~O oneixcouo lOU PW~O'lKOU noTO~OU.

nOAU vpnvopo. o~w~, KOlooKEUa~£1at ~10 nxotslc npoc npnv TOU cutoxpdrope. 0~010 ~E TO OUTOKpOloplKa !p0- pOU~ [pW~O'lKE~ OVop£~J. EVW 0 mnoopouoc. TOU onoiou n KOlooKEUn opxioe enl L£ml~lou LEBnpou, one opx£~ TOU 30u atWVO, ovo~op!pw8nKE, ~E KanolE~ ouotomrec npoc TO npKOU~ Ma~I~OU~ me pw~n~.

11 MO"lou 330

H KWVOTOvnvounOAn xpEla~ETOI enione ~10 oUVKAmo KOI omaolaon~o tnc 10XUO~ TOU ouroxpctopu. 'ETa I, 0 Kwvotovnvoc. onw~ Kat Ol npoxuroxol lOU Tpo'lovo~ Kat MapKO~ AupnA10~, U41WVEI ov08n~onKn O1nAn ana nopeupltn otnv E1KOVO TOU. OOTOOO, 80 ovonAnpw8d: npav~on, 0 KwvoTOvTlvo~ KOVOVl~El WOTE eve avoA~o lOU AnoMwvo va onoxtnoer npotoun KOla tnv E1KOVO lOU. AUTn n ucptuplo OEV elvci ~OV001Kn Kat n nOAn TWV opXWV TOU 40u atWVO OE !pn~I~£1at Via rnv nptorotunlo tnc. Ava~EOO OTO nOAM ovaA~OTO nou 010Al~OUV TOU~ opo~OU~, n~ nAOldE~ Kat TO

on~OOIO KTlP10, nOAU Afvo ewcuo npwrotuno £PVO. f'1EV £XEl O~w~ onuooto. n nOAn EVK01Vla01nKE one 11 Morou 330 Kat 0 01OA10~0~ OUTO~ £!pEPE onoTEAE- 0~01O: 0 Koivrnovrlvoc OIVEI 010 £PVo lOU TO EUpO~ ~10~ OUlOKpaTopIKn~ npwTEUOUOO~.

napa TO noMa EpV01a~lo, 0 KWV010VTlVO~ OEV nepropiotruce OTO on~oolo KTlpia. APX100V va xTl~OVTat Kat TO npdno 8pnoKEunKa oucooounuoto. H Kwvotovnvounoxn ompl~£l tn ~ETO~Op!pwon me OE xptouovucn nOAn, rnv npotn OAWV, KOla Baon opxclo OKO~O oMa nAEov Olo!pop£1lKn, 010U~ ow~ou~ ~E tnv Apxmotnto K01TO Mwoiwvo.

To £PVo TOU KWV010VTlVOU ~£VEI nutTEA£~ ~E TO 8avOloTOu, nou EnnA8E E!pTa XPOV10 ~ETa TO entonuo EVKOlV10 tnc nOAn~TOu. H ovoixooopnon TOU 0011KOU K£VTPOU ouvExl~ETat ouuerovc ~E nc npwToBouAlE~ nou dXE MBEI 0 10puTn~ me. ~£XPI m B001Ado TOU IOU011V10VOU, xcpn ornv w8non lOU onolou n nOAn 80 cnoxtnon aMo npootono. Ana tnv nspiooo outn n nOAn nepvo otnv enoxn me ~£yaAn~ OV01Kooo~non~, nou 80 me npoootooa Via noMa XPOV10 TO uvnpaaKa me OlaKOO~O.

..... ---~ Omoc KQl yIG Tn Popn,

n iopuon me KWV010vnvourroxnc nrpvouoc K01' upxcc ana mv tcunon p£ roue £<jJTci A6<jJou~, nou ntov U1jJWP010 TO onoio 0 ouvxpovoc £ITloxernnc ouoKOAo 80 01EKP1VL (KMw,

n YE<jJUpO IOU rOAOn], ow Xpuoo KEpO~. Aplorrpd tnc YE<jJUpO~, OlIO OP101£pci npoc TO O£~lci, OIOlCpivOVTOl W lIoAcin, W TOlIKOlIi,

n Ayio LO<jJio KOI

TO rOAci~1O TEp£VO~.)

01 METAMOP<DOI:EILTOY BYZANTIOY ·17

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POMAII(A TEIXH

VEa nOAn, ueoc am otevotmo lOU nOAE060~lKOU nxmoiou lOU opxniou Bu~aVllou, npoudotnxe ~E OADKAnpn oElpa ~vn~Elwv: ouroxporopuco naMna, 6n~oOlE~ nAOlE1E~, Kllpla Yla va tptAO~EVOUV tn LuyKAmO, EKKAnolE~

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Kat teixn nou nepie-

KAElav nc Al~EVlKE~ EYKatoOlaOEl~ lOU Xpuoou KEpalO~. Av O~W~ n YEVlKn cnoqm me nOAn~ OtpElAElat one EVEPyElE~ lOU KwvOlavtlvou, Ka8E curoxpnropoc nou aKOAou8nOE 8EwpnOE ~nm~a

n~n~ va au~nOEl lO KUpO~ tnc Kat to ~EyaAElo me ~E VEa pvnueto. H KOAOOOlala outn eruxeipnon 6n~LOupYla~ ~la~ vecc npereuouocc 6E 8a unopouoe va OAOKAnpw8El ~E to lEAO~ me BaOlAEla~ EVO~ uovo outoxpdtopc. 8a npena npovpou va nEpl~EvOU~E to 6EUIEPO ~lOO lOU 40u ouovc Yla va 60U~E tnv evemu~n me KwvOlavtlVOunoAn~ va cnoveuoveroi Kat va

ovtonospiverot one npoo60K1E~ EVO~ nAn8uo~ou nou oAOEva au~aVE. Tov 50 ouovo. tno onpovnxn nnvn nxnpocopucv OXEllKa ~E tn aOllKo KEV1PO, n NOI1IOla, avatpEpElIOuMxlOlOV 2 8EOlpa, 8 onuomc AOUlpa Kat 153 l6lwnKa, 52 OlOE~, 5 ollan08nKE~, 8 u6paywYEla n 6E~a~EvE~, 4 Enlon~E~ a[8ouoE~, 14 EKKAnolE~, 14 ~Eyapa Kat 4.383 nOAUIEAEl~ KOlOlK1E~, Yla va pnv ovoeepouus nc KOlVE~ KatOlK1E~, lWV onokov 6E yvwPl~ou~E lOY apl8~o. l1u-

OlUXW~, 6E Y1VElat va npoxopnoa xovEl~ OE «m nepiooorepo ana ~la anAn

ouMoyn 0l0lXE1WV, xWP1~ va EXEl tnv nopa~lKpn ouvntotntc. ~E E~alpEon OPlO~EVE~ nepmuooeu; va to evroruoa ~E aKplBEla Kat va to avnnapaBaAEl ~E apXatOAoYlKa 6E60~Eva. Ano to noMa olOA16la tnc KwvotovnVounoAn~ lWV nptouov atWVWV, a~I~El va 6WOOU~E l6lallEpn npocoxn OE OPlopevo. llpoxentn vro lOY mncopouo, to MEyaAo naMn, tnv AYla Lotpla, 10 ouotnuo u6p€Uon~ n

aKo~a Kat to teixn me nOAn~. '

Evnv o1.0KAnpO Q1WVa PETa rnv iopuon me, II Kovomvnvounosn YEPIOf fPYOTa~IQ,

m nepioootepc pfya1.ll<; EKTaoll<;. Ilepinntoc Of jnu nosn rrou ~piOKETQ1

Of OlK06oPIKO opvcopo.

Tnc Stephanie Bonato-Baccari

, ENA I1AAATI LTO APXAIO BYZANTIO

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20· 01 METAMOP!DOI:EII: TOY BYZANTIOY

I(wvmavnvourro1n~, 0 Koivotovtivoc TOrrOSaEl, onwq to aEAO n. nqpoooorr, TO curoxpntopuco nusdn KOVlO orov Irmo- 6ppp.oU, nou XpovoAoyEimlano tnv mom TOU LEmiplOU LE~itpOU. EKEi PeiOKOVlUl 01 8EppE<; TOU ZEU~lIInou(tJ), nou smonc xorcosrudotnrov 30 nuovo. Aiya epeimc uno 010 aUTO TO ouvxpotnpo exouv unociVEl w~ nc PEPE~ pa~ KUl n aKpl~it~ SEon OPlOPEVWV oixofiopnpdtrov nopapsvn ndvro SEpa npoc ouQ1mon. Ootooo exouv rvromotd PEPlKO, onox n Snpooio nsoteio AuyoumEiov(IJ), n LuyK1mo~(~) ... To MEY010 'na10n OEV arroTE1EiTO povo uno to lowiTEpa owpEpiopam, a110, W~ Eopa tnc E~ouoia~, nEpl1<ip~avE tnv aiSouoa TOU Spovou(IiJ), xomove; orpnnomov ... '000 vic tnv Ayia Lo<pia(m), prropd to npono me OXEOW va ooei- 10VlUl otov Krovotuvrivo, a110 eivm EPYO TOU Iouonviuvou.

ArIA LO<DIA

urroplo tnc «M£y01n~ EKKAnola~» OUVUqlaiVE1Ol ~E tn BaoLAEla apKElC.l.JV ouroxpotopcov ~E10 lOY KWV01aVlIVO, nou 6n~LOupvnOE ~la KamOKWrl O1n Boon EVO~ 6lWpU~EVOU oXE610u, Kat' ElKova lWV npW1WV BaOLAlKWV me pw~n~. 001000, EIVOl noM 6UOK010 va ~avaBpou~E O1n on~EplVrl KalaOKWrl mv apXlKrl ElKova cutnc me EKKAnola~, nou XPW010 tn on~EplVrl me ~Opqlrl otnv EnE~Baon lOU 10U01lVICVOU, lOY 60 ouevo. npOV~an. n AVla LOqlla, onw<; KOl noMa uvnpelo me apXlKrl~ n01n~, EK1E8nKE OE noMou~ OElO~OU~ KOl nupKaVlE~, nou aVEKomav tnv n01E060~lKrl avomu~n me Kwv01aVllvoun01n<;. Avo~Eoa O1a npoB1rl~am nou cvnpeuoruoe 8a npena va onpeuoooupe rn L100n lOU NIKa, ~la onoeoournxn O1lV~rl me BaOLAEla~lOU louonvrovou (527-565), nou nnpe lE10~ ~E ~la ana n~ onpcvuxotspec nupKaylE~ tnc snoxnc Mnpo01o otnv EKlaon me Kam01pOqlrl~, 0 louonvtcvoc 6EV EixE oMn EnLAOVrl ana 10 va cnoeoolca tnv avaO1rl1won lOU OlK060~rl~atO~ to 532.

To oXE6l0 lOU OUlOKP010PO, o~w~, 6EV nEplopl~OlOV OE ~lO an1rl otepaocn lOU uncpXOVlO~ xnplou, aMo nEpLAo~BaVE ~£y01n Mon lEXVlKWV lO1~n~01wv, nou ou~B01l~OlOV ~E tn 6n~loupVla lOU ~£ya1ulEpoU lpou10u nou EiXE OKEqllEI n01E ov8pwno~. To oXE6l010U BOOl~omv OE EVa nponvouuevo. omv EKKAnoio lWV 0Vlwv LEPVlOU KOl BOKxou, nou ElXE xctcoxeucotel ~Em~u 527 KOl536 KOl me onoloc 0 lpou10~ ou~B01l~E mv nveupcnxn ovotocn otnv onoio Ka10uoE n xplO1laVlKrl ntotn. AUlrl n KalaOKEUrl nrcv mo on1rl ana tnv EKKAnoio me AVla~ LOql[a~. 'O~w<;, Ol ~nxavlKol lOU outospnropc. Av- 8E~lO~ ana nc TpoMEl~, ~08n~onKo~, ~E Bon80 Evav l6l0qlUrl qlUOlKO, Kal 0 1016wpo~ ana m MiAmo, ~nxavlKo<; Kl outoc. BprlKaV tnv euxoiplc va 60Kl~000UV 10 oXE6l0 EKElvo, nou nrov Kon noponovui anolO1~npo Vla tnv snoxn Vlall xpEla~omv lEXVlKE~

YVWOEl<; nou ~EnEpvouoav nc 6UVatOmlE<; EVO~ ouvn8lo~EvOU KamOKWa01rl.

Drov lE1ElWOOV 10 OXE6lo, 6n~LOUpVrl8nKE EVa EPV010~lO ~E noME~ Xl- 1l06E~ EPV01E~ an' 01n tnv ernxpnrno. napa n~ lEXVlKE~ 6uoK011E<; lOU £yXElPrl~OlO<;, aU10 npOV~atW8nKE OE xpOVO PEKOP VIC mv cnoxn. ~01l~ nEVlE XpOVIC.

AnolO oXE6l0 lOU OU10Kp010pa KOllO EPVO lWV 6uo BU~OVllVWV ernotnpovev VEwrl8nKE ~la BaOLAlKrl nou ana 10 6lEUpU~EVO oXE6l0 6lompEI tnv n1EUplKrl 0100 nou 06nvEi OE ~lO EOW1EPlKrl auAii.To ~EOO lOU OlK060~rl~alO<; aKO-

no vo uvnppomoouv mv IIi£On IOU jlEyOAtHEPOU TPOUAOU IIOU EiXE IIOll~ xnorsi, KOIOOKEUOOOV njlJ861Io, cvrnpiocc KOI OVTEPEiOjlow.

<4 0 TpOUAO~,

IIOU UljJw8IIKE mivoi OE TETPUYWVO OJuypOjljlO,

EXEl OJUjlETPO 30 jl. KOI uljJo~ 6111.

..... ---------, H OYKWOn~ 01j/ll tnc EKKAnaiQ~ un' t~w tPXETQl DE QVTi8wn liE my QYaAQq>pn Qia8nan rrou QYQoioE! 10 WWIEPIKO me.

I110UOIO~ 61CtKOOPO~ i<:aAUrrlEl nc Q\!Ji6E~ xntd mv mom TaU Iouonvicvou.

24· 01 METAMOP(J)O[EI[ TOY BYZANTlOY

Aou8Ef Eva mpavwvo. KOla Baon. oXEfilO KOl xpnouieua we; OUlplv~a VIa roy IPOUAO nou UlIHIlVEIOl oro KEVIPO tou. Av o~we;. VIa lOY ruoro. 10 EOWIEplKa IOU uvnueiou cutou EfVOl to lEAElO OU~BOAO me; EAatppOmlOe;. aUIO ExEl EnllEUX8Ef xdpu; OE pro nsplnAOKn tooppento avnDOEWV KOl OXEHKa 0VKwliouC; E~WIEplKne; oljJne;.

To nspoouo ana to tstpovtovo lilavpa~~a oro KUKAlKalOU IPOUAOU VlV€1al cpuovuco ~E to evomo. OE ~optpn OtpOlPlKWV IPlVWVWV. nou oxoupnouv OE lEOOEple; uvnpaaKou tunou OlUAOUe; ~E aVlEpEfo~Ola. 01 onoiot EUKoAa lilaKplvovlOl ana 10 E~WtEPIKa me; EKKAnOlae;. napa tOY 0VKO lWV OlUAWV. outoi EVloxu8nKav ~E liuo n~180Ala. to onotc ovnotnplfouv to xuptcpxo OtOlXEfO navw OIOV EYKOPOIO a~ova rou otxooounpotoc. TEAoe;. lEOOEpa lElOPlO 80AOU OUVKPOlOUV aUla to n~180Ala KOllilvouv ~la ouvoxn oto OUVOAO. nou nEplBaMElOl ana Eowvap8nKEe; ~E 80AO OE n~IKUKAlO. 01 onotoi. ~E m cape roue. avaAa~Bavouv nc lEpaome; w8nOEle; rou KEVlPOU rou OlKOlio~n~aroe;.

KOla to EYKalVla me; EKKAnolae;. to 537. 0 loucuviovoe 8a avatpwvnoEl: «NevlKnKa OE. rOAO~WV!». nlKpa8nKE o~we; otcv to 558 a npcroc tpouAoe; KOlEPPEUOE EV ~EpEl. aMa ovoxorooxeuecrnxe to 563 ~E m ~optpn nou EXEl onpepo. Alva ~Elpa rno ljJnMC; KOl OAO VEUpWOEle;. VIa va KOlEU8uvOVlOl 01 w8noEle; npoe; to eepovtc otoixelo. AUln n uerorponn EXEl we; anolEAEo~a a lpOUAOe; va tplavEllO 60 ~. uljJoe; ~E lila~Elpo nou ~EnEpvaEl KOla n to 30 ~ .. npav~a nou liEV E~nofil~€l to tuunovo va EVloxu8Ef ~E ovoivpure am Brion. to anoia E~loopponouvlOl ~E pro oapo ovtepaopouov.

H lilaKoo~non outou IOU opurtoupvnpctoc me; apxllEKrovlKne; liEV unoAEfn€1Ol OE 11- note. npaV~an. n KOlaOKEun ~E rouBAa tpEPEl EnEvliuon oro EOWlEplKa ana ~ap~aplVEe; nOAUxpW~Ee; nAaKEe; nc onoiec npounaeuovrov ana to AOlo~Ela me; M. Aoioc. vAumolilaKoo~o. 10IxovpatplEe;. ~woa·iKa. nou rpononomunxov otn lilapKEla me; uoKpae; ~wne; tnu OIKolio~n~aroe;.

Lm IliopK£la me E~ouoia~ TOU

emoooiou B " YEa teixn pnKOU~ 5,5 xp, EPXOVIUI va nepi~OAOUY my nosn. MIa IOtppO~ rrAQTOU~ 18 p, XWpi~£l TO rrpo-

teixiopc ono my KUPIa oxupwon, UWOU~ 12p" rrou tpEPEl KUlO Sicomputc rropvioxouc.

Anrvovn, pia uno nc PV1lPEIUKE~ rruAE~~nX_p',uoil TIUAII,

o OXYPOMATII<O LYLTHMA

6n~Jloupvia rspoonrev 6E~a~Evwv 6EV aqmpo anOKAElOllKO 10 npoBAn~a E!p06lao~ou OE VEPO aAAO cnouootomse KOI Vla OAAO Mvo, ovrfotoixnc on~aoia~: tnv npomnolo lWV anoBnKEuuKwV xtoptov, nou BpioKoVTav E~W one 10 reixn 10 onoia avnVElpE 0 KwvOlaVTivo~, APXlKO 0 l6puln~ me nOAn~ t6woE EVTOAn va uljJwBEi Eva~ nponoc nEpiBoAO~ om OlEPlO, fl6n noM ruo ~EyOAO~ an' aUIOV IOU Bu~aVTiou tnc EMnvopw~a'iKn~ enoxnc. 0 onoloc o~w~ nEplopl~E noM 10 ~WUKO

«ope VIC 10 nAnBuo~ICKO Ku~a nou EixE npOKaAEOEl n 6n~LOupv[a tnc v£a~ nponeuouocc Ol nnVE~ lOnoBEIOuV lOY xowoupto aUlo nEpfBoAO OE pro onomoon Alvo ~lKpOIEpn lWV 3 x~, 6UUKO ono tov nEpiBoAO IOU apxaiou Bu~aVTiou, H xupm Eio060~, n Xpuon nUAn n nUAn lOU Iotoupvivou. unnpxe aKo~a 10 1509, EVW 0 nEpiBoAO~ cutoc KaBEaulo~ E~a!pavi~ElOl1OV Bo n 90 nuevo.

Movov mi BaOlAEiO!; 9E060oiou B', ~Ela~u 40B KOI 450, anEKmoE n KwvOlaVTlvounoAn npav~auKo teixn. aVTO~la IOU ovo~mo~ lOU~, To oxE6l0 outc mov anOlEAEo~a me EmBUllia~ va ovnpetoruOld KoBE E~WIEplKn anELAn KOI enlonc va 6lampnBouv 010 EOWIEPlKO lOU aOUKOU XwpOU 01 KmaOKEUE~ nou eixcv anAwBEi npo06EUUKO EKIO~lWV apxaiwv opkov. onw~ nrov Ol anapaitmec 6E~a~EVE~, 0 xepoc nou nEplEKAElaV aUIO 10 relxn 6E Ba aVOlK060~nBEi note OAOKAnpW-

01 METAMOPQlOEEIE TOY BYZANTIOY ·25

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H Xpuon ITUAn, nou KaWGKWOOrlll(E ern Oeooooiou B " EXEI TO iOlO ovopc pE tnv KUpW misn nou EiXE TO teixoc TOU Kwvotnvtivou, Av KQl EXEl anoyupvw8Ei ono TO

• YAumo me OIOKOOPO, E~aKOAOu8El va anorEAEI poprupio vic TO peixto E~OrrAlOpO «ov 8EOooOlavwv tuxov: xpnrnoo uno Ai80u<; PEYOAOU oxnporoc KQl EvaAAayn. OTPWOEWV uno TOU~Aa KQl PIKPOU<; aO~EOToAI80u<;,

26·01 METAMOPQlOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY

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nKO, nap' OAO nou m:ptA.a~BOVEl ~ovt~, KOl01K[E~ cpxovuov. Knnou~ Kal vexpotceelo, To EUpO~ TWV VEWV TElXWV, nou Eixav ~nKo~ novto ana 5,5 W' fiE 8a ~EnEpamEi nOTE w~mvTEA1Kn rmoon tnc nOAn~, TO 150 nuevo. Kat rnv EnEAaon TOU nupoBoA1KOU. Ta EVTUnWOlaKO otoixelo nou oUVE8ETOV TO reixn. TO onoio KmaOKEuomnKav OE fiuo !pOOE1~, ~ETO~U 413 Kat 447, nEptA.a~Bovouv TO ouvfiuao~o ~IO~ TO!pPOU, EVO~ nporaxlouorot Kl EVO~ KUPIOU TElxOU~, H TO!ppO~ EXEl nA6TO~ 18 ~, Kat Bo80~ 7 ~, Kat XWPl~ETat ana mv npdnn OEIPO TWV OXUPWOEWV~' Eva 100nEfio 12 EW~ 15 ~, nA6TOu~. To nporo T~n~a TWV OXUPWOEWV anOTEAEiTat ana €vav npouoxovo nA6TOu~ 2 ~. Kat UljJOU~ 8 u.. ~E nUPVlaKOU~ OE npoBoAfl5~. To nporrtnouo aUTO XWPl~ETat ana TO KUPlw~TEixo~~' Eva fiEUTEpa 100nEfio, nA6TOu~ 14 ~. H Kupla oxupeon. nAoTOu~ 3 EW~ 4~. Kat uljJou~ 12 u., !P€PEI EnmA€.ov EnoA~ElC; uqrouc 2 ~, noMoI nuPVOl EVIOXUOUV TO toixtouoto. nou !P€POUV KOlO filamn~Ola OXTW nUAE~, ~ETO~U TWV onouov Kat n naolVvwotn Xpuon nUAn, AUTn n npav~anKo KOAooOlaia KmaoKEun oxn~ml~El oto OUVOAO me Evav nEplBoAO nAoTOu~ OVW TWV 65 ~. Kal TEA1KOU uljJou~ 30 ~.

To EVTUnWOlaKO aUTO evxelpnuo npaV~Olw8nKE ~E rouonouc ana ~IKPOU~ aoBEoToAl80u~ Kal XaAlKl, nou €!PEPE KaTo TOKTO fncornpom. Kat VIa A6vou~ EUoTo8Ela~ KatOUVoxn~ TOU TOlxou aMo Kat E~WTEplKn~ oljJn~, mpWOE1~ TOuBAWV, H TExvlKn cutn npO€pXETOl ana n~ pw~a'(K€~ KamOKEU€~ Kat fi[VEl tn fiuvmomm VIa unepuqno~€va Kat OTEPEO OIKofio~n~aml,

AUTO TO nOAUnAOKO opuvuko ouotnuo 8a Eyyun8Ei tnv aO!pOAEla tnc nOAn~ VIO uio xtA.tETla, anOTEAWVTO~ udprupc tnc OTEpE6Tma~ TWVTEXV1KWV nou xpnOl~onOln8nKav Kat me TExvoyvwola~ lWV Bu~avnvwv xctcoxeuoonov. 6nw~ oAa to tpva nou on~ofiEljJav TOU~ npwlou~ atWVE~ ~wn~ me KwvmaVTlvounoAn~,

"M£VEI va aVaipE(JeOVV, r£Aoe;, ra rEixn ITOV ITE(JIKAElOVV

rn XE(JOaVnoo aITa rnv ITAEU(Ja me; eaAaooae;. 01 TTny£e; tiE J:lae; oivovv aK(JI{3n EIKaVa avrne; me; KaraoKwn,. Ta eotitna ea IT(JEITEl va x(JovoAoyneovv ro vW(JirE(Jo Kara roy 70 aIwva.

o lrmoopopoc -pnKOUe; 450 11.- 6EV npoopkaur povo ylO aywVEe; me; xoviorpoc. ](moOKEUG01nK£ OITO lOY 30 mwvo KQI nci~£l OUOlO011KO POAO otnv nosrnxn ~wn.

IrIrI 0 LlPO MOL

UTO 10 ~EvaMnpEno pvnpsto KalEXEl pro 10lailEpn 8Eon otnv tonovpcelo me VEa~ npW1ElJOUoa~ Kal EyKOlVIC01nKE. once Kat n nOAn. otu; 11 Ma'lou 330. npCv~an npoKEIIOl VIa Eva cno to ruo naAIC KIIO~alO me nOAm;, atpou avnKE non 010 ~vn~ElaKo OICKOO~O lOU EMnvopw~a'lKOU Bu~avIlou. KOlaOKEucomKE eni l:Enll~IOU l:EBnpou, UOIEpa ana ~EydAE~ EKXW~01W(:,),EI~, VIa v' oxoupnnca O· Evav ana TOU~ Mtpou~ me naAn~. a KWVOlOVIIVO~ O~W~ lOU EOWOE ou~nAnpw~anKO EUP0C;, EKIElVOV1C~ 10 npoc tn 8cAaooa, ~E tnv KalaoKEUn ~IQ~ n~IKUKAIKn~ K01CAn~n~, me l:tpEvOOvn~.

Vno TO 6Eooomo A', nou BaOtAEUEI ana TO 379 W~lO 395, n spina, TO KEV1pIKol~n~a TOU OlLBou, EXEl otn ueon Evav QIVUmlaKo oBEAIOKO ana nopeupltn. 10V onoio ElXE UljJWOEI ornv Alvumo 0 Tou8~wm~

l", To tponmc cuto aKou~no OE ~la Boon nou anEIKovl~EI OE avoVAUtpO lOV cutoxpdrcpo xm tnv aKoAou8la lOU va olaoKEBo(ouv ~E mruxouc avwvE~.lllon 0 lnnoopouoc m~ Kwv01avnvounoAn~ DE tptAO~EVEl ~OVO avwvE~ me KovIOlpa~, aMo an01EAEl npav~anKO nOAlUKo KOl 8pnOKEUnKO OU~BOAO. Ka~IC ~EyoAn EKfinAwon nou onououoe tnv ncpouoto lOU aUIOKpCTOpa fiE VlVOlOV EKIO~ lnnoopouou KOl KaVEl~ cutoxpcropoc fiEV avayvwPI~OlOV w~ VO~I~O~ E~W an' ourov. 'AMwoIE 0 mnoopouoc EmKOIVWVElo~EOa ~E 10 naMn, npoy~a nou EnllptnEI 010 povcpxn

Kal omv aKoAou8la TOU va tploOEI 010 aUloKp010PlKO 8EWPElO, 10 Ko810~a nou BPIOKEIOl 010 ~EOO me aV01oAIKn~ ~#fipa~. 'anw~ OE noMc OIKofio~n~ala nou npoOpl~ovlm VIa 8Eo~alO, 8a npena Kl EOW va onpsuooouue tnv oljJl~n KalOOKEun pep~oPIVWV KEpKlfiwv. MEXPIIO 100 ouovo 01 Ba8~[fiEe; aUIEe; ntov ~UAIVEe; KOlfiEXOVlOV 30.000 EWe; 50.000 8E01Ee;, avoAova ~E nc EKn~noEle;, ~Olpao~EVOUe; oAoyupa, om 450 ~. KOla ~nKOe; KOl 120 ~. KOla nMlOe; lOU OUVOAIKOU OIKofio~n~aTO~, onoro onoto 80 u. onorexouoov anOKAEIOlIKo 10 OlLBo. al SEOlEe; ntcv opvavw~EVOI OE tpOlplEe; n finuouc. KOl n KaSE~lo tpOlpla unoOlnpl~E roue fiIKOUe; me; npWEe; nou avwvl~oVlOV, ~E- 101pEnoVlOe; OPIO~EVEe; tpop£e; nc aSAnnK£e; olatpwVIEe; OE nOAlUKE~ tnpcxec. nou ouvocsuovrov ana nupKaVIEe;, 01 onotec one rue ooBapE~ nEplmwaEI~ VEVIKEuovlav.

LTO KEVIPO TOU mITo6pOllOU uqnovcrci QlYUITUOKOe; o~EAiOKOe; OITO noprpupitn. EivQI TOITo8£mIlEvoe; O£ ~Gon ue YAumn OVOITOpG0100n TOU OUTOKpGTOpO 8£06ooiou A ' KQI me; OKOAOu8ioe; TOU.

01 METAMOPCDm:m TOY BYZANTIOY • 27

,------T t.£~aJ1£viJ. nou ~pIOKOrev xdtro uno IOV Inrroopopo. XapaKI1KO IOU 180u ciovo,

28· 01 METAMOP!llOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTIOY

YAPOAOTHIH

Etp06lao~0~ OE ncouro VEPO ~la~ nOAn~ onw~ n KWVOlaVllVOUnOAn £LXE naVlOIE Kalpla onuooio. npay~all. OIIPEXOUOE~ avaYKE~ tou nAnBuo~ou aAM KCl tWV 6n~00lWV AOUtpWV oncuouoov on~aVlIKn nocomrc VEPOU aAM. aKo~a nEpIOOOtEpO. OlaBEpn ncpoxn. MIa npetn BEAllwon EyIVE 010 6EUtEPO ~lOO IOU 40u ouevc, otov 0 autoxpdropm; BaAEVllvlavo~ (364-378) KataOKEua~El to u6paywYElo nou tpEPEl to ovo~a tOU. Yla va cvnsnrcotnoa to naAClo u6paywydo m~ nOAn~. nou an0616EtCl OlOV A6plavo. To u6paywYElO IOU OuaAn ~EKIVOUOE ana m 8paKn KCl KatEAnYE OE pro 6E~a~Evn nou ElXE xuotsl KOVta 010 on~ElO onou 0 61a60xoG tau. 8E060010~ A'. EiXE XIIOEI ~Ia ayopa. Ano EKE!. to VEPO unopet EUKoAa va ava6lavE~nBEi otnv nOAn. To u6paywYEI0 auto AEI- 10UPYOUOE ~EXPl tn ~EpIKn KataOtpotpn TOU. ro nporo ~IOOIOU 70umwva. aMa eveKataOKEuaomKE TO 6EUtEPO ~LOO tau enopevou cuovc. napa~tvEI aKo~a Eva l~n~a tau. onorexoupevo ana Mo EnlnE6a tO~wv. KataOKEuao~Evo ~E aoBEOloAIBou~.

H ~Etatpopa o~w~ TOU VEPOU 010 KEVlPO me nOAn~ 6EV apKEL npEnEI KCl va anoBnKEUtEL H nncvrnon OE aUIO to npoBAn~a 61VEtCl ~E mv KataoKEun 6E~a~EVwv nou aKOAou80uv tnv avamu~n tnc nOAn~. Tov 50 Clwva 6n~loupyoUVtallpf;l~ ~EYaAOl unal8plol ta~lEUtnpE~. YVWOlOI ~E to ovo~ma tWV AEllou. ~onap KCl MouKlou. KOVla OtOV O~wvu~O voo. 01 topieutnpec aUIOI EXOUV tn 6uvalOmta an08nKEuon~ nepineu EVO~ EKatO~~UPIOI:J m3 nocuiou VEpOU. Ava~Eoa one nOAuapI8~E~ OlEYaO~EVE~ 6E~a~EV6~. tWV onouov n KataOKEUn KAl~aKwVEtCl ana to tEAO~ lOU 60u w~ 1l~ apXE~ IOU 70u cunvo. untipxouv KCl Ol Enovo~a~o~EvE~ tOU (j)LAO~EVOU Ka.l me BaOLAIKn~. Ol onotec 01K060~n8nKav enl loucuvmvou TOV 60 Clwva KCl EiVCl 01 nrc ~EYaAE~.

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'Eva orro to OlI(IVIQ

napaoEiYllma ~u~avnYOU uvoxtopou: TO nuAon TWV Bsnxepvcov, moNA UKPO tnc nosnc, yiVETQl n KUPIQ KGTOIKia TWV aUTOKpalOpWV nno TOV 110 oiovc.

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To VEPO nou rpxotnv uno III Opnxn (cpiot. TO uopaywyEio TOU BuAEVTlVlavou), unoflnxruorov OE oE~allEvE~. BaOIAll<ll oE~allEvilliE 336 KioVE~, rrou lIIIOPOUOE va OEXIEi 80.000 m' VEpOU.

ITo MEfAAO I1lAAATI

oxupouevn fiiofio~ nou EVWVEl TOV lnnocpouo Kal TO aUTOKpmOPlKa naMu unopsl va q>aiVETOl nepispvn oro ucno ~Q(;, wm600 fiEV ncpouOla(El xovsvc OTOLXElO nou va nopenE~nEl OE au8EVUKn KmaOKEUn lOU 40u ouovo. H TOfl08EOia nou EnEAE~E o Kwvmavrivol; Kmaypaq>ETOl npaypen om ouvexao ~la~ napafioon~ nou naEl niow otnv terpcpxio I, onou 0 OUVfiEO~OI; auTOKpmoplKwv EvfilaLTn~aTWV xm lf1nofip6~wv nrov ouvn8lo~Evn npaKuKn. EmnAEov, n Env.oyn TOU Kwvotovtivou E~apUaTOV ana nc 8EP~EI; TOU ZEU~lf1nOU Ol onoiec entonc cnorexouoov ~EPOI; TOU ~vn~ElaKou filaKoo~ou TOU EMnvopw~a'iKou Bu(avriou.

lIUOTUXWl;. napa m onucoio ourou TOU OlKofio~n~aTO~. noM Aiya ixvn TOU EXOUV q>laoEl w~ HI; ~EPEI; ~a~. To uovo nou unopet va avaq>Ep8El ElVOl ~EplKa Ko~~ana ana Eva AaBuplv80. nou fiEV ElVOl novro EUKOAO va KOlaMBou~E nWI; ntov opyavw~EvOI;, n Kanote otoixelc TOU filaKOO~Ou, anw~ nsptcnpc ~woa·iKa. TEAo~, n yvwon ~a~ navw one filaq>opE~ q>aOEll; KaTOOKEUnl; lOU au- 10KPOlOPlKOU naAaHOU xWAaivEl E~aLTial; TOU YEYOVaTOI; au 10 OUVKpam~a EYKalaAElq>8nKE ana lOY 130 cuovc KOl Ol XWpOl xpnoiponomanxcv ~ava, Kau nou fiEV EUVOEl Ka8aAOU m filalnpnan lOU ueou orouc OlWVE~.

Ynepoxo lIwoalKu liE aypOTlKU SElima, oxnvsc xuvnviou ... KOAUmouv lIEyUAE~ EIIHpUVElE~ TOU MEYUAOU Iluscnou. Mroouixo AISompwTOu, AEmOliEpEia (coc oi.i),

Jf[OAlfIKO ovowjla rrov ewrriomKE arro ro LllOKAnnav6 oro TOO~ rov 30v a1wva. Avni n jlo[)(pn OtaKV~E[Jvnon~ ~aoi(aal ornv £~ovoia rwoa[Jwv avo[Jwv, OVO avyovorwv n avroK[Jaro[Jwv Kal OVO KalOa[JWV worE va OIWKOAVVEral ro E[JyO roue Kal n aOKnon EA£yxov oro OUVOAO W~ PW)laiKn~ AvroK[Jarol?ia~.

01 METAMOP(!)OLEILTOY BYZANTIOY ·29

MIA APXAIA

MEfAAOYITOAH

Tnv KWV01avnVOUIIOAn OEV m YVWpKOUPE KaAci. MOA1<; IIOU EXOUV TaUToIIOln9Ei 01 OUVOIKiE<; KQl 01 qxnpicc TOU<;. To povo ~E~alO EiVQl TO E~il<;: yia va 9PEl)!El TOU<; 400.000 xnrolxouc me, eiodvei TEpci011E<; IIoaoTnTE<; Snpntpiaxov, to onolo IIPEIIEl va EKq>0PTW90uv O1a Xipdviu KQl va aII08nKEuTouV.

Tnc Stephanie Bonato-Baccari

....

H Kevourvnvourrosn lhampd mv milia poopaiKil ouvti9£la va npopn- 9E1lEtaI OItOPl an6 mv Aiyumo.

30·01 METAMOPQlOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTIOY

nOAn lOU KWV01aVl[VOU Kat lWV filafioxwv lOU KEpfilaE nOAU ypnyopa m AOlJlIln IJlae; ~ExwplOlne; npWlEUOUOOl;, OE ouvoucopo IJE mv avomu~n EVOe; KOOIJOnOAlHKOU nAn8uOlJlaKOu 010LXElOU IJE Kamywyn ana OAEe; He; nEpIOXEe; lOU aVOlOAIKOU IJIOOU me; EntKPOretcc. H nOAn ovcnruccnm tots toxutoro npoc to fiUHKO aMo E~[OOU Kat npoc ro Boppo KOl to YOlO, OE Bopoe; me; 8oAaooae;, LlO nepoouc lOU xpovou. IJOAI01a, 8a y[VEI n uovn KAnpovo- 1J0e; lOU pWlJa'iolJou, IJElO tnv nnoon me; L'luHKne; PWlJa'iKne; Autoxputoploc. O1a lEAn lOU 50U ouovo.

H nptotn q>oon KOlo[Knone; me; Kwv01avHvounoAne; KAllJaKWVElOlIJEOa OE filOOmlJa AlYo IJEYaAUlEpO lOU EVOe; ouovo. we; to IJEOa lOU 50U cuovc. H nOAn anoKlo rots He; BaOIKEe; ypalJlJEe; IJlae; a01IKne; avomu~ne; nou 8a ElJnAOUl[~ElOl afilOKana, OE filoq>opa enlnefio. O1n filopKEla lWV fitKa OlWVWV ~wne; me; Bu~avHvne; Autokpctoplcr; T nv [fila cum cnoxn IJEmBoMElat lO Xpuco KEpae;, nou XOVEI rnv opxclo lOU EIKova me; xepcovncou IJE rnv avomu~n OUVOIKIWV nou Snuioup-

yn8nKav navw am 8aAaOOa, ana 10 nptoto KlOAa<; ~100 lOU 50U ouevo. 01 KClVOUPlE<; aUlE<; OUVOlKIE<; EVlaOOOVlCl a' svov OallKO 1010 nou OEV ElXa~E tn ouvClomlC va yvwPloou~E optallKel. 001000, napa pro aOatpEla nou atpopa Eva ~EyaAo l~n~a me apxala<; ronovpuelor. unopouue va Booiotoupe oE «moio a~lomOla OEoo~Eva.

H olaopo~n tnc BaOlKn<; optnplcc me nOAn<;, tnc MEon<; n Evola~Eon<; Ooou, elvm OXEllKa yvwOln, AUln n nAana AEW!popo<;, EUpOU<; oXE66v 25 ~ .. a~IC KAnpovo~o<; lWV oowv ~E KlOVOOlOLXIE<; ~E nc onotec ntov OlaKoo~n~EVO 10 opxolo Bu~elvno, OUVOEEllO nOAlllKo KCl 8pnoKEUnKo KEVlPO me nOAn<; ~E to teixn nou tnv nEPlBaMouv.

AlO~Evn ~E avaA~Cla, aljJloE<; Kat ava8n~anKa pvnueto, OUVKEVlPWVOVlCllC ruo on~aVllKa OIKooo~n~alC me nOAn<;, opxnc VEVO~Evn<; an010 aUIOKpalOplKO naAan. nOAU vpnvopa EPXElCl va npOOlE8El n AVla [otpla, nou Xwpl~Elal ana 10 noMn ~E 10 Auyouarciov, xtopo nou on~LOupvn8nKE ana tn ~Etmponn ~la<; ana uc npwIE<; on~oOlE<; nAClElE<; lOU Bu~avIIOU, lOU TElpaOlOU, omv onolo BAtnEllo KllPlO tnc [uvKAnlOu.

BvalvoVla<; ana aUIO 10 nOAlllKO ouvkpornpc. uncpxa 10 MlAlOV, ~vn~ElaKO opoonuo. ono to onoio ~E1POUVlCl 01 unoOlaOEl<; me NEa<; Pw~a'iKn<; Autoxpotoploc. AKOAOu8ElIO tpOpOU~ lOU Kovotovnvou. n EMElnllKn nAClda 010 KEVlPO tnc onolcc Op8WVEICl n ava8n~anKn OlnAn uljJou<; 23 ~. npoc npnv lOU ioputn. AUlrl n nAClEla nEplBaMolCv ana olwpotpn moo, nou KalEAnVE OE OUO AEUKE<; ~ap~aplvE<; aljJloE<;, 01 ontcc BploKoVlav navw OlOV a~ova lOU tpopou~. EKIO<; ana on~oOlo<; renee OUVKEVlpwon<; xm E~noplKo KEVlPO, EBAEnE KCl npoc 10 Boppa 10 OEUIEPO KllPlO me [uvKAnlOU. Alvo ucKpUIEpa, 10 tpOpOU~ lOU 8EOoooiou A', n tpopou~ Icoupt. 8EWPEllCl onoplpnon lOU tpopOU~ lOU Ipctovou - lOU onolou onovovo; 8EwpouVlav 0 outoxporopcc. rIC uro aKo~a tpopa

To Xpuoo KEPO~, pOKPOOl:EVO~ K01rrO~ 7 xp. OUYK£VIPWV£l nc ouo nporec "OKo.AE~» tou BU~OVIiou.

LUVIOPO <po.VIIKE opoc on OEV enopxouoov Kl ErO! onplOupyiJ.8nKov Kl 0.110 AlPo.VlO.

Ano roy 50 OlWVO KOl pm], to Xpuoo KEPO~ xova mv opxoio EIKOVO tou pE m Snpioupvic KOlVOUPIWVauVOlKIWV, nou xnomxov rtdvro am VEPo..

H BalJlKD aptnpia

H MEan ~EKlva ana m ouvoudc lOU MEYaAou naAanOU Kat me AVla<; [otpla<; VIC va tplaOEl om Xpuon nUAn lOU nEplBo"OU nou dXE XIIOEl 0 KWVOlaVlIVO<; Kat ornv o~wvu~n nUAn lOU lElXOU<; lOU 8Eoooolou B', npiv KClaAn~El ornv EYVClla 066, nou OUVOEEI tnv Kovotovnvounosn ~E rn pw~n.

Irnv nopelc outnc tnc filafipo~n<;, nou ntcv nAOUOla 010-

01 METAMOPIDOI:EII:TOY BYZANTIOY ·31

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tilOKPIVOU~E lOY npOVO~IOKO tiEO~O OVO~EOO 010 Bu(ovnvo OIKlonKO npovpcpuo KOl 010 OU~BOAO me nOAOlO\ npwlEUOUOO\ me PW~O'lKrl\ AUlOKpOlOpIO\. 'Onw\ 10 PW~O'lKO npntuno lOU. 10 eopoup lOU Beoooolou EKAElVE ~10 OlrlAn nou EtpEPE mv EIKOVO lOU OU10KPOlOPO KOl n onolo KOlOOlpotpnKE 10 1500. Itn vouo nAEUpo UljJWVOlOV. K08w\ tpolVElOl. ~10 BoOtAlKrl. nou KOloOlpotpnKE ana nupKOVlO 10 tiEU1EPO ~IOO lOU 50U OIWVO. ~rlKOU\ 80 ~. KOI nMlOu\ 28 ~.

fllOKPIVOU~E om OUVEXElO tn tiloOloupwon nou lE~VEl tn BOOlKrl oprnplc. 010 uljJo\ lOU <DtAOtiEAtpElOU. onou Bploxsnn 10 KonllwAlo nou EXllOE 0 KWV01OVlIVO\. KOlO nEp[EPVO rpono, npoxeucr VIa EltiWAOAOlPlKO voo, OtplEPW~EVO otnv lPlcltiO lOU Korurroslvou. 10 fila. tnv Hpn KOl mv A8nvo. nou EIVOl OlEVO ouvtiEtiE~Evn ~E tn uolpc me pw~n\.

'Eva~ t6no~ yvciJan~

AUlrl n OUVOlKIO OnOlEAEllO nVEU~onKo KEVlPO tnc nOAn\ KOI Etipo lOU nOvEmOln~lou. Ilpiv ana rn tin~lOupVIO EltilKWV xnpuov KOlO 10 nptoto ~IOO lOU 50U OIWVO. 10 ~08rl~0l0 VlVOV1OV 010 auditorium (o[8ouoo OUVKEVlpWOEWV) lOU KomlWAlOU. LE cure EPX010V va npOOlE8El n AU10KPOlOPlKrl BOOtAlKrl. KOVlO 010 MEYOAO noMn. n onoio OVOtp6P01OV ~EXPI nc OpXE\ lOU 70u OlWVO. OE oVll8Eon npoc 10 KonllWAlO. lOU onotou n tipoOlnplOmlO XOVElOl ~E10 lOY 10UOllVIOVO. Ano tn OUVOlKIO lOU <DtAOtiEAtpElOU npoepxstcuo ou~nAEYjJo lWV TElPOpXWV lOU AVlou MOpKou. nou ovoncpunu tn ouvnvrnon lWV tiuo VlWV lOU KWVOlOVlIVOU KOllO 0VKOAlOOjJO lOU\I.

o V6110\ KMtio\ me MEon\ OUVEXI(E10l ~ElO ~E 10 <Dopou~

32· 01 METAMOP<DOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY

H nom tOU 8E0660l0U (rEAO<; 40u sm 50C; nuevcc)

An» tnv n)1EpO lWV ryKOlviwv IOU, 011<; 11 Muiou 330, )1E OUIOKPCllOPO lOY KWVOlOVIlVO, 10 Bu~avllo -D. 010 E~D.e; n KWV010YlIVOUnOM- YVWpi~£l nOAAEe; mrI01IKEe; 6IEU8£1D.O£le;. o KWV010Ylivoe; KOl 01 YIOI IOU XIl~OUV tcixn, OYOpEe;, )110 OUVKAnlO ... flr:v oPYOUV va npo01E80~v KI QAAO 6n)10010 KOI 9pnOKEUllKa xtipiu. H nOM noipv~o lUuKO EUpOe; me; uno IOUe; eE0600IOUe;, 01 onoioi K01oohua~ouv EVa 6EUU:PO reiXOe;, 61IIAOOla~OYlOe; E101 tnv EmgJ~v£lo nou KaAUTIlE n nom, yIO vu tnv npOO101Euoou~we;.

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ME mv oMOVrl VOjJrl~ O1n MWOVElO, Ol KOlOlKOl me Kwvotovnvounoxnc EnWIjlEAOUVlOV JJE tn OElPO lOU~ lWV OWPEOV OlaVOjJWV nou npoopifovtnv OAA01E YlO rnv naAlKrl npwreuouoo. 'HlOV AOlnov onopnnmo Yla rnv aUlOKp010PlKrl Ololxncn vs EMyXEl tnv Oljll~n jJEyOAWV noootnuov onjJmplaKWV aMo KOl va cnostnon jJnXOVlojJOU~ onounxeuonc KOl uercnotnonc lWV lpOljlljJWV me KOV10 010 onpeto £K!paplwon~. KOllOUlO YlO1l 10 ouotnpc enpens BEBalw~ va £lVOllEAEla PUSjJlOjJEVO npoKEljJEVOU va SPEljJEl nc 400.000 IjIUXE~ nou 0PlSjJOUOE n nOAn O1l~ cpx«; tou 60u ouovo. 010 ~£v[8 me onjJoypaljllKrl~ ovomu~rl~ tnc. AU1E~ Ol EKnjJrlOEl~ 010 jJEVlOlO BoSjJO aKouyovlOl BEBOlO npotou Ol OlOIjlOPE~ £monjJlE~ jJElWOOUV opoonKo lOV nAnSuojJo - npoVjJa novro OUOKOAO va unoAoYlO1El omv 0pXOlOmlO. To EOOIjlO~ me Kwvotovuvounoxnr. 000 EUIjlOpO Kl OV rl1OV, OEV enetpene rnv npojJrlSEla oAwv lWV rpocqnov nou nrov onopohnto Vla va IpO!pEl EVO~ OlOPKW~ ovcnruccopevoc nAnSuojJo~.

AV£lPo6laa~6~ 6uI 8aAaaan~

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nOV1W~ 10 va onjJloupynSouv KOlVOUPlE~ anoBoSpE~ OEV nrcv n uovn npOKnKrl erurcvn. Enpsns enionc va unoflnxeulEl n OOOElO, KOSW~ KOl oAo 10 oMa ElOOYOjJEVO tpoqnun. OE K01oMnAE~ OnOSrlKE~. Ol nnVE~ nou OlOSE10UjJE jJo~ oivouv oUVOAlKO nevrs anOSrlKE~, nou nrcv OlooKopmojJEvE~ yupw ana 10 OlOIjlOPO AljJOVlO, 010 lEAO~ lOU 40u KOl K010 lOV 50 OlWVO.

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MIA APXAI

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Apxucd, 010 KEvrpO IOU <DopoUIl IOU Korvotuvtivou,

II otnsn nou EiXE uww8Ei npoc npnv IOU outoxpdtopc ~EIIEPVOUOE to

20 11, Uwo~.

I

'.

01 METAMOP(JlOrElE TOY BYZANTIOY ·33

Tnc; 'Agnes Taravella

To p£Ta~l, TO xpuodqn KQ1 TO conpi EiVQ1 to paOIKO OUOTanKa plO<; nOAuTtA£la<; nou n qmpn tnc cnsco- 8nKE pE TO qmopio rtepn ono tc ouvopo me Bu~avnvil<; Auroxputopioc,

MIA nOAH

META30TON I(AI XPYLOTEXNHMATON

01 EKKAnoiE~ me Lupia~ K01 me Toupxioc EKpupav pu~avnvou~ Gnooupouc OE xpuoo K01 conpi. (AonprVIQ KUAIKa IOU 60u 01., rrou ppESnKE 010 Korrep Kopnov.)

34·01 METAMOPIDm:m: TOY BYZANTIOY

KWV01OVHvounoAn, an6 tnv iopuon me, yE~i~EI an6 aVlIK£l~EVa Ko~w~tva an6 noAunpo ~tmMa. Ta opxoio KEi~Eva 10 ovoeepouv outo non an6 tn ony~n nou nEplypa<pOUV 10 Sp6vo KOi 10 <ptPElPO

IOU louonvrovou. <pnay~tva Kal 10 OUO one xpuo6.

o nauAo~ LtAEVllaP10~, 0 eruvpcpuoton016~ IOU louonvtovou, one mv nAwpa IOU, KOlaypa<pElm oxeun me BaotA1Kn~ tnc Ayia~ Lo<pia~ «n to nEplypa<pEI E~OlPEllKa, npay~a nou £lXE EmBEBalW8£l noMt~ <popt~ an6 lOU~ npooxuvntec.

=tpOU~E nw~, one lOY 40 ouovo. oxeun OE xpuoo Kat aon~l, lEpa n OXI, napayoVlat OE ~EYaAE~ nooorma; AnD cum tnv naAla enoxn. ~a~ £lVOI KaAuIEpa vvoom n opvupoxpuooxoio IOU 60u cuovc. AUlD XaPl~ OlOU~ EKKAnolaOllKou~ Bncoupouc nou enecov am xepio ApaBwv KOla nc EIOBoAt~ lOU~, Kupiw~ otn Lupia Kat omv Ioupsio. Ka8w~ eruonc KOi OE ~E~OVW~tva KO~~ana, oAa u4JnAn~ nototntcc. nou Bpt8nKav EKlO~ ouv6pwv m~ outoKpOlopia~. 'DAa cure 10 optotoupvnuoto ucptupouv ~EKa8apa onouoolo lEXVOyvwoia. Ta ~tmMa AIWVOUV KOi uoteoo XUVOVlOI OE <puMa, EVW oeupnxcrouv- 101 a~tow~ vro va ncpouv tva npono

Yotspo opioptvo KO~~ana lOPVEUOV- 101. onw~ 10 anOOE1KVUEI1O On~aOllOU KtVlPOU am KUnEMa. 'En Ella n EOWIEplKn nAwpa aUIWV lWV ~ElOM1KWV <puMwv o<pupnAOl£llOl. ME tn Bon8Ela Ev6~ cixpnpou EpyaA£lou, 0 XpUOOXOO~ aKa BEl rnv cvcnoon nAwpa curou IOU EunAaOlOU ~ElaMou, nm WOlE va KaVEI avayAu<po 10 OXt010 nou 8tAEl. Mia aMn ~t80oo~, n topeunxn. £lVOIlO EAa<pp6 OKa4Jl~O lOU <puMou ~E tn Bon8Ela ~la~ ~IKpn~ o~iAn~, xwpi~ va ByaivEI ~tlOMo. AUlt~ OIOUO lExvlKt~ snupenouv tn <ptAoltxvnon avayAu<pwv lWV onouov 01 AEmo~tpElE~ lovl~ovml uotepo ~E aKloa. '000 vm m onuovon KOi mv onorunocn. YlVOVlOI ~E umpo. £lIE KolAn £lIE avayAU<pn.'ElOl, netuxotvouv tnv aKplBn unoruruocn EVO~ OXEOlOU KOi erutuvxdvouv rnv EnnaXUVOn tnc ~a~IKn~ napaywyn~.

Mia lExvlKn. yvwOln an6 tn pw~a'(Kn snoxn. KOltXEI onuovuxn 8ton otnv cpvupoxolc, ElVOI n EYKaUOlIKn.

o texvnnc opvupoxooc XUVEI ueco OE pro evroun tva ~Eiy~a ~E Boon 10 8Elouxo opvupo. 0 onotoc OlOV 8Ep~av8Ei, orepeonorenrn. oxn~Oll~ovlO~ pro ernKaAu4Jn uoupou O~aAlOU evtovnc Aa~-

~ Ta prooou«i llu~ oivouv nsnpoqiopie; ylQ mv O1oSmllm lWV Bu~avnvwv w\ npoc ru xoopnpcro. (H nutoxpctapc 8EOowpa, vcoc Ayiou Bnnsiou me PaPEwa~, Irnsio, AmwllEp£la.)

MIa cpaVIaoia OEXPUOO

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n ua16pa~a, rrdvoi

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EnE~EPVO~OVlOV to xpuco KOl VlVOlOV

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H KaAAIEpyela tOU P£[Q~lOU,

onw<; mv avageoopnoe to BU~QVtlO

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36' 01 METAMOP<DO[EI[ TOY BYZANTIOY

ooppovn me tooonc oupeovo pE nc avaYKE~ TOU pETa~oOKw1nKa, OTa Sm<popa OTaOIa me E~£1I~n~ LOU. 01 PEm~oOKw1In<E~ Xoirrov ovarrruooovrci OE PEY<i1E~ aiBouoE~, OKIEPE~ KaI xwpi~ peoporo uepu, E~orW.opEvE~ p' Eva ouompo Oeppovonc -omv ouoia BEppaOTpE~ ~aApEvE~ otnv aiBouoa-, rravw OE ~ulIva rrAtypara, KaAUJlPEVa pE <puAAa poupidc, Eivo; nosu onpovUKO tn otpoporc curd va Siornpouvrei OE unosum KaBaplomm, yIa va onorpsuxflouv 01 aoBEvEI£~.

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Ito va oxnpcnou TO KOUKOUAI TOU, 0 pEm~ooKw1In(a~ IUAiYElaI OE vnpn pETa~lOu, rrou TO oUYKOAAa pE TO oaAIO TOU; TO orroio EiVaI K011IIUKO. Y OTEpa BaVarWVETaI TO EVlOpO KaI TO vnpo ~ETuAiYETm uno TO .KOUKOUAL

Xpnoiponoiouvtm rroAA£~ IEXVIKE~ YI' aura: tn KouKoulIa EiIE urro~Q11oVlm OE Beppoxpuoia 80aC EiIE ~uBi~OVlaI OE VEPO, n Siornpouvroi 010 aMn. H IEXVIKiI uum TOU aAanou, rrou EKBEla~ETm OE KlvE~IKa xripevo, OEV ava<pEpElm rrOUeEVa OE KEipEva IWV Bu~aVllvwv rrou eprcoov w~ U~ PEPE~ pa~. <DaivElm ncoc 01 Bu~aVllvoi xpnoiponoiououv paAAov tnv IEXVIKn TOU ooupvou n tnc ~iIpavon~ OTOV nAIO. To oalIo lOU pETa~ooKw1nKa, orcv Epen OE encon pE rn ~EOTn, xovn tnv KOAAnnKn lOU 1010mra KI Elm 0 Ka11IEpymn~ pnopel va ~ElUAi~EI TO vnpo povoxopporo, PEXPI xni tu 1.500 p. Ensue TO vnpo ruAiYETm 0' Eva podcvi, 01 pETa~wIE~ K1wOT€~ auvoua~oVlm eve BUo n IEOOEPI~, xopic 010 OQAIO TOU pEla~OoKw1nKa, rrou cnoxro rnv Ko11IInKn TOU 1010- tnm, sni to vnputo aura pETa<pEpoVlm prrri OE KUAivopou~, xm OTn ouvexaa 010 uqxrvroupveio, Eva ~ulIvo nsoioio rrou unoteseiun crro evov KEVlPIKO a~ova KaI uno reooepic «rrrepuveo. EKEi to vnpc ruAiYETm OE KOU~apIa Km TO pEla~1 Eivm ElOlPO yIa ~a<pn.

AvavEvvnon. n ourokpotcplo onoxro npav~anKo opunoupvnpoto me EYKauOnKn!; lEXV1Kn!;. 'O~W!; OE XOVOVlOl napoMnAa KOl 01 OME!; lEXV1KE!; me xpuooxotco aVl[8ElO. 10 O~OATO EPXEIOl va npoOlEBEi OE inc evtovn norouxn ncpavwyn. ouom ~. EKElvn ~ElO~U 40u KOl 60u ouovo. H EnE~Epvaola lOU xpUOOU EKonAwvElOl OE OIOq>OPE!; ~Opq>E!;: W!; xpuoovnuo xevtnuevo OE ~EIO~I. OE AEmn entotpoion lWV ~woa"lKwv. OTn ~wvpaq>IKn ~E mv entxptocn ...

H OAwon me KWVOlOVllvOUnOAn!; ana lOU!; LlOUpOq>OpOU!;. TO 1204. Ba npoOq>EPEl OAOV cure LOY nAOUTO OTnV nAEoVE~la me Mon!;. Ila LOY nAOUlD cute, o 10oEq>pEiOO!; BtAapooulvO!;. EVa!; ana lOU!; opxnvouc me LlOupoq>opla!;, Ba na on «nrov OlEAE1WTO!; KOl O~EIPO!;». H Pala d' Oro OlOV AVID MopKo tnc BEVEtlcc KOl 0 Bncoupoc me Sainte-Chapelle 010 Ilnpiot EiVOl ana 10 topmotepo oEiv~alO.

'Eva oMo nOAUIEAE!; npoiov ouvEBaAE otn ~EYaAOnpEnEla me ElKOVa!; TOU Bu~aVIlOU: 10 ~ElO~1. O!; m Ba01AEla TOU louonviovou (527 -565J 10 ~ElO~1 E~ap- 10101 ana TnV Kiva, an' onou E100VEIOl 10 oxctepvuoro npotov. KOl ana tnv AUlOkporoplo lWV Laooavlowv. nou EAEyXEl 10 nepcouo lWV KapaBaVlwv. AUln n E~OpTnOn lEAE1WVEl 10 554, OlOV ouo npOOKUVnTE!; povoxol ~ElOq>EPOUV OlOV outoxpcropu tn ~uonKo me onporpoq>la!; KOl KOuKouAla ~£lO~ooKwAnKa. 'EKIOIE 10 BU~OVllO Ba ncpcva OIKO lOU ~EIO~1. a apvaAElO!;, nou xpnouronoi-

nSnKEYla mv UqlaVon lOU ~Era~lOU. ntov oyvwmO!; omv Kiva KOl npoepxotov ana tn flu on n tnv llepolc. ~E 10 ovopo «opyaAElo~ avEAKuon~». H OlaqlOpO OE oxson ~E rov anAo apyaAElo ElVOl on enupena tn vpnvopn ucovcn nOAu ~EyaAuIEpwV uecopdnov. lWV AEYO~EVWV «sam it». llo va AEllOUpynOEl. XPElO~OVlOl ouo olO~a. 10 Eva va ueolva KOllO oMo va KlVEllOV apyaAElo Yla va OnKWVElOllO vnpo. TEAo~. Eva~ VEO~ runoc apyaAElou. nou E~qlavlomKE one opxec IOU 11 ou cuovc, Sa EnllPE4JEl tnv napaywyn uovoxptoucov UqlaO~OlWv ~E ~EYOAa OXESm. nou ovoucornxov lampas.

To ~EIO~l BploKElOl BEaOla one npwIE~ ypa~~E~ lOU eunoptou lWV Bu~aVllvwv. Ana 10 333. 0 KwvmaVllvo~ opyavwvEl tnv napaywyn IOU one ~EYOAE~ nOAEl~ me outoxpctopicc. Lmv KwvmaVllVOUnoxn.to ourokporopuoi epvoompm. nou onoxcsoevtov «yuvOlKEla». nrov EYKateomuevo nOAU KOVIO 010 naMn me nOAn~. aMo ernonc KOl OE OME~ ~EYOAE~ nOAEl~ tnc curoxpcropfuc, onw~ n Iupoc me Llowva~. '000 Yla to lOlwnKo epvocmpro, nou nrcv opvovouevo OE OUVlExvto. etxcv ouotnpouc xovovtouour, Av KOl to ~Era~oupYEla korntdocovtov OU~qlwva ~E mv nounmc lOU npoiovto; nou nopnvov KOl m SEon 10U~ otnv napaywyn. ElVOlOUOKOAO va olaKplvou~E rnv aKPlBn KataYWyn lOU~:O~W~. yLO KonOla OUYKEKpl~Eva ~Ela~wlo. n avoSECJn oto aUlOKpatOPlKO epvcotnprc unopet va OlKOloAoynSEl (~EIO~l oto ~ovoypa~~a lOU HpOKAElOU. nou BpESnKE otn AEl4JavoSnKn lOU KaSEoplKOU vcou me AlEyn~ n 10 ooBavo IOU IKUVIEp. om Ba~BEpyn).

Havamu~m~ Emop61[won~

MlQ o1An T£XVlKll epxeon vo 8lQveio£1 Til xpuooxoio: n 8lQ<PPO\'llOHKn nnopo1- toon (cloisonne). ITPOK£lTQl viu T£XVIKfi IIOU ouviotcrci oro vepiopo TWV 8lQmnllOTWV ll£W~U TWV XWPIOPOTWV IIOU EXOUV 81- weaned oto llEw110. EVO~ lldYllOIO~ Kpumo11lKn~ OKOVII~ KQl llao11u(wv o~£l6iwv. (EIKOVO IOU upxOYYE1ou Mixon), 11 oc - 12o~ oi.)

38·01 METAMOPCIlO[EI[ TOY BYZANTlOY

Ernonc qlalVElOl ncoc ~OVOV Ol lEXVllE~ lWV aUIOKpat0PlKWV ueovroupvekcv eixcv 10 olKalw~a va xpnoiponoiouv mv nopeupo yLO va BOqlOUV to ~Ela~WlO. KUPlW~ EKElVOllOU epvcornptou lOU ZEU~Lnnou. nou BplOKorav OinAO oro naAOll.

LU~qlWVa ~E lOY KEOpnvO. Bu~avnvo XpOVlKOypOqlO. to npouivto xpuooxolcc KOl to uooouoto ruoxouvrov otov OlKO lWV Aa~mnpwv ... KOl ElVOl EKnAnKnKo 10 YEYOVO~ on. ono rov 80 ouovo KOl ~EIO. unopel KaVEl~ v· ovopooa Eva xpUOaqllKO avraMoooovIO~ 10 ~E Eva ~Era~wlo. npoy~all. EKElVn tnv EnOXn 10 ~ElO~l KOl o xpUOO~. 010 lOlO Bopo~. EXOUV rnv iOla a~la. To ~EIO~l EylVE ~EOO nAnPW~n~ KOl oro E~n~ cnotopreuetor KOl ~ElaBlBo~E- 10l W~ KAnpOVo~lO.

Ta opere ixvn lWV oqlpaYlowv yvnmotntoc ncvto ora npoiovro me apyupoxolcc ucptupouv tn SEAnon me aUIOKPatOPlKn~ oLOlKnon~ va EAtYXEl tnv nounnro. 001000. aUIE~ OEV E~qlavl~ovral run ~EIO lOY 80 ouovc. H lOLa qlpOVllOa uncpxn KOl ora ~Era~wlo. Exouv BPESEl oqlpaYloE~ nou XpOVOAOYOUVlOl ana mv nepiooo ~Ela~u 60u KOl 90u ouovc. Ava~qliBoAa xpnotpeuov OlOV npOOOlOPlO~O OE~OlWV ~E usto~WIO. nou ayopa~av Ol KO~EPKlOPlOl npokropo; Ol onolor Epyo~ovrav vm 10 KpOlO~ ora ouvopo tn~ outoxpnroptoc. EivOl EVOLOqlEPOV 10 YEYOVO~ on 10 E~nopio ~Ela~WIWV ~E avraYWVlmE~ tnc BU~aVllVn~ napaywyn~ ~Ela~lOU. onw~ Ol LaooavioE~. OEV cnnvopeurnxe note. 'Eva OUVOAO VO~WV cnnpenn OE KOSE neplrmoon lOY EAEyXO lWV ouvaMaywv. Opiouevo npoiovro OEV ElVOl E~aYWYl~a. onw~ to nopeupd ~EIO~La. nou to xpo- 10UV Yla lOY outoxpdropo KOl Yla owpa otouc OLnAW~OlE~.

IKav6lvaBol OlO BU{UvtlO

'Onw~ OE oMa uepn KOl OE OME~ enoXEt;. Ol nepiopiopol outol EUVOOUV 10 AaSpE~noplO KOl tnv cnorn tnv onouumon tnt; aKPlBnt; ncpeupcc ~E Eva ~Ely~a qlSnvwv qlunKwv Baqlwv. 10 Pl~OPl KOl 10 AOuMKl. Kl EnElOn 10 ~umlKO EPESl~El rnv EnLSu~ia. BAEnou~E aKo~a KOllO Povnpo B' tnt; LlKEAla~ va Olx~aAwll~El 10 1146 ueovtoupvouc ana tnv ASnva KOl tnv KOplVSO. yLO va ncpotxooouv ro ~umlKo me lEXVnt; roue otouc KatOlKOUt; IOU naAEp~o. O: ovSpwnOl outoi OEV aqlESnKav EAEUSEpOl. nopo nc olanpay~atEUOEl~ nou EKaVE 0 outospctopoc lOU Bu~aVllou.

AUla 10 aVSnpo eunopro nOAuIEAWV npotovnov anAwvEral OMWOIE OE ~OKpO~. fllOqlOPEt; ucptuplec EnLBEBOlrovouv. Yla napooEly~a. tnv nopouoto otnv KwvoravnvounOAn LKavOlvaBwv eunopov ana lOY 90 ouovo KOl KalaOElKVUOUV tnv unopfn OLnAW~anKwv KOl eunopucov OXEOEWV ~Era~u lWV oua nepioxtov. 0 cutoxpmopoc AAt~lOt; A' 0 Ko~vnvot; unooexerm to flavo BaOLAlO'EPlK'EYEKOVl KOllO NopBnyo BamALO HYKOUPVl MOYKVOUOOOV. TEAot;. noMoi Bnouupoi, pouoousuovuco] KOl Bu~avnvoL BpESnKav otnv Euponn IOU Boppo: oto Haithabu tnt; flavlat; (Bu~avnvo vcpiouoto KOl oqlpayloaJ. OlOV KaSEOPlKO IOU Avlou KVOUlOU otnv Ovtevco (lE~OXlO ~Era~wlou. nou anoOlOEIOl ora epvcornpro tnc Kwvmavnvounoxnd, 010 XOV tnt; NopBnyiat; (vo~lo~ata KOl xoopnporo} To OlaqlOPEllKO aUIO oroueio OElXVOUV rnv EKraon nou ElXE nupa to Bu~aVllVo E~nopio. euvotovroc Elm noManAEt; nOAl- 1l0nKEt; avraMayEt;. H qnion ~OAlOla lWV nOAuIEAWV curcov npotovrov to KaSlmo ou~BoAa. 1000 nOAlllKO 000 KOl SpnOKEUnKO.

Ta nopoupc ~ElO~La npoopkovun. onoc ElOa~E. Yla lOY aUIOKpOIopa. To ~EIO~l. ~a~ ~E 10 xpuoo KOllO oonpi. ~E to onoio oUVOUO~EIOl ouxvn. cnotexef l~n~a lWV owpwv nou EKavE 0 cuteKpolOpat; OE EnLqlaVElt; qllAO~EVOU~EVOUt;. xm nai~El EIOl Evav oumcouxo POAO one fiLnAW~anKEt; OXEOElt;.

Enlonc. n M~4Jn lOU ~Eta~LOU KOlIWV noxunurov ~EIOMwv ncipva nOAu ypnyopa tn OU~BOAlKn onpoolo lOU SE'iKOU qlWIOt;. 'ElCJl. Ol EKKAnolEt; moAi~oVlOl nc yLOpnVEt; ~EPEt; ~E xpuoo KOl cpvupo more KOl ~E ~EYOAa ~Ela~wlo. AKo~a. oro ~EIO~llUAiyOVlOl AEl4Java cvitov KOl qlUAOOOOVIOl uotspo OE XpUOEe; n non~EVlEt; AEl4JaVOSnKEt;.

H nnocn tnt; BU~aVllVnt; AUlOKpalOplat; 10 1453 OEV anOlEAEl KOl 10 lEAOt; lWV ~Ela~wlwv KOl tnt; notousnc xpuooxotcc 0 EyXOpaKlOt; O~OAIOt; ernspotel om fluon ana 10 120 cuovc KOl n E~onAwon lWV neplenptov O~OAIWV lOU Pnvou KOl IOU Al~OU~EV Sa EnLBEBOlWOEl tnv erutuxlo ournc tnc vccc KOounpotonoucc.Doo Yla 10 ~EIO~l. ~Ela~u me fl' Lraupoqloplat; KOl tnt; ntoionc tnt; outoxpotoptoc. Sa yvwPloEl ovcnrutn otnv IraAia. E~oMou Sa qllOOEl OE notalma nou OE Sa 'XEl OE lin OlE va ~nAE4JEl oumv lWV Uqlao~61WV tnt; AValOAnt;.

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01 METAMOP<DOI:EILTOY BYZANTIOY ·39

II

MEtO my E~OrrAWOn

TWY A~opwY, 0 HpoKAElo~ aIlw8Ei TOU~ Ileporc, TOU~ onoiouc VlKO OPWTlKO TO 627. (Xupovpooo TOU lSou QI.)

nw~ undpxouv «~€P£~ oveu». unopxouv Kat «ouovec oveu»: Eov KOllO~£l Kovd~ TOV KOYOAOYO pe TOU~ OA€Bpouc £OWy£plKOU~ KaL £~WY£plKOU~. nou €KOVOV TO Bu(ovno va nopanola YOV 70 ouovo. n oncvmon dvat oOljlw~: val. Tl ouv€Bn o~w~. WOl£ n OUYOKPOYOp[O va Bp£8d 010 XElAO~ you YKP£~OU KOl OE onuelo nou va KOVEl YO ~EYOAO Bn~o npoc YO pnpoc. H oAn8£lo elvm nroc YO oKouAnKl unnpxe ~€OO OYOV knpno. To «npo- 6polla af)lla6ta yta rt( 6oKlllaa[E( nou illEME va pBouv». £KfinAw8nKov Mn ana YO ~€OO you 60u OlWVO. am filOpKElO me BOOLAElo~ you 10UOllVlOVOU A' [527 -565). onw~ BEBatwV£l 0 Jean-Claude Cheyne!, K08nymn~m~ Bu(ovnvn~ 1000p[0~ 010 ncveruonuno Paris IV -Sorbonne. «H 6f)lloyparplKrj aupp[Kvwaf) iXEI oto E(rj( (EKlvrjaEI, IlEYaAounoAEI( otuoc f) AVYlOXEla napaKlla(ouv, 01 nopcooouixoi MIlOI KIV6uVEUOUV ... » Xwp[~ va ~EXVO~E YOU~ O£lO~OU~ nou OUVYOPO~OV tnv [fila tnv Avuoxeic KOl oAn m Iupln, one 29 MoTou you 526 KOl one 29 No£~Bp[ou you 528, fiuo 1jl0B£po[ OElO~O[ [~£yEBou~ 10 n 11 B08~wv, ~£ overoro YO 12, ornv KA[~OKO MEpKoAl) 1jl0[VEYOl noc ElXOV w~ OnOl€A€o~O 250.000 VEKpOU~. KoYlo OE OUYO, n noVOUKAO, nou ElXE E~OIjlOVlOlEl ana YOV KOO~O me M€OoYEloU ana YO 20 atWVO,

E~IjlOv[(nOl ~OVO 10 'IjlBlVOnWpo you 541, onofiEKOY[~OVYO~ K08n~Eplvo xrAlOfiE~ ctouc. ov rnoreuoupe YOV HAnvo lOYOPlKO npOKOIIlO. H £IIlfin~[o np8£ one tnv A[yumo otnv Kwvoyovnvounoxn YO 542. Irnv opxn n€Batvov 5.000 KOl ~no 10.000 KOYOlKOl tnv nuepo. Exouv KOYOYPOIjlEl 230.000 v£xpol. Kat UOYEPO €noljJov ruo va ~EYpOUV YO nnopcto one nUAE~ me nOAn~ ...

H £IIlfin~[o fiEV €IjlUYE ypnyopo an' tnv npWYEUOUOO, Kat €IIOVE~IjlOVl~OYOV Ko8E fi€KO n fi£KOn€V1£ XPOVlO, ~€XPl YO ~€OO YOU 70u atWVO. Hrov oouvorov va unoAOYlOlEl 0 OKplBn~ nAn8uo~o~, fiEfio~€YOU on fiEV unnpxcv OUYKEKPl~€VO OYOlXElO. «H tptxouaa anotpf»>, B£BolWV£lO Cyril Mango, KoBnymn~ 010 noVEIIlOYn~lO tnc O~ljlopfin~l KOl BoBu~ yvwOln~ me KWVOlOYllVOUnOAn~, «dvtn art ro noooato rwv 6f)IlOrWV me noAf)( IlEIWBf)KE (ava «ot» 50%. [E apIBIlOU(, aura onuatvu tvav nAf)BuallO nou 6EV (EnEpVOUaE rt( 40.000», exnunon [OW~ AlYo Ijlywxn, ~lO Kat ElVat YVWOYO nw~ YO 450 neplnou €IjlYOv£ one 400.000. Kat n unoxotnn OUYOKPOYOp[O; Anofiuvo~wBnK£ nAn8uo~LOKO; H epotnon £~oKOAOu8El va filXO~El TOU~ £lfilKOU~, nou elvct OU~IjlWVOl o~w~ ornv cnoum on Ol nOAEl~ nrov YO KUPlO 8u~oyo ournc tnc £IIlfin~[o~. To on fi£v €XOU~£ OPXatOAOYlKO supnporc ana OOY£OIjlUAOKlO n ~o~lKn onoxpuum Bnonuptov KOVEl optO~€VOU~ va EAoxlOlonolouv rn YEvlKn ouppfxvocn you nAnBuo~ou. AMol,

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40· 01 METAMOPIDOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTIOY

AnD TOV Philippe- Testard- Vaillant

~ Toy 60 uuovc n IlaYOUKAa KOYEl Opcuon: IlOYW uno 230.000 vrxpoi KQTaypoq>oVlQl OE 400.000 xcroixouc OTO BU~OVllO.

42' 01 METAMOP<DO[EILTOY BYZANTIOY

naAL. aVl[8na. ouvnvopouv OE ~JLa B[OLn xctuppeuon. 010 ~ElPO ~aALOlO nou E~cpaV[OmKE KOL ~La aMn. cpOBEpn 006EVELa. n EUAOYLa. nou OLomOlw6nKE otn flu on nepinou 10 560 KOL nEpLypacpnKE O~EOW<; KOla 10 620 ana EVa YLOlPO tnc AAE~avopELo<;. lOY Aapwv. «E(aMou. r[- 8UOI ro eoonnuo jJrynwe; fl novouKAa. nou npoKaAEoE KEVO atnv OIKOVOjJ[O. tua YEvlKorEPfl onoouvajJwofl rwv ouvaMayciJv. arpfloE avtYYlxrfl tnv ApaB1Kry XEPOOVflOO. noptxovtat; tun 0pl8jJflnKO nAEovtKrfljJa otouc ApaBEe; noALOpKflrtc;». E~nYEl 0 Jean-Claude Cheynet.

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~OUV 1L<; OVOlOALKE<; enopxiec KOL uncivouv otnv IEpOUOOAn~ 10 614. npcvpo nou oonynoE otn ocpoyn lOU nAn6uo~ou KOL otnv cpnnvn IOU Tiptou I:lOUpOU. 'YOlEpO. 10 619. KUPLEUOUV mv A[yumo. 10 OLloBoAWVO tnc KWVOlOVlLvoUnoAn<;. npOKaAWVla<; OLOKonn lWV onOOlOAWV ouopiou KOL orroceto. rLO OEKOEl[E<;. OL nEpOE<; KOL OL BU~OVlLVOi. OLWVLOL OVl[noAoL. 60 OUYKPOUOVlOL OE V[KE<; KOL OE nnE<; EKOlEpw6EV. ~EXPL mv lEALKn V[Kn lWV BU~OVlLVWV. 10 flEKE~BpLO IOU 627.

flEV npoAoBov OUOlUXW<; va ndpouv ovcco. aL ApoBE<;. nou ElXOV 101E ~OAL<; EVw6El KalW one 10 AaBopo me 6pnOKE[O<; nou ElXE KnpU~EL 0 npocpnm<; Mwa~E6. Enn[6EVlOL! To Bu~avlLO. Kala tn ou~cpwvn oncqm lWV LOlOpLKWV. OEV EVLWOE lOY K[VOUVO. KL ElOL. OEV EXlLOE CPPOUPLO otn VOlLa nAEUpa IOU. «npayuau. roue; OltrpUYE rEAdwe; a veoneptouKOe; xopoKrrypoe; iuoc 8pfloKEfoe; nou OEV EfXE OKOjJO npoatuopunei EnOKplBciJe; KOI OEV unooeoav va npoBAttpouv rov K[Vbuvo nou 80 eneoepe oro xpionavo» oioixeio tn; nepioxn», oxoALa~EL 0 Jean-Claude Cheynet.

01 np6)t&~ &nl8£a&l~

Bopu ocpaA~ol aL Em6EoEL<; lWV ApaBwv ~EKLVOUV KOVla otnv nOAOLOl[vn KOL otn I:up[o. 000 nrov ornv E~ouo[a OL ouo nporror xaAicpE<;: 0 A~nou MnaKp [632- 634) KOL KUp[W<; 0 a~ap [634-644). H outoxpotopln. cnoouvoptopevn uotepn ono 10 uoxpoxpovro oywva evcvnc OlOU<; nEpOE<;. OEV EXEL nAEOV to ~EOO va OLompnOEL. va E~onAioEL KOL va 8PELjJEL otpnto aVla~LO aUIOU IOU ovoucroc. nEplnou 1.500 avopE<; 0108~EUOUV otnv AVlLOXELO. ~EPLKE<; XLAL6oE<; ~EVOUV otnv A[yumo KOL KanoLE<; EKOlOVlc'i6E<; reno- 8nouv1OL otnv KOLoapELa.'YoIEpa one ~EPLKE<; nm<; KOL mv KalaAnLjJn me fla~aoKou one lOU<; ApaBE<;. 0 outokpdropa<; HpaMELo<;. nALKLw~EVO<; rue KOL ~E VEUPLKE<; oLalOpoxE<; [OEV OVEXEIOL tn 8Ea lOU VEPOU). aVa8ElEL tn OUVEXELO lWV EmXELpnOEWV OlOV aOEAcpolOU 9EOOwpo. AUIO<; YVWp[~EL 10 npovporo KOL EYKa6LOla 10 cpxnvelo IOU otnv AVlLOXELa yLO va EnLBMnEL 1L<; EnLXElpnOEL<; uno ~aKpLa. Ta ouo otporoneon aMnAOKOlaoKonEUOV1Ol. Em ~nvE<;. 'a~w<; lOY AUyOUOlO IOU 636. uoupn nuepounvln EVO<; ouovo cntonc OKOIELVOU. 0 Bu~aVlLvo<; OlPOlO<; nrtctm OlOV rLap~ouK. EVa ~LKPO nopcnotnuo IOU lopbcvn, KOVla om AL~vn TLBEpLc'i6a. ana lOY Xa-

ALVl lpnv Ounxivr, lOY KaAUIEpo ApaBa otpornvo. Kctcotpoen. XLAUlOE<; VEKPOL KEllOVIOL 010 nEOLO me ~axn<;.

Or orpctuorec IOU AMax EXOUV EAEU- 8EPO 10 nsoio. «Movo ra teixn rwv noAEwv unapxou« tua yw va roue; otouamooov«. AEEL 0 Jean-Claude Cheynet. «Ilptnei ojJwe; va y[VEI «atavom» on. av 01 noAEle; outti; OEV unoaoov va EAn[(ouv OE ouvtopt; Bory8EW ana ro Bu(avrLO. OEV exe: vonua yi' tunic va av8[aravral yw noAu. aKojJo «tu orav ow8trouv anapta uixn ... » H ra~a nEcpIEL 10 637. n IEPOUoaAn~ 10 638 lcutri tn cpopa o~w<; tn AElLjJaVa IOU 9Elou n680u<; eixcv cpuyaOEUIEl yLO cpuAo~n ornv KWVOlOVlLVOUnosn, tn NEo IEpOUOaAn~1. n AVlLoxELa 10 640. EVW n AAE~avopELa oLanpawateusroi mv nap6000n me 10 642. ME mv E~cp6vLon 10U<;. OL ApaBE<; anELAouv a~EOa tn M. Acto. npoxtopouv npoc rnv Apuevlo. EnnL8EvloL ornv Kunpo. om Pooo. otnv Kw. om X[O. XpnOL~onOLWV- 10<; aYKupoBoALa nou ElXOV xaOEL OL Bu~avlLvoi. nspvouv 10 flapoaVEMLa KaL nolpvouv mv KU~LKO. Tnv aVOL~n lOU 674 Eva<; LOXUP0<; OlOAO<; 0YKupoBoAEl 010 Boonopo. KOL uotepo CPEUYEL YLa mv Ku~LKO. KaL OUIW Ka8E~n<; YLa reocepo xpovm. a Ex8pLKO<; OlOAO<; unoxtopei 1£ALKa 10 678. nnnuevoc ana Eva YEO onAo. 10 uypo nup. nEcplEL OE 8uEMa KOL Bu8L~EIOL 010 ovotxni me na~cpuALa<;. 010 VOlO tnc M. AoLa<;. NEa m[8Eon 60

YlVEl TO 717-71 B, J.lE 1.BOO nAola. Kat nOAl6Ev netuxclvouv TlnOTE. H ~wn TWV aUTOKPaTOpWV OE aUTO TOV 70 cuovc, nou xapaKmpl~ETCl ana nAnYJ.laTa OE Bopo~ me outoxprnoploc. 6EV KUAC nouxo. a AaOJ.llOmO~ MauplKlO~, TO 602, ouMaJ.lBoVETat Kat60AOqlOVElTal (onw~ Kat Ol vim TOU) ana Evav EKaTOVTaPXO tnc otpoudc TWV BaAKaVlWV, TO QlWKO, nou J.lE rn OElPO TOU 8a anOKEqJaAlOTEl KaTO 6laTayn TOU HPOKAELOU, TO 610.

«H auroKparOptK~ f:(ouo[a aJirpt08f]r~8f]Kf: ouxv» pt(tK(P>, AEEl 0 J -C. Cheynet. «Kat «at» ro 6E:urf:po JiL06 rou 70u aui) va, ueoa Of: WptK6 xpovta. apxetoi auroKporopa; 8' ovtiiouv oro 8p6vo 610- 60XtKO Kat f] 8aotAda touc 80 KaraM(f:t ou; 8[0». 'Elm ouvefin J.lE TO Asovno TO 695, 0 onoioc. aqJou Ka8alpEoE TOV lououvicvo B', opovnoe va TOU KOljJOUV tn uutn. 'aJ.lW~ n BamAEla TOU VEOU nvetn 8a ElVat OUVToJ.ln. al OV6PE~ TOU mOAOU 8' avaKnpu~ouv aUTOKpoTOpa TOV Anoiucpo. J.lE TO ovopc TlBEPlO~, 0 onoioc 8a KaTaqJEpEl va una amy KwvoTavnvounoxn. EqJTo XPOVlO opvorepo YlVETat OTOon. a TlBEPLO~ EKTEAElTat ana TOV louonvrovo B', nou OVOKOTEAOBE tnv E~OUOlO TO 705 Kat nou J.lE tn OElPO TOU 8a E~OVTW8El ana TOV APJ.lEVlO Bcpfiovn. Isxvn. K080po TWV Bu~aVTlVWV, vo aAAnAOOqJO~OVTal. ..

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al qJUOlKE~ KOTOOTpOqJE~, Ol Em6nJ.llE~ Kat Ol KaTO KatPOU~ nrtsc npOKOAEOav B08J.llOlO rnv KaTOqJuyn otnv llovovlo KOl OTOU~ OYlOU<; KOl tnv mlKAnon TOU<;, Kat euvoncov tnv ovomu~n me AaTpEla<; TWV ElKOVWV, tnv onolc EVO J.lEpO<; me KOlvn<; yvwJ.ln<; 8a KPlVEl, KaTO TOV snoJ.lEVO nuevo. unEpBoAlKn2

nap' OAO OUTO, TO BU~OVTlO 80 unopcOEl vo YUPlOEl outn tn oEAl6a -uio ana nc rue OKOlElVE<;- tnc totoploc TOU. To Bu~ovno 8a EmBlwoEl, npoyJ.lo nou 6E 80 oUJ.lBEl J.lE tnv ovnnoxo Ilspotc.

KaT' opxcc, OW~El tnv nptotcuouon TOU, nou tnv unEpaonl~OVTat onouoclo TElXn Kat n nOVOYla, n ovonnuevn TOU npoonmou.Eneuc. mWqJEAElTal ana nc 6lXOVOlE<; OTO J.lOUOOUAJ.laVlKO KOOJ.lO, OTaV, OE Konolo KplOlJ.ln onYJ.ln nou n npoexccn TOU Ex8pou E6ElXVE ovcnotpsntn'. ~Eono EJ.lqJUAlO ouppo~n J.lETa~U 6uo Enl60~wv xaAlqJn6wv (TOU AAl Kat TOU MwaBlal. on' onou 80 npoKuljJEl 0 6lXOaJ.lO~ 6lapKElo<; J.lETa~U ouuov Kat

~---, H A vn6xEla OE napaIqlll I10AH! OUVOPII, II A VT10XElO O£XElOl IIOAM ~opla nsnvpcro: OElapOU<; to 526, KOlaAml1ll uno roue I1£pOE<; W 540 KQl OIIO WU<; ApO~E<; ro 640 .

..... IEPOUOaUtp, n6m un6 61aKUpEUOD H ovio II01rr II£qnEI ro 614 otu xepio IWV Ilspotov KQl ro 638 010 xepic TWV Apa~wv. To IIOAUUPO AEiI[JQVO XaVOVTQl tnv rrpotn oopd KQl pEla euMOOOVtal OE oo<pol£<; OIIpEiO,

oouvmov. «Iisot: ro BU(OvrlO tnwrpf:A~- 8f]Kf: an6 to orparf]YtKO nAf:OVf:Kr~Jiara ue JiIO npiouoouoa JiaKptO an6 rtr; uouooUAJiaVtKtr; 800f:1r;, npoYJiO nou npoKaAouof: otouc tnm8tJif:vour; oUYXUOf] Kat «oaux», AEEl 0 J-C. Cheynet.

H aVOAnljJn me E~OUOla<; ana tn 6uvooteio lWV looupov (Mwv " Kat 0 ylO<; TOU, KwvmavTlvo<; E', KOAOl otpomvofl. 80 m08EponolnoEl mv OUTOKpoTOplKn E~OUOlO, nou BploKoTav OE noxnpc anJ.lElO EKElVn mv snoxn. 80 6WOEl TO nepl8wPlO va ovoouoroaouv mpanwnKE<; 6UVOJ.lEl<;, J.lE oxono, av OXl va anOTEAEOOUV oVTLBapo one otpcnec lWV xaAlqJn6wv, rousoxunov VO unepuoruotouv otoorotepo rnv OUTOKpaT0pla.

AUla pcprupet n nptotn J.lEyOAn XEpcole vlKn nou KaTnyaYE 0 Mwv l". otov AKPO'ivo lonu AqJlOV Kapo Xiocpl. TO 740.

1 Kal ovyypacpEa~ rov EpyOV:

La Developpement urbain de Constantinople (IVe-VIIe s.) Ed. De Boccard, 2004

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lAcpov vnira~av rnv Apjl£via 01 jlovoovAlulvDl.

01 METAMOP!IlOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY ·43

ArIO THN EII(ONOMAXIA

LTO 8PIAMBO THL OP80~03IAL

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Ana tov Philippe Descarnps

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01 METAMOP<IlO[EI[ TOY BYZANTlOY • 45

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46· 01 METAMOP(JlOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY

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a AEwv r' 0 'lccupoc 6laKOn1€l unotope cum mv nOAl1lKn 8EToV1a<; OE lOXU

01 METAMOP(JJO[EI[ TOY BYZANTIOY ·47

10 nptoto €lKOVOKAaOtlKO OlOtav~a 10 726. AvaOtatW~EVO~ ana mv €V€PVOnoinon. €K€lVn m XPOVlO, €VO~ rupcrOt€laKOU vnoiou oro BOp€lOaVatOAlKO tnc Kpr'nn~, V€Vovo~ nou epunveuet W~ EKljlpaOn rnc Bt"iKn~ opvn~ VLa rnv axaAlvwm €~OnAWOn tnc Aatp€la~ tWV €lKOVWV otnv AvatOAn, a ouroxpctopoc apxl~€l va ~lAO vro «KataOtpOljln tWV aVlwv Kat npnuevrov €lKOVWV», oruoc ovceepa to XPOVIKO rou eOOipOVOUC;.

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H eucovounxlo ~En€PVO AOlnOV 10 €nl- . n€OO anAn~ B€OAOVlKn~ OlEV€~n~ Vla va IjltOO€lOlO Enln€OO KpatlKn~ unossonc.

Ta 730 0 cutoxpdropoc. un pnoptovroc va Bp€l xonoro Auon am OUVKpouon pe tOY nciptcpxn. OUVKaA€lOn~OOla ou- . vEAwon [silentiuml. am OlOpK€la tnc onotoc €KljlpO~€l on~oOla tnv avt[8€On tOU am Aatp€la tWV €lKOVWV. H ovtlopcon tau none fpnvopfou S' O€ Aa~Bavnal unoum Kat €lVat ljlap~aK€pn, npoKaAWvta~ evrnceic OlapK€la~ ~€ta~u Pw~n~ Kat KWVotaVtlVOUnoAn~.

Lta xpovio nou aKOAouBouv to V€VOvow BEtOUV rn OlEV€~n vto nc €lKaV€~ O€ o€ut€pn ~olpa: 0 avwva~ €vavtlOV tWV ApaBwv, Ol SOUAvapOl, or OUVW~OOI€~ KOl Ol ononetpsc otpoucmknc €~Ey€Pone. xm, tEAO~, n €nLon~la naVOUKAa~ [omv cnolo ot €lKOVOAatp€~ BAtnouv tnv €KOnAWOn me B€'iKn~ opvn~J anaOXOAOUV Kat' onoxxaonxcmtc tl~ Bu~aVtlVE~ APXE~ KOl nc cnopcxpuvouv ana to npoBAn~a me axovouoxloc.

To oxiopa nvdpeon amy AvatoAooi EKKAnoia Kal am Popn

[TI 0 II£vt°PXIKO 10£WO£e; me; OlKOUjl£VIKrle; xpronuvnoic £J.<KArroioe; (I£pOUOOMjl, Avnoxae, AAE~OVOP£!O, Ptopn KQI KWVOIOVllVOUIIOAn) nepiopiotnxe 010 IIEPOO]lO {WV QlWVWV oe Eva Smosiopo IIOU EqJ£p£ OVlljlUWII£e; Pcopn KQI KWvotOVllVOUIIOAn. 01 IIOAmO]lIKEe; KQI IIOpOOOOIQKEe; OIOqJOpEe; jl£lO~U tWV BUo EKKAnOlWV etxov non Spoposovnon mv IIOpEiO IIpOe; 10 oxiopc jlE rrpercvovioui 10 \Dcimo, IOV 90 oievo: UOI£pO

uno pic oIEv£~n tPIOVW xpovov (nou rmps tUOe; 10 879), oVOYVWpiOlllK£ tEhlKO, ojlolpoio, n 10IQit£pn npoxnxn tWV Suo EKKAnOlWV. Llle; OpXEe; IOU 110u QlWVO oivouv KQI noipvouv 01 xpmxec tWV BU~OVlIVWV vio «moxsiono uov Aorivev, onoc n xpnon o~utJou OplOU n n vnoteic IOU LOPPOtoU. H rrpooflnxn tou «filioque» 010 «TIIOI£uw» (on OnAo6tJ. to AylO Ilvrupo £KnOp£U£lQl «£K tou Ilorpoc KQI tou YIOU»), nou ulO8Emo£ n PWjlolKrl EKKAnoio 10 1014, KGtOKpi8llK£ EVtoVO KQI uno touc'Essnve; Eroi, 0 norpmpxnc Mixon), Knpousnpioc, pnv prropovrcc va OVlE~£! to y€Vovoe; on KonOlOl xpioncvot me; Koivotcvnvouncsnc OEV OVOYVWP1~OV mv £~ouoio rou, ono<pooi~£! vn uEiO£! nc £J.<KArroi£e; me; IIOAne; IIOU OKOAou80uv 10 AOllVIKO nrrnxo. 0 nOIIOe; Mwv e' onoqJooi~£! va OI£iA£! to 1054 IIP£oPEio omv KWVOIOVlIVOUIIOAn, vic va ou1;Iunoouv W onpsic oIQqJwvioe;, ncooncerovrcc pe OUtOV tov {POIIO va II£tUX£! mv unoornpifn tWV BU~OVlIVWV omv opuvo KGtO tWV VOPjlOVOIKWV £m8Eo£wv am VOllO Irusto. 'OjlWe; 0 mince n£8oiv£! 0I1e; 19 AIIPI1i<iU 1054 KQI 0 Knpousdpioc opveltai tore Ko8£ ouZYunon pe roue Acnvouc, L£ ovtnnoooon, 01 OII£OlOAjlEVOl tou nona Kmo8uouv POUAO OqJOPIO]lOU evcvriov tou rmtpidpxn. Exeivoc, nOAl, oe urroxpouon me; npooposnc, oqJopi~£1 jl£ m onpd tou roue OIIEOla1..jlEVOUe; tou ndno 0I1e; 24 Ioustou H pnfn EX£! nAEOV mEA8£!, O£OOjlEVOU on EVOe; OlnAOe; OqJOpIO]lOe; 1000UVOjlEi jl£ oxiopo.

Mnopei auto KQ8EQuto to y€Vovoe; va pnv Eix£ 1010itEpn urmxnon, onm£1.Ei OjlWe; to qxivepo ouprrropc me; po8- prcfcc unopdxpuvonc me; AvGtoAIKne; EKlWIOioe; uno m Auttxn. TIEpo OIIO 10 npopAnjlo tou filioque, ouooropeumxav no11.Ee; coupooviec 8EjlOW AmoupYIKa, ovopic uov I£PEWV, jlEy£80e; y£v£laoOe;, nAIKio pomiO]lGtoe; ... TEAOe;, n ci1won me; KWVOlOVllVOUIIOAne; uno roue LWUpOqJOpoue; to 120480 novuooei KQI 80 emoepnvioei m pnfn cum,

48' 01 METAMOPQlOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTIOY

Ph. D.

o Kwvotavtlvo~ E' 0 Konptovupoc. nou EVlV€ ouroxpctopcc to 741. €lVOl €K€lVO~ nou avaAa~Bov€l va otofleponomoa mv «orcoroon.Drov n npoondB€lO tOU oAoKAnpwvnOl, OUVKaA€l, 10 754. tn LUvooo me IEp€la~. EK€!. Ol 300 noptotouevot enloxonoi. OAOlI0U~ OX€fiov €lKOVO~aXOl, KataOlKa~ouv EVtOVa mv «rexvn tWV aVLOvpaIjlWv». T01€ ~€Klva ~la enoxn ouotnuouxnc €Kolw~n~ nov €lKOVWV, ~€ tnv UnOotnpl~n ~lO~ €lKOVOKAOOtlKn~ B€oAoVIO~, nou filEBm toxupd ernxeipnucro. Ln~€po OKO~O BploKou~€ lxvn ournc me snoxnc otnv €KKAnolo tnc KOl~nO€W~ otn NIKOlo. onou EVO~ oroupoc OVtlKOIEotnO€ rnv €lKOVa me Iluvovinc. Ol €lKOVOAcltP€~ , [KOl Katcl npetov Ol uovoxof filwxBnKOV, EPVO €lKOVOvpOljln~EVO nopofioBn- ,

~-----, 1E'iIJl«J\iOl~ l!XiJil)V DOCOJV«n»V n H EIK6vo, AEVE 01 EIKOVOACtrpE<;, OEV ].lIIOpEi va E~O]lOIWSEi ]lE EiOWAO KOI npsna va q>EPEI to ovopo tou oyiou nou OVOnOpI01a. (Bu?,'ovnvD. E!K6vo, OE proonuco, 1120.)

IFl H ilrurEpn Iuvooo<; me NiKOlO<;, nou OUVEPX£tOl to 787 U01EPO on6 ctmpo me Eipnvnc, xnpac tou Acovroc il . , KaroAiJ.y£! OE KOraoiKIT torv £!KOVO]lOxwv. TIPEnEI 6]lW<; va nEpI]lEvOU]lE W<; to 843 YIO va KAEiO£! to KEq>aAOIO ouro, r600 on6 SpnOKEUnxnc 600 KOI on6 nosmxnc nxeupdc. (Poxnxn encovc me Iuv600u, 180<; 01.)

on uov EKKAnOl(i>v me AVQtOM<;

l'Grav 0 ouroxpdropcc Kovomvrivoc onoq>ooi?,'£! va KaVEI ernonpn Bpnoxrfn TO xp10nOVl0]l6, Kara m OlapK£!O me Ilpromc Iuv600u me NiKOIO<; ro 325, Em~aA1EI mv 10EO Ev6<; XPIOlOU 8mvSpwnou. To 06YJ10 auto oonyEi OlOV OnOKAEI0]l6 aEivwv nou OE SEWPOUV to Xpioro napa povo 8E6 (YVWOlIKOi) KOI a£1- vwv nou roy SEWPOUV povo avSpwno (opncvoi). To npcoro xivnpc So rnl~lwo£!01Oq>6pwv OIoSmlKwv PEU]laTWV KOI to OruTEPO ]lEOO 0l0 ... IoAO]l.·Evov OlWVO upvorepc, eruoupfiofva nOp6]l01O oxiopo, oA1a rno nrno, ]l£tO~u TWV KAnpov6]lwV IOU xovotovrlvaou XPIOlIOVlO]lOU. 01 VEOlOPlOvoi -nou ExOUV onOKA£!- 0l£1 on6 tn Iuvooo me Eq>EOOU IOU 431- urroompkouv 10IOirEpo mv ovSpwmvn unootoon IOU XPIOlOU, EVW vic roue ]lOVOq>UOlrE<; -nou OnOKA£101llKOV 0lT6 m ouvooo me XOAKIT06vo<; 10 451- npOE~apxouoo SEan xntexei OE nutov n SElm ouon rou. TIoM ouvropo 01 VEOlOPlOvoi So aOlwxSouv on6 to pW]l01K6 xpdroc KOI SO Koraq>Uyouv OlOU<; TI£pOE<; IooooviOE<;. 01 povocooitec, on6 m ]lEPla roue, So ouotnoouv roue ovnepovouvrec 010 EOwrEpIK6, EVW So uovuoBouv ornv Aiyurno, am Iupio KOi amv Appevio. 01 unosomoi xpionnvoi nou nopcpsvoov un6 mv E~ouoio tou outoxpdtopn KOi OE ernxorvovic ]lE m Popn Snpioupvouv mv OpS600~n n BU?,'OvrlvD. EKKAnoio. 01 on6yovoi roue am Iupio KOI 010 Ai~avo onosnsouvmi ndvm Poup,

trIO va E~oUOmpwo£! nc onpovnxec evtdoeic nou npOKaA£1 n ovnrmsotntn opSo06~wv KOi povocuomov, 0 cutoxpdropnc HpaKA£!o<; pixva to 616 mv 10EO on 0 XpI0l6<; exei pic KQI povn Sfuon. Emi?,'£! £TO! va onoqniva m ol£vE~n vupro an6 m q>uon (nepioootepo avSpwmvn napa Sdlm tou XpIOlOU. AnorEAEope: Y£VVl£TQI pic vee nipron, 0 ]lovoSd0]l6<;, nou KQTaOIKa01llKE upvorspo 0lT6 mv Tpim Iuvooo me Kcovotnvnvounosnc tou 680. 01 onoooi rou ]lovoSEIO]lOU ~piOKOvrOi 0' evo povoornpi me Iupia<; nou AEy£tQl Mopouv, E~ ou KQI to ovopd IOU<;, popevtrec.

ITo 1054, n OpS600~n KQI n Popcnoi EKKAnoia xwpi?,'ovrOi ylO A6you<; ]laA1ov rrosmxouc napa SpnOKEUnKou<;. An6 to 160 cuovo, n Popn EmOIWKEl va avaxtnosi nc aVQTOAIKE<; £K1<1nOiE<;, On]llOupywvra<; OE KaSE]1la an' aUTE<; evcv KAaOO nou me £1VQl aq>oO!w]l£vD<;. Tic ~£xwpi?,'OU]lE OlTOKaAwvra<; opS60o~n tnv auT6xSovn AQTP£1a KQI KOSOAIKiJ. uumv nou ox£ti?,'£tOl]lE roy rronc. H Moptovmxn EKKAnoia £1VOl n povn nou IWV£! OAOKAnPWrlKa npoc roue K6mou<; tnc Popnc.

Habib Tawa

01 XP1(J[IQVlKtC; KOlVOmtEC; amy Eyy6C; A VQtOMl
8EOA. 8illa 8pnO'KEunKl1 KOlvii ovollaO'ia rAwO'O'a rAwO'O'a MEitOVE(
!puon XPIGtOU Pii~n APXIKii Aatp. IxEtlKii liE PWlln AatpEia( KOIVii 8ioEI(
Kupiw~ ov8pwmvn NEOTOPlovoi Aaaupiol XoA6oiol LUPIOKI1 LUPIOKI1 IpOK. Iuplo, Toupxic
E~iaou Bu~ovnvoi Op805. HJ,.nvE~ Ko8oA. HAnVEt; EMnVIKI1. ApoBIKI1 ApoBIKI1 'OAn n Eyyu~ AV010AI1
Kupiw~ 8E'iKI1 MovotpualtEt; Op865. K6mE~ Ka8oA. K6mE~ KomlKO ApoBIKI1 Alyumo~
Op865. AP~EVIOI Ka8oA. AP~EVIOI AP~EVIKI1 AP~EVIKI1 Apuevln K0l6An n Eyyu~ AV010AI1
Op865. LUPIOI Ko8oA. LUPIOI LUPIOKI1 LUPIOKI1 Toupslo. Iupic. IpOK
Mia uovo BouAnan Movo8EAmE~ Exouv xa8El MopwvltE~ LUPIOKI1 ApoBIKI1 i\[Bovo~. Iupio. Kunpot; 01 MET AMOP<DOLEIL TOY BYZANTlOY • 49

50· OJ METAMOPQlOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY

xov otnv nupn. uovec aOElaoav n KOI 100nEow8nKav. To 766, OlOV lnnoopouo tnc KwvOlavlIvounoAnl;, E~EuIEAlOlnKav onpomo uovcxot /Ilya xpovio nptv. 10 761, evoc an' curouc nou apvn8nKE va notncn ncvro OE pro E1K6va plxmxs (wvlOv61; am 8aAaooa, KAE10IJtvol; EPIJnllKa a' tva OaKl. Eroi. nspc an6 111; npoon68E1EI; OUlJql!Alwonl; lOU !\tOVlO r' n me 8tAnonl; nou EKqlpaOlnKE om Iuvooo me ItpElal; Yla IJElOppu81J10n, n E1KOVOIJaXla IOU ItAoUI; me Ba01AElal; lOU KWVOlaVIlVOU E' IJEIOlptnEIOl OE oumtnpo KOI AuooaAto aywva evevnov tWV povoxov. 01 A6yOl ourou lOU ovn- 1J0Vaxl01J0u anoKA[vouV. navlwl;, 0 G. Dagron, 010 tpyo lOU knopia rou XplartaVIOflOU, EKqlpa(EI TnV un68Eon 611 0 ouroKpalopal; n8EAE IJ' aU16 lOY tporto va aVlIOpaOEI OlOV noManAaOlaOIJ6 EKElVWV nou EntAEYav to IJOVaOllK6 BlO, npaylJa nou npoxoxouos OlKOVaIJ1Ka, qlOpoAoY1Ka KOlOnlJoypaqllKa npoBAnlJOla.

o 8avalOI; IOU KWVOlaVllVOU E' 10 775 Ba(EI ItAol; 0111; OIW~Ell;, XWPll; w0l600 va onoxorcctoaet n AalpEla lWV E1K6- vwv. M6vo un6 TnV aVllBao!AEla me Elpnvnc. xnpal; lOU !\tOVlO !J.', KOI IJEla an6 IJla ncplooo noAlllKnl; aOla8Elal;, xavEI n E1KOVOIJaXla TnV evrcon me. T61E ElVOl nou n aVllBaoiAlooa ovovaovsmc oxeceic IJE tn PWlJn Kal lOY none Aoplav6 A', OlOV onolo xm yvwOlonolEl tnv Em8uIJla me va oUYKAn8ElIJIa vee ouvoooc

AU16 EylVE 10 787, stoc KOla 10 onolo apXl(EI n OEUIEpn I:uvooOI; tnc N1Kalal;, n onotc KOI anoKa810la m AOlpEla lWV E1K6vwv, KOlaolKa(EI 08Evapa lOUI; E1KOvOlJaXOUI;, aqlOpl(EI KOI anallElIJ£laV01EI;, EmBEBOlwvoVlal; aouo 8plaIJBo IOU IJOvaOlIKou Maoou, nou onoxro OE aVlaAAaYlJa tepoouc npov61J1O. 001600, IJE lOY lEPIJalloIJ6 rnc ouvooou. KalJla opumkn 8EOAoY1Kn cnovmon OE o68nKE 010 np6BAnIJa lWV E1K6vwv.

H naptv8Eon me E1KOVOIJaXlal; OEV unopet aK6IJa va MElOE!. 'OxllouAaxlOlov m OlIYlJn nou n xpion outn OEV ElVOl anoME10lIKa 8EOAoY1Knl; K0l8pnOKWlIKnl; qlUOnl;.

Elvct Kal np6BAnIJa noAlllKnl; nou ocscuccv 01 curoxpotopec OE OUOKOAOUI; KOlPOUI;, orov KuplapXOUOE evtovn n avaYKn «OUlJql!Alwonl; IJE 10 8E6». H E1KOVOlJaXla, ypaqlEI 0 G. Dagron, «6EV eivo! fI a1pE:fflP[a uuu; KP[Ofl(, nou eivoi noAu noovevtatepn, aMo oovooece: tn 8Epand(]».

H oEuIEpn I:uvoool; me NlKOlal; OKOAou8ElIOl an6 pro nEplooo ropnxrov KOI KOlaOlpOqlWV. 01 Em8toEll; lWV 1J0uoouAlJavwv EVIElVOvtal, 01 OlalJaXEI; yupw an6 TnV E~ouola, 01 OqlEtEP101J0l KOl OIOlOqlWVlEI; noManAaOla(oVlOl, 01 OlptOEll; cvovevvovrc; O. Bu(avlIv61; orpctoc. Ka8wI; nAavltlat otc BouAyapIKa Bouvn, uelomttn ooBaptl; oruoAE1EI;, IJEla~U lWV onokov a N1Knql6pOl; A', nou OKOtWVElatlO 811.

H EIKOVa tOU XPlm:OU BEY eivm o XPlm:OC;,

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OlIKa pcco OE ouo EBoolJaOEI;, 10 843. H outoxpritapc 8Eoowpa, EMnvloa otnv KOlaywyn Kat xnpo IOU 8E6qllAou, IOU qlaVallKOU E1KOVOIJaXOU ouroxputopo. avaAalJBaVEI va anOKOlaOlnOEI EnlOnlJa tn AOlpEla tWV E1K6vwv.

H untepo IOU MlxanA l", nou 161E ntov 1J6All; t~l EIWV, 8tlEI etm OP10llK6 ItAol;, 0111; 11 Maptlou 843, 010 np6BAnIJa me E1KOVOlJaXlal;, EmBEBatwVOVlal; KOI Ka- 80pl(oVlal; erm TnV routotrnc me opfiooo~lal;. AUln n nuepounvlc aMwoIE tY1VE opvcrepo n IJtpa EOPlOOIJOU me op80oo~lal; otnv AvalOA1Kn EKKAnola. T61E ouvrcooerorro Iuv06lKOV TfI( Op80- 60([a(, KEllJEVO nou oo~a(EI tn olaAuon 6Awv lWV otpeoetov Kat nou vlvsrm 10 KElIJEVO-OUIJBoAo me op8000~lal;. 0 uckpoxovioc n6AEIJ01; lWV E1K6vwv 8a qltPEllOUMxlOlOV IJEP1Ktl; 01WKP1VlOEll; WI; npcc tn 8ton roue. Ernv Eopalwon 10UI; 8a oUIJBaAouv a notpuipxnc N1Knql6pOl; Kat 0 8E6owPOl; I:tOUOlTnI; IJE to tpya 10UI;.

H E1K6va unopsl va XpnOlIJOnOln8El aqlou, WI; cnnvtnon OlOUI; E1KovoMaOlEI;, OE 8a IJnOpOUOE va taUlIOlElIJE ElowAo. AMWOlE 10 ovopo lOU aYlou nou anE1Kovl(EI npenn va avaypaqlElOl OE outnv.

Etot. ypaqlEI a Gilbert Dagron 010 tpyo IOU knopia rou XplartaVIOfloU, «ro nomen sacrum ttou avaYP01pETOI OE tua EIKova W( nAEOVaOflO( iXEI W( anoTiAEofla tnv E(ao1poAIOfl «a: EYYUflOfl rou 6EOflOU flETO(U ava1pipOVfO( «a! ovoeepouevou. Ka8lEpwv.1 tnv onasovum OXWKO fl. Tfl AaTpda 8ufl[(ovra( EntnAiov on n .IKova rou Xplarou 6Ev eivtn a Xplaro{». Evcc It- 10101; oplOIJ61; ElVOl qlavEp6 611 ExEl ouvtnE1EI; OTn OnIJ10upYla tnc E1K6val;: OEV uncpxouv avayAuqla, OUIE OKltl;, n Elxovo OEV npenei va eivm noAu pEaAl- 01lKn OUIE unEpBoA1Ka OUIJBoA1Kn, Kat KUPlWI; fiEV npena va OnIJ10upYElljJEUOat08nOEll; reivovruc va onoouono. xapll; 0111; lEXV1Ktl; me (wypaqllKnl;, 611 OEV elvot tmore aMo an6 E1K6va.

To 8tIJa lWV E1K6vwv olEu8mllOl, 10UMXlarov otnv AvalOAn, aqlou encvepxetal 10 160 ouovo. IJE tn MElOppu81J10n. T61E a i\ou8npol; anEiAnoE IJE aqlOplOIJ6 outouc nou npooxuvououv 111; E1K6vEI; Kala KaABlvol; 111; €ByaAE lEAElWI; an' Tn IJton.

Tov louA10 lOU 813 a BouAyapol; nve- 1J6val; KpoUIJOI; ouvlpLBEI tn Bu(avllvn otpono Kal nOA10pKEl tnv Kwvolavllvounoxn.

/Ilyo AlYO 01 onoruxlec outec A£llOUpyouv owpwllKa otnv avaBlwon IOU ElKOVOMaOlIKOU K1VnlJalOl;: npOOOWlIKa EmBaMElOl niota 611 a 8E61; avm[8EIOl ornv ovootnscion lWV E1K6vwv psco an' outec 111; oupcopec Autn n vee Klvnon 6IJWI; OEV efvm pro anAn cncvoAnljJn. 018tOEll; eivot rue 10V10IJtVEI; an' 6,11 ntnv tpuivtc xpovic npiv. Kalal 8EOAOY1Ktl; ou(mnOEll; txOUV IJEYaAUtEpo Ba801;.

'EIOI. a norpiepxnc N1Knql6pOl; Kat a 8E6owP01; I:louolml; EnE~Epya(OVlOllJla npunorunn. OOqln Kat nepinxosn Iota, tn qllAooOqlla me uvcncpcotconc Kat me oneucovionc. n onoto BtBata napaIJtVEI euruoreunxn KatOE qllaVEI WI; 111; lJa(EI;. 'OlOV a i\twv E' aVEBalVEI ala 8p6vo 10 813, onAwvEI m 8tAnonlou va onoxorootnoer tnv 10XU me outoxpotopice. H cnoxcrootccn cum. KOla tnv anOljJnlOU, nepvo nponvoupevoc an6 tn olw8tmon IOU npoBAnlJalOI; lWV ElK6vwv. To 815 oUYKaAEl omv AYla I:Oqlla ouvoco. Yla va npocncsncn va OUIJB1- BaoEI to npuvpotc. AnOqlaol(Elat va aOKn8ElIJIa noAlllKn OXElIKnl; ovoxnc nou OEV ExEl TnV EAaxlOln OlapKEla, Kat OIOIW~Ell; ~avapXl(OUV Olya Olya.

AU16 nou ecrvotnv 611 enpcne va xclOypaqlEl WI; Bu(aVllvn xpovro a08tvEla, KOla neplepvo tpono. ~Epl(w8nKE OP1-

01 pnxoviopol me E~ouoia<;

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01 METAMOP<DOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY ·51

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H EKK1naia £1YOl 0 eE01l6~ IIOU aynm:EKETOI KOAiHEpa one 60K1J.lOaiE~ lOU 70u KOi lOU SOU OlWyO.

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METAMOP<I>OIH

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H aVOKata<JK£Un me; Ayiae; I:ocpiae; Mao tnv xotcorpoqni me orro nupxovui, n Ayia Loq>ia uvoixooopn- 8nKE KQTO rn OlopKEla me ~aOlAEia~ IOU uuroxpdropc Iouonvicvou, l1aa~v 532 KQl 537. Anexrnoe I1EyoAO tpouso rrou U1jJw8llKE ore 61 11. Moocixo IOU rrp6vaou 6rrou arrEIKOvi~aQl 0 Iouonviavoc (cpior.) va rrapOUOlO~El mv Ayia Loq>ia otnv Ilap8£vo Mapia. M~IO 0 M£ya~ Kovotovrivoc.

60e; cuovcc, Kat ruo OUVKEKpllJEva n BootAda TOU lououvicvou A' (527 -565). cnuorooOld mv opxn me; IJElOlJ6pQlwone; me; Ktovorovuvounoxnc. MEXPI 161E. 01 uutoKpOTOpEe; EnEIJEVaV va TOvl~ouv tn BaOlAlKn Bntelo roue IJE IJvnlJda KUpOUe;. 6nwe; 8Eatpo. onIJ60la AOUlPO n Un60lEYa KmOlJnKOe; lWV AEWQl6pwv me; Kevotcvnvounoxnc KIA. AVOAlJalO Kat OIKOOOlJnlJalO nrov 161E Kat OUIJBOAa On1J60lae; Ampdae; Kat me; E~ouolae; lWV 101WV. EK16e; an6 10 OUVExn E~wpa'lOIJ6 me; n6Ane;. otnv nprotn vpalJlJn aUIWV lWV «unoxpEWOEWV» me; E~ouolae; onsvcvn moue; 01- OIKOUIJEVOUe; EPXElat n olOxdplon lWV UOOIWV. '0 IJ we; n n6An OEV elvoi KaAcl E~OnAlOIJEVn OE aU16 TOV 101JEa: Eva 1J6vo psupo UOOIWV tnv EQlOOlO~ElIJE VAUK6 vepo. 0 AUKoe;. An6 mv enoxn me; Baov..dae; lOU PWlJalou outoxpdtopo Afiplavou. Eva uopavwvdo UOPOOOTOUOE tnv n6An. 01 aUTOKpOTOpEe; me; KWVOlOvHvounoAne; QlP6VHOav om ouvexac va 10 ouvmpnoouv. To vepo aU16 1J01pa~61Ov OE noMEe; 8EpIJEe;. onIJ60la aQlOOWlnpla Kat vuueolc. nnVEe; aQllEpWIJEVEe; 011e; MouoEe;. nou unnpxov oloonapIEe; ornv n6An. E~aoQlaAl~OVlOe; n60l1J0 vepo, 01 ouroxpnropcc E~aOQlOAl~av Kat tnv IpOQln Kat 0 nxn- 8U01J6e; AOIJBaVE Ka8nIJEplVo Eva IJEPIOIO otopiou n ljJWIJIOU. avoAova IJE tn 0la8EOlIJn OOOEIO.

H IJElOIJ6pQlwon me; Kwv01avHvounoAne; ~EKIVO an6 tn BaOlAEla lOU cutoxpdropc lououviovou. EIVat 0 nperoc uovopxne; nou Qlp6VHOE 1600 VIa tnv oucooounon KHPIWV VIa 8pnOKEUHKn xpnon n VIa ava80EPvIEe;. 600 Kat OnIJ60lWV KHOIJOIWV. LUIJQlwva IJE TOV Cyril Mango'. IJE tn Baov..da IOU IOU011Vlavou XOVElat n naAlO aVlv..nljJn VIa rnv n6An. MIa nopctnpnon nou OEV aQlopo 1J6vo mv opxuexrovuoi me. aMo Kat tnv KOlvwvlKn eucovn me npOVlJaH. 10 529 0 IOU011Vlav6e; 8E1ElIEplJa OHe; opa01npI61n1Ee; me; AKaonlJlae; A8nvwv. LUIJQlwva IJE lOV J. .p Sodini. Ka8nvmn Bu~aVllvne; ApxatoAoVlae; O1n LopB6vvn. un6 mv nvcoto IOU OUVKEKPllJEVOU 1J0VOpxn.

54·01 METAMOPOlm:m: TOY BYZANTlOY

«6Ev vivtuu nMav 6EKrtj!} KAaOtK!j 6t6aoKaAfa. !} onoio Boot(6ravor!} YVWO!} rwv BeWptwV rou napeAB6vror; Kat anoteAOUOe KA!}POVOjJlIi an6 tnv EM 660». 01 xptounvol EnlQlEPOUV mv aMavn. EYKa8101WVlOe; oxoxeio 011e; EKKAnoIEe;.

To t£Ao~ tn~ apxaia~ n6An~

Kmo tn OIOpKEla me; Baov..dae; lOU IOU011Vlavou novto. KAEIvouv npoofieutuoi 10 onIJ60la AOUlpO. Dnoioc 8EAEI va nAu8d nprna 010 E~ne; va nOEl c' Eva rue tonavo OUVKp6mIJa AOUIpWV. nAnpwvOVlOe; £10000. 10 onoio olaxElpl~Elat BpnoxcuHK6 10pulJa. 01 QlIWXOI unopouv va nOVE. IJla n DUO QlOpEe; rnv EBoolJooa. OE AOUIPO Qlv..av8pwmKWV Kat8pnoKWHKWV KOlvotnnov. 01 onotec Kat 10 olaxElpl~OVlal. 'E101. BAtnOUIJE mv EKKAnoia va avaAalJBoVEI Eva p6AO OAOEva Kat rue OnlJaVlIK6. Kat OUVTOlJa anOKAElOHK6. otnv nopoxn unnpeouov OlOUe; KWV01aVHvounoAIIEe;. 'Onwe; OUVOljJl~El 0 Jean-Pierre Sodini. «Kar6 roy 60 auavo napaKoAouBoujJe tnv av6nru(!} tno; YEar; avri}.!}tp!}r; yta tnv n6A!}».

An6 rnv oMn. 0 ouovcc aU16e; OnlJaOEUElat ono urc ouvexn ueuoon TOU nAn8uoIJou me; Krovorovnvounoxnc. To 542 n n6An YVWPI~El tnv nptorn eruonulc navouKAae;. 01 OUVEnElEe; sivm IpaVlKEe;: aQlavl~Elat 10 50% TOU nAn8uolJou. onAaon 200.000 dtopc ...

AKOAou80uv IJEIO OUO «OK01ElVOI» atWVEe;. O1n OlopKEla lWV onouov n n6An Bu81~Elat OE pro Ba810 OIKovOlJlKn xpion. npoVlJa nou avaVKa011Ko 8a ennoxuva rn IJElOIJ6pQlwon me. H kplon cutn npoepxetoi Kuplwe; an6 mv nleon nou coxouv otnv ouroxporoplo 01 OIOQlOPOl vctrovec me;: 01 nEpOEe;. 01 ABapol (oAaBlK6 QlUAO) Kat 01 ApaBEe;. Lm OlopKEla lOU 70u cuovo n outoxpctoplo 8a XOOEI He; avmOAlKEe; encpxisc me. rn Lupla. mv Alvumo Kat tn B6pEla AQlPlKn. Ev teo IJElO~U. 01 encpxtec me; BaAKaVlKne; anEv..oUVlat OUVEXWe;. To Bu~aVllv6 KpOTOe; aQllEpWVEl 161E 6AOUe; roue n6poue; lOU otnv unepoonion me; 101Oe; me; outoxporoptcc Kat OEV me; IJEVElllnOlE VIa va ouvrnpnca mv n6An. llUOKOAn n OHVlJn. VIa tnv onolo uoptupct pro lJaKpo nsplofioc. 6nou omv n6An OE VIVElat xuvevo IJEYOAO EPVO. EK16e; an6 to aIJUVlIKO. nou ~EKIVOUV an6 tnv snoxn me; Baov..dae;lOU HpOKAElOU (610-641).

EK16e; an6 tnv cnouoto EpVWV. Kal oMa otoixeio EnlBEBatWVOUV tn 00Bap6mlO me; xctcotoonc. To 618 O1aIJa10 n IJElOQlOpO ouopiou an6 tnv Alvumo ornv KWV01aVllvounOAn Kat 10 an08EIJma E~aQlaVI~OVlOl. 01 KOlOlKOl npena 010 E~ne; va Bpioxouv 1J6VOl roue rnv IpOQln roue. To 626 01 ABapol. npo lWV nUAwv me; Kovorcvnvounosr«; KalOOlpEQloUV TO IJEYOAO uopavwvdo.llE 8a KmaOKEUa01El ~avo npiv cno rov En6IJEVO cuovo. Iln va ~EOlljJOOOUV 01 KOTOlKOl me; n6Ane;. OEV anOIJEVEl nope 0 AlIKOe;.

TEAOe;. an610 lEOOEpa AtIJOVla me; KWVOlOVHvoUnoAne;. OUO 1J6vo napalJEVOUV EVEPVO. Kat 10 IJEYaAUIEpo. 10 NEWplO. an6 EIJnOplK6 AllJOVI VIVElat O1paHWHK6. Ta oMa OUO dIE VEIJIoav dIE EYKmaAdQl8nKav. napo TOV nEplOplOIJEVO EQlOOla- 01J6 OE vspo Katlp6QlllJa. n npcoreuouco EnlBlWVEI. OllOnlKOI nopoi. xwple; 10lailEpn onucoto. opxouv VIa va 8PEljJOUV Evav nAn8uoIJ6 nou 6AO KatlJEIWVElOl. a nAn8uOlJ6e; aU16e;. OUIJQlwva IJE He; rue anat0l600~Ee; EKHlJnOEIe;. ovepxstor OE 40.000 KmolKoue; 011e; cpxtc IOU 80u ouovc, onAaon 010 10% lOU nAn-

1 [VYYflarpfa~ rou fflYOV Developpement urbain de Constantinople Ed. De Boccard, 1991

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01 METAMOPIDm:mTOY BYZANTIOY • 55

8uo~ou nou ElxE YVWPlOEl n n6An mv enoxn TWV ~EYOAElWV tnc. H xplon nou nepvo n KwvmovnvounoAn EnEPXETOl OE 6AE<; nc n6AEl<; me AEKovn<; me MEOoyElou. «01 ueoec nOA€Ir;. ono»; I) Eoeooc, €(arpav{(oVTal. Kalal J1cyoA€r; nOA€Ir; aupplKvwvoVTal, a€ al)J1do ttou va J1010(OUV Myo J1€ XWpIO. Frat, a 70r; auavoc pnopt! va B€wpl)Bd to rOar; aurau tou noAmaJ1ou nou Baai(J[I)K€ atnv noAI) €6w r€A€IWV€1 I) ApXaIOrl)ra», onAwvEl 0 Jean-Pierre Sodini.

MEOO on6 n<; OIpnynoEl<; YlO mv erufinplo novouKAo<; TOU 747, BYOlVEl 6n Ol VEKPOl 8oBoVTOl orov nEp[6oAo tnc n6An<; KOl OlOE~O~EVE<;, 6TOV ElVOl oom<;, xpnomonorouvtm W<; opeOlKOl TOqJOl. 'OTOV Ol OE~O~EVE<; ElVOl YE~OTE<;, Ol o~nEAwvE<; KOl TO unoorovro ~ETOTpEnovTOl OE XEpOE<; EKTOOEl<; EVT6<; TWV raxov. Avo~qJ[6oAo, np6KElTOl yLO TO ruo EVTOVO on~oOl 6n Ol xpncc«; TOU nopEA86vTO<; EXOUV Ano~ovn8El: npcvpou. EVO<; on6 TOU<; 8E~EALWOEl<; vouour; tnc pw~o'(Kn<; 0px0l6mTO<; ono-

IlO TOV epeuvntn. 0 En6~EVO<; XEl~WVO<; «eivtn iva 'paupo «out!". Imv npavuati«otnta. 6€v J1nopd va Y{V€1 aVTi.ltl)mO auro ttou aUJ1Balvcl €Kef. FYlvav noMir; unoBioeu; aMo 01 apxaloAoyol 6laBirauv noAu Mya UAIKO ototxeia ou; J1apwp{€r;. Nya XPOVIKO rl)pl'}BI)KaV Kalal noManAir; nupKaYlir; Kariarp€lfIaV to apxeit»,

ME tnv onwAElo TWV OPXElWV OUTWV. n n6An XOVEl m ~vn~n me KOl qJOlVETOl va

Bu8l~ETOl otn BopBop6mTO. Ol onOVlE<; ~OpTUPlE<; nou uncpxouv ~o<; nAnpOqJOpouv nw<; TO PW~0'lK6 0~qJl8EOTpO OEV ElVOl ruo TlnOTE oMo on6 «iva CYKaraA€IJ1J1ivo €pdmo. arOAlaJ1ivo J1€ J1uarl)plw6f7, onaiao ayoAJ1arC1», nou xpnouronounm ocronoc EKTEAEon<;.

EKEl onoKEqJoAl~OVTOl Ol KOTOOlKOl KOl TO rmouoto TOU<; OlOOUPOVTOl ~EOO otnv n6An. M080lvou~E oK6~0 6n Ol OYOPE<; KOl Ol OPXOlE<; nAOTElE<; EXOUV ~ETOTpOnEl ~ovo OE ~wono~opo. H n6An ~El oov xwpl6, EXEl rue XOOEl TO ~vn~EloK6 ~EYOAElO TWV nEpoo~EVWV OlWVWV.

'Eva oMo npoccvsc OTOlXElO ~o<; OlVEl nAnpoqJoplE<; YlO tnv oMoyn vootpontoc nou YlVETOl Olo8mn KOTO TOV 80 OlWVO KOl KlVElTOl nopoMnAo ~E tnv opyn peropopqnocn tnc Kwvorovuvounoxnc .

y6pEUE tnv TOqJn TWV VEKPWV otov nep[60AO me n6An<;. Ol200.000 VEKpO[ me Emon~lo<; TOU 542 ElxOV oK6~0 KOl T6TE TOqJEl EKT6<; TWV taxrov.

ME tnv opxn TOU 90u OlWVO. qJO[VETOl v' cnopcxpuverm n 8uEMo KOl va ~EKlVO pro KOlVOUPlO npooncsuo ov6p- 8won<;. «A urI'} OJ1Wr; I) avopBwal) viveun J1€ Baal) via Kpal'}pla, oMa iBI) 6toxd-

pionc. [€ out» ro nAa{alo, I) noAI), nou mav€J1rpav{(aal, napoualo(€l iva npomano noM tuacooenKOr€pO ana ra noovevtotepo-, OVOAUEl 0 Jean-Pierre Sodini. H EKKAnolo ElVOl 0 ~6vo<; 8EO~6<; nou unopcoe va nepnon tn ouoKoAn nsplofio nou TEAElWVEl XWPl<; noMo E~n60lo. «EKdvl) tnv enoxt; iX€1 rl) Y€VIKI'} enonteia a€ oA€r; rtr; KOIVWVIKir; unl)pw{€r;, npoYJ1a ttou tnc npoa6{6€1 noM J1cyoAI) €(OUa{C1». TOVl~El 0 K08nymn<;. H EKKAnolo outn AOLn6v ElVOl 0 ~OVOOlK6<; nupnvoc m08Ep6mTO<;, yupw on6 TOV onolo unopei va ovcouotcflei n n6An, KOl nou 80 m XOpO~El ~E TO on~OOl me

AMn ~EyoAn eruppon, me unol8pou KOl TWV XWplWV. 0 oyponK6<; K6o~0<; cvuctoanxc nOAu KOAUTEPO otnv Kplon. An6 EKEl nporpxovtm OUTO[ nou 80 Bon8noouv rnv Kwvmovnvounoxn va ~ovomn8El am n60lo me,

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.. ~ 'Eva nOAunpo PEOO Ire va E~Oo(pOAio£l LOV Eq>OOIQOllO OE VEPO nosAWV rmvov KQl AOurpWV me; rroAile;. 0 Aopicvoc EixE OWOEI EVLOAn vn KOtcoxeucorei EVa uopoywvefo. To EPYO ouro So ouvrnpnflcl uno LOUe; OIQSoxouc LOU.

01 tcpicutnpec VEPOU. uno orroiconrrore popqm KQl OV ntnv, eixnv rrdvta onpovnxn SEan om ~wiI me; rroAm;. (MWOOIKO me; PU~OVIlviIC; EKKAnoioe; LOU Ayiou Bncsiou, PopEwa. 60e; ui, t.E~la. to mo rroAIa Xoutpd me; Iotnvpnous.)

56·01 METAMOP<DOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTIOY

'Eva VEO ~£Kivnpa

'ETOl, 0 Cyril Mango cnpeuovn «tnv c(arpavlol1 rwv napaoaocwv tn; PVl1pclOKrk texvn; «at rwv ol1paolwv Krlp[WV JlC KOOPIKtj xpnat; npaypa nou aVrlrpaoKcl atnv IfJia uuu; "renovation imperii Romani'», ~10~ ovoVEwnon~ me Pw~o'iKn~ Autoxpotoplcc.

Kat npcvpcn. «ana rov 90 auava. ol.auroKporOpc( oc xr[(ouv nMov uvnueia. & ouvrl1POUV touc opapou(. flcplop[(ovral va avaarl1Awvouv ra ttixt; Kal ra avaKropa touc. Drav o[vouv svroAtj va xuoiei Karl, aura eiVOI eire cKMl1o[a eire povaartjpt», AEEIO J.-P. Sodini. AU16 oU~BO[VEl ~E 10 BOolAElO A' [867- 886). 6n~lOupv6 rou rue onuovnxou oXE6[ou OVOatnAWon~ me n6An~ tOY 90 ouovo. ME 61Kn lOU npotponn, ovoomAw- 8nKov 01 lO[XOl 10UAOXlatOv IPlOVlO ~10~ EKKAnOlWV, oe on~ElO nou to ruo noMa Kat ruo XOPOKtnPlotlKO uvnueto me ~EoatwvlKn~ n6An~ va stvm 01 EKKAno[E~, 01 ~OVE~ Kat to wovn 16pu~010.

nOVw oto epeiruo me ~EoatWVlKn~ enoxnc UljJWVEtat OlVO alVa ~10 n6An xtopic to ~vn~EloKO EKElVO 0IK060~n~mo tOU nopEA86VlO~, ~E to EAtKOEl6n 6pO~OKta Kat nc ~IKPE~ oUVOlKlOKE~ EKKAno[E~. AUln lOUAOXlatOV ElVat n axovo nou Bvo[VEl on6 n~ onovlE~ 6108EOl~E~ nnVE~ VIa tn ~EAEm me ~EoatWvlKn~ KWVatOVllvounoAn~: mpou onouolo~El Ko8E opXatOAOVlK6 [XVO~, 10 A6vo nolpvouv 01 oqmvnoEl~ lWV ~EVWV emoxermov Kl EVa El60~ tOUPlatlKOU 06nvou, to flarpla, nou KOIOVPOcpouv to onuovnxu Kl[plO me n6An~ Kl ETOI ~o~ 6[vouv tn 6uvm6mta va to yvwp[oOU~E.

An6 10 100 atWVO «napaKoAou80uPE pia via enixtaon tn; naAI1( W( ro teixoc rou Ktavotavtivou. H naAI1 KaraAap8avEI (avo mv cmrpavcla nou «otdxe apxlKo. Dpw( OEV unooxouv tua AEwrpapol ue KavovlKtj xopa(l1. OplOpiva nEplaruAlO, KUp[W( aura rl1( Miol1(, [OW( IOXUOUV aKapa ... » nuputnpel 0 Jean-Pierre Sodini.Etrn, n KwvatovnvounoAn OpX[~El va nuKVWVEI nAn8uo~loKO, 6nw~ ~OplUPEl n E~cpovlon 0l106E[0~ OPKEtE~ CPOPE~, n ou~non rev n~wv Kat n ovomu~n tnc XElpOIEXV[O~.

H EnEKtaon me KWVatoVllvounOAn~ nepo on6 10 reixcc IOU KwVatoVl[VOU onpeuovstor En[ OUlOKPOlOpO Pw~ovou A' tOU AEKonnvou [920-944). 0 nVEtn~ OUto~ eivm 0 npov~onKo~ Elonvmn~ me ovomu~n~ me ~EoatWVlKn~ nOAn~. AUIO~ 1610[rspo ~tJV06[VEl ~wn KOI ovomu~n atl~ oUVOlK[E~ IOU Xpuoou KEpmo~, nou ElXOV EYKOIOAElcp8El VIa nepiooorepo ana 610- KOala XPOVlO, nopoxepovroc spnopucouc ota8~ou~ otouc 110AOU~. KOIOoKEUO~El ~EPIKO nOAono KOl, CPUolKO, 16pUEl Kat OVOKOlV[~El noME~ ~OVE~. Ano tn atlv~n EKE[vn n KWVatOVllvounosn 80 eunpepnca ~OVO Kat 80 KOtaAOBEl ~EoO oro ~EoOlWVlKO KOo~O ~10 8Eon loO~IO ~' EKElVn

nou KOtElXE oro lEAn me opxmorntoc. 80

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Allayil npoornooic; Ano TOV 60 ouovo, OJ KQ1aOKEUI:\ nou rrpcvpuronoiouvror EiVOl nEplOOotEPO npoc npnv TOU emu napa TOU auto-

xpcropn: 01 EKl<AnoiE~ noAAarr1aola~ovtal. (Ayia Eipnvn, 60~-80~ uuovoc.)

01 METAMOPlllOrEILTOY BYZANTIOY ·57

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Kntd TOV 110 alwva II nponeuouou OEXEral ~EVOU<; orr' OA£<; nc xopcc,

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T6no am; EDlXElpnOEl<; Epnopoi KOi IEXVJW; me Kovotovnvourtosnc VOiKHI~ouv tn paya~a lOU~, KOla pnxoc IWV PEYa1.wv 1.£w<popwv me noxnc, M£ mv uvdrrrofn me oixovopioc, KOla to 100 cuovc, Sa xpacotei va cvnpsnornoouv to cop£po aVlGYwvlOPO IWV Aativov, nou an01appavouv IBJail£pa npovopio. (Avr», paay£vtOl£pO xapojpnqio.)

tnv ouyn me IiElllEpn!; XlA.lET[O!;. 10 YEYov6!; 6n 10 epnopto mpSovE[ om Bu~ovnvn npwlEUOUOO O<pELAEIOl 010 6n xor' opxa!; npenn va IPO<pOUV 400.000 otouoto, E~OO<pOA[~OV- 1O!; EVOV etnmo oVE<p0IilOO~6 neplnou 64.000 rovrov. To tpw~l. nou E[VOl <p8nv6. onolEAEi tn Baon tnc lilmpo<pn!; lWV Kwvotcvnvounosmov KOl KOAUnlEl. grosse modo. KOla 10 n~IOU ll!; Ka8n~EplVE!; avOyKE!;. nou unoAoy[~OV1Ol OE 1.250 8Ep~[IiE!;. To oucpi, an08nKEu~EvO OE 01lan08nKE!;. npOEpXEIOl Kala KUPIO A6yo on6 tn 9paKn. OE a<p80v[a. aAAO KOl an6 rn Bl8uv[a me M. Ao[o!;. on6 tn Iuplo. tn BouAyap[a. an6 ymovlKE!; npoc tnv n6An nEplOXE!;. an6 10 xovnvc nepinopo KOl one tnv [lita tnv n6An. 6nou unopxouv

noMa xwpa<pta. 01 opronoiot. nou KEplii~ouv one 16.5 EW!; KOl 33 voplopoto Ka8E xp6vo. oXEli6v liuo n KOllPEl!; <POPE!; nepiooorepo one cvov EllilKEU~EVO texvnn, Beppcivouv 10 <pOupVO IOU!; ~E <pwna (m Olly~n nou Eva ~EPO!; lWV onnuov EivOl ~UAtvo ... J. E[VOl «6taOKOpmOJlEVOt OE oAf] tnv nEpuptpeia. ontoc at otVOnwAEe; Kat at JlnaKoAf]6Ec;. To Jlaya(f roue; ElVOI ro tuo noAuouxvaaro». BEBOlWVEl 0 Michel Kaplan. Ka- 8nymn!; Bu~ovnvn!; 1000p[a!; 010 nOVEnlOln~IO lOU llcpunou. Ta np6Bmo nou <pEPVOUV 010 Al~avllOu llpoopeprou to E~nopeuovtor 010 l:lpmnYlo. 6nou Bp[OKOVlOl1O o<payEia. 01 XO[pOI nWAouVlOl 010 (i)6pou~ IOU 9EOIi00[ou. 10 BOOEllin OlOV A~aOlplav6 KOl 10 vwn6 tpapl (OKOU~npl. rovoc. Au8p[Vl. pncppnouvi. ~l<p[a!; J ornv aA~n n xonvrote. OE ~EYaAE!; ovoiXIE!; ayopE!;. uc Ka~apE!;. tn ~10 KOVla 010 l:lpmnYlO. mv aMn liuo Bnpoto an610 (i)6pou~ lOU 9EOIi00[ou. In ~naKaAlKa Bp[OKOVlOl cvcueco 010 MLAlOV KOl otn XaAKn. «H eunooio tpoI{I{JlWV ouvsevtpiaveun «at» OUVEnEIO oro Boppo rf]e; noAf]e;. yupw ana ro npOOI{lOplOV Kat ro [rpar~ytov. Kat voua. ana ro AtJlOVt rou 10uAIOvou we; ro (/J0POUJl rou 8w60o{ou Kat rou AJlaatptavoo», oUVOtp[~El 0 EllilKO!;.

H Mian. nvdpova~ tn~ n6An~

Itouc E~nOpOU!; EPXOVlOl va npootedouv drcxto voropror KOl IpanE~lE!;. xPUOOXOOl KOl AEBmonOlOl. cpvupoxooi. eunopo: 1i0UAWV KOl ~E1O~WIWV. lEXV[lE!; nou E<pnaxvav ~WVE!;. KAEllila. KOP<Pla. unoonpcro. kourud ... ~oAuBlioxOOl. vouvcpcliE!;. BUPOoliEtpE!;. xaAKOupyOl. .. ~E onuovnxo POAO om ~wn rnc KWVOlaVllvounOAnl; KOl rnv eunusplo me curoxpctoploc. nap' OAO nou n aonKn la~n lWV epnoprov Kat lEXVllWV nopa~EVEl 010 nEpl8wplO. o<pOU n cpxouou la~n rnv nspuppoVEL

Avcpeou 0111; AEW<POpOU!; nou lilaox[~ouv tn ~mponOAn lWV 1.750 extopkov. YE~alEI; ~oya~la KOl ~E nM801; ~IKPWV Iip6-

BEVEtia xm KOOVOtavrlvoUIIOAn

POOPIOPEvn va EYKOlaOlnoEI cnondo omv Kevorcvnvounosn IOU It1.OU~ IOU 110u ouovo, n Beveno BE Sa naljJ£!, omv nopcto IOU

II xpovou, va OOEivEI €KEi mv ernppon me, onec KG! OE aAA£~ no1.£!~ KOi nepioxec me Bu~avllvn~ Auroxpcropioc. Trcrrupapovec IOU 1204lOUAaXIOlOV EWEa no1.£!~ nEpI1.appavouv pEvmm ouvoixfu. I1POKEllG! yJa arvoixn pernxeipion, nou ermpena otnv cutoxporopki va SEprnWOEl, xpnoiponoiovroc lOU~ Bevrtouc, mv nosmsn me omv nspioxn me Aopicnxnc, KG! am Iasnvotarn, nou unocmpksrci cno Eva OlO1.O povaBIKo OlOV KOOPO, va aOKnO£! epnopisn nosmxn pEYa1n~ KAipaKG~ KG! va aEyx£! m onpovnxn 8aAaoOla ypappn Bevetfu-Krovotovnvounosn-Aivurrtoc, pE m popon IOU Xpuoou TplYwvou.

01 uutoxpdropec Sa avn1n<pSouv nc ~pJOyovE~ ouvenuec IOU xpuoopou1.ou (BJalaypOlo~) IOU 1082, nou KOlapyEi to eopo KG! lOU~ Bu~avnvou~ qmopouc, 01 onoioi Sa Pp£Souv u<pIOlapEVOI a8tpno ovrovevropo KG! Sa npoonobnoouv va lO aVGl<G1.toouv. H I101n IWV no1.£wv nvavvropioe lOY urr' apISpov Eva aSpo me, autov nou Sa mv uqxrviou, aAAa EiVOI ma noku apya ... To 1204 n TElGpm ElGupo<popia, uno nc EVlO1.E~ me Bevrrlcc, n onoia mv KOlEUSUV£! n£pJOooIEPO evcvnc am pu~avnvil npw-

, raiouoc napa evdvna otouc urnotouc, Sivsi 010 Boyn EvpiKO Nrdvtoso mv EUKG!pia va ncpei mv Kovotcvnvounosn (onou 8a paOlAEljJouv W~ to 1261 pc cnosum E~ouoia Autivo: uutospdtopec). va «ouprooa» mv aValOAIm Meoovao KG! va unoOKaio£! npooeopivd lOU~ epnopouc IWV aAAwv KpOlWV. Eoxntnuppic 0 Evpixo Ntdvtoso Sa lG<pEi otnv Ayia Eo<pia «we; va rill£A£ va Karaorra£!Q~£1 ad vitam aetemam (arnv alwvla (wn) rnv KaOOIQ roo BUllar6e; roU»I. Iic llEpIO061£pO uno evov Olwva, uno to 1261 W~ ro 1381, Bevetoi KOi Ievoudrec Sa ouvspouorouv otc vepd tnc nutoxpotopinc, pap I KG! W~ to raxn me Kovorovnvounosnc, KaSw~ KOi 010 XpUOO Kepcc, xopic va ncpeppoivouv 01 Bu~avnvoi curoxpdropec KG! va Emp6.AAouv npnvn. E~avr1npEvn uno lOU~ aywvE<; evdvno omv uvnnnso me, «unoxwpwvra<; pnpootd OlOV TOUPKO, n Bevetic Sa oBnynS£i omv nopcxpn w~ lO 1797, onore 0 Bovonoprnc Sa m PPEI ma oav OUPPIKVWPEvn pOUPIG»2.

'Gilles Martin-Chauffier, Le Roman de Constantinople, Ed, du Rocher, 2005 2Paul Morand, La Route des Indes, Librairie Pion. 1936.

~ Em BlapKEJa IWV ElQupo<poPlwv EKAannOav nOAAa noxunpo cvnxdpevc uno mv Kovotavnvounosn. (Xdsxrvo a1.oyo nou PpiOKEIOI omv rrAOlEia IOU Ayiou Mopxou, Beverlu.)

01 METAMOPCIlOl:EILTOY BYZANTIOY ·61

IJWV IJE WXO[O 6l(jta~n, n IJ[O npOXWpE[ nopoMnAo IJE m 80- AOOOO TOU MOPlJopo, IJE 1J6vn 6lOKonn to curoxpntopuco noA6Ha, MIa oMn EK1ElVE10l KOHl IJnKOe;lOU XpUOOU KEpmOe;, IJEOO on6 He; EBpo'iKEe; OUVOlK[Ee; KOI TOUe; ElJnOpIKOUe; OUVOlKlOIJOUe; lWV IH'lAWV. 'OAEe; on01EAOUV

--------------------------

10Ue; O~OVEe; KOllO BOOIKO ElJnOplKO KEV-

tpq me npW1EUOUOOe;, Vupw on6 to onoto 0 PEYOAOC; Spopoc, 0PVOVWVE10l n OIKOVOlJlKn ~wn me; Kwv- , A ' 010VllVOUnoAnc;. H ruo tpnlJlOIJEVn -KOI ODOOC; otn uapaoxo,

n,1O OnlJa~IKn- an' OU1~e; He; AEW~6pou~ ExEl 25 11. motOC;

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10 EVa OKPO 010 oMo K0l61atPElIOl OE 6uo --------------.--------------

KA660ue; 010 EVa tptto me 6106polJne; me 0 nptotoc OUV6EEI rnv EKKAnOtO lWV AV[wv Anoo16AwV KOI mv nUAn me; Av- 6plovounoAn<; KOI 0 6EU1EpOe; tpl0VEl O1n Xpuon nUAn, 010 voH06UllI~0. AUln n KEV1plKn optnplo ElVOl noMwv XtAlOIJE1PWV KatlJEYOAOU nA6TOUe;. «Miaa oe n6AEu; [fit; i6tat; WOXI1c; nou avaaKorp[flKaV, 0 KEvrP1K6t; 6p6Jlot; JlETPO 25 Jl. nAOwt; [AVH6- xeui. 26.7211., fJal1aaK6t;: 2511. , flaAl1upa: 2211.J», AEEI 0 Michel Kaplan. «01 AiYEt; avaaKarpit; a[17 Miafl 6ivouv enian;

l1iYEBot; 25 nA6rout;, an6 to onoia to 77 eivtu yta ro 6p6110 Kat navta an6 7 yta Ht; novoounxiec. Mnopd va 11f1 BpiBflKav J1E BEBa16[flra KlOVEt; otnv KoovaravrlvounoAfI, taauiao etva: yvoooto ou, oe 6MEt; n6AElt;, umjpxav Kat dxav 610l1ETPO 55-60 EK. «a: 5-6 II- UlpOt;. To Wa0610a[fll1o touc anOVta'fwEpvouaE to 411.».

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~-----, Ka9tvac; OlOV lOPEQ lOU

Ta EIIaYYEAlll1TQ -cnoyop£UOTQV vn aOKEi KOITOlO~ rrepiooorepn IOU £VO~ mutoxoovn- llETQ-

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zEva, v6jlO~ rrov ewrriarnK£ ro 406, l5uo xp6vIa jlna arr6 jlIa rrvpKaYIa, ayacpEI.l6rav ornv avnKaraaraan rwv avwrEpwv rJlnjlarwv aorwv rwv arowv KaI rwv ~U'\IVWV KXrjlaKWV pE rrirpIva aWIx£ia. Hrav aK£lTaari~; ,1cv £iVaI ~i~aIO VIa rn Mian, 6rroo, avriana, ro pal.lpapo £iVaI KOl.llal.lxo.

'Eva npl(plAEAEUOEPO OlKOVOPIKO ouompo

[[] vW01n xdpic 010 Bl~AlO rov Emipxov, pia olelm~n rrou eixe EKo08Ei 10 911-912 010 ovopo IOU uuroxpdtopo AEoVTa IT ' , n oixovopixn Amoupyia TWV EIIayyuPelTwv O1I1V Kovorcvnvounosn rrapOUOlel~E! Eva nepispvo pEiypa EAEu8Epn~ emxdpnonc xci rrapEp~anopou, MrropEi 0 Ka8Eva~ va Eivm EAEU8EPO~ va OIa8ETEl tu xpnpord IOU xrn va to EIIEVOUE! onox EKEivO~ vopi~E!, opw~ 10 ~u~aVTlvo Kporoc, oivoVTa~ EYYunon tnc xorvrovixnc apnvnc, OEV EIIlTpErrEI rnv ooxnon rroAAwv EIIaYYEApelTWV toutoxpovc xci (jlpoVTi~E! va npoAa~aivE! IOV a8EpIT0 ouvcvovropo pEm~u TWV PEAWV IOU iOIOU EIIaYYEAPaTO~, npoonotkovtoc va rrpOO1aTEUOE! IOV KaTaVaAWTn (opioflrmon nptov nosnonc vic rnv unoqiuvn toxovsixpluc, EAEYXO me noiotnrcc OAWV TWV epnopcuprinov rrou pixvovror otnv ovopd.,.).

Arro rnv elAAn pep lei, vic mv uoxnon EVO~ EIIaYYEAPaTO~, XpE!eI~Eml va urrdpxouv OU01e10E!~ KaI va nspdon xanoioc Eva Eioo~ E~Emon~, pE mv orroia 8a OIaIIlO1WVOVTaI 01 YVWOE!~ IOU EIIioo~ou EIIaYYEApaTia KaI n (jlEpEYYuomTeI IOU,

«IE )lla EAEVBqJn OlKovo)lia», OXOAleI~E! 0 'EAAnva~ 1010PIKO~ NIKoAa~ Oixovopfonc, «ro J(paro~ KaT6pBwVE )IE EAEYXOV~ va )lETa)lOpqXDVEl rou~ E)lrr6pov~ OE aro)la ~OAE)lfVa rlOvxa ornv aotpaAEla rov )laya(IOV roue, Alyo oav va nraV)l6Vl)lOI VrraAAI1AOL 'Q)lW~, )IE TI1V avamv(11 rn~ OIKOVo)lia~ ro 100 WI KVpiw~ roy 110 a](iwa, nrav tpOOlK6 0 K6o)lo~ avr6~ va apxioEl va opaornplorrolEiraI rrEplOo6rEpo KaI va EKOI1AWVEl )lE]laAVrEpE~ tpIAooo(iE~, <POOIK6 £ivaI miol1~ ro 6n avr6~ 0 K6o)lo~ OExrnKE ~al?v rrAn]l)la, 6rav ro )lovorrwAl6 roo Of!(; mlXElpl10El~ rnc J(wvoravnVOVrrOAI1~ forraOE, )IE roy EpxO)l6 rwv avraywVIOfWV roue arr6 rn L1von, KVpiw~ arr6 rnv IraAla»,

62· 01 METAMOP(JlO[EILTOY BYZANTIOY

«na 0,\0 axe60v to mayytApara, f] {61a OIKOVOPIKrj evotm« 06f]yd amv napaywyrj xm omv nwAf]of], aMo &v tivtu yvwcn:o nOIOt; e~ouoI060re( Yla tnv oaKf]af] uuu; aUYKeKplptVf]( 6paarf]plorf]ra( De titoie ptpO(», AtEl 0 Michel Caplan, «To neplaoorepa epyaOfrjpla nou avrjKouv Karo yevlKo novova Off]V aplOfoKpar{a rwv aUYKAf]flKWV Kal otnv EKMf]o{a to eKperaAAeuavral evot; apxlrexv{rf]t; «a: f] olKoytv€IIi too. Epyo(ovral otu; pf]xavtt; f] yuva{Ka, 01 YIOI Kalal vaunoo! tou, Kal TO E:pyaar6pI KAf]povopdral ana YE:VIO oe YE:VIO, H axwKo npootarwopE:vf] napouaia evot; E:pyorf] BOf]Bou ue nArjpf] anaaxoAf]of] {apolBrj ylO 280 nepinou ptPE:( einokoc) enuptnei atov opxnexviu; va £Kp£raM£uaal nepiooottpo too £VO( £pyaorrjplO rou {610u mayytApdror;»,

01 «oK6A£~» au~iivoVtal

H «nOAn lWV nOAEwv» onOlEAEl olOupoBpolJ1 8aMoOlwv KOl xepocuov BpolJ(j)v aMo dVOl KOl kocponoxtnooc otnv tpUXrl, IJE epneiplc ow; noME<; OVOIJEIK1E<; E8vlKomlE<; Kat ornv unofioxri lWV ~EVWV ElJnOpWV, tn ~Wrl lWV OnOlWV BlEUKOAUVEllJE 10 va unv aOKEl KOVEV6<; ElBou<; npoototarn- 01J6. ElvOl EVO<; nupvo<; me BoBEA omplVIJEVO<; OE Buo nnslpouc. nou BpEXElal an61pEl<; 80AOOOE<;, lPlVWVlKrl npwrcuouco nou onAWVE10l oav nEnAO, OIKOVOIJIKOC; nVEUIJOva<; 1J10<; nOAUE8vlKrl<; OUlOKPOlOptO<; nou 8EAEI va 8EWPEllOl 01- KOUIJEVIKrl. An6 10 100 OlWVO EUVOEl mv EYKOlOOlaOn llaAlKWV OIKlOIJWV KOla IJrlKO<; lOU XpUOOU KtpOlO<;, Ev6<; OlEVOU Bpaxlovo ~npa<; npOOnEAaOllJOU IJE Ka8E Kalp6. EVW n 86- Aaooa lOU MaPlJapa ElVOl EK1E8ElIJEVn 010 BUVOla 8aAaoOlo peupctn KOl OlOU<; OVEIJOU<; lOU V61OU. 01 npwlOl OlOU<; onoiOU<; napaXWprl8nKE IJEPO<; VIa EYKOlaOlOOn KOl ElJnOpIKE<; 01- EUKOAUVOEl<; nrcv. Ka8w<; IpOlVE10l. KalOlKOllOU AlJaAIpI. 01 onotoi EYKOlaOla8nKav IJElO~U lOU AllJaVIOU nEpOIJO KOllOU AllJaVlou NEWPlOV, noMOI unnpfov outol nou EYKalO0l68nkov K0l8EWprl8nKaV OUlJnalpIW1E<;, «!JIOBirouv "OKO,\o" {6f]Aa6rj eYKorOOraUf] ylO va e~unf]paouvral to nsoia nou npooeyy{(ouv otnv ~f]po}. rouAdxlorov /J{a povrj Kal {OW( KO-

nota aMI) EKKJ..I)O[O. Kara rov 110 ouavo 80 Y{VEI nao[yvwarl) p[a otsovtveu: 0 KaJ1l)t; Maoupo, nou Efunl)pirl)oE OIKOVOJ1IKa ro BaolAia «at Oixrl)KE ro af{wJ1a rou imato« Kal 0 ylOt; rou ttovtaseove».

Ol AIJOAqmovol KOVOUV A08pEIJnOplO KooAUOIJEVooV (IJ£TO~ooH;lV U!pOoIJOIooV uljJnAn~ norornrcc. neu TO EBo!pOV OUXVO IJE nopeupo KOl npcoplfovtov KUp[oo~ YlO lOY OUlOKPOlOPO KOl Yl' OUlOU~ nou 10 OWPl(OV oe OUIOV) KOl ElOlKEUOVlOl ala npotovto nOAUIEAE[O~ lxpuooxolc, IOnnTE~, 8UIJlOIJ0l0, OPW- 1J000,lJnOXOplKO ... l, nnyo[vouv omv KooVOlOVllvounOAn «ttepl006rEpo oc ovopoati; napa tac nwAl)rit; Kal nwAouv ta EJ1nopEUJ1ara touc 010 J10uooUAJ1aVIK6 K60J10 Kal KUp[Wt; otnv A ivumo. To EJ1nOp16 rout; EfvOI YEVIKO OUYKp[01J10 J1E aura rl)t; Bevedo; aMo noM mo Eu8pauaro, ytar{ OEV iXEI KaJ1{a napaYWYIKJj BOol). H oAwol) tnt; n6AI)t; an6 rout; NopJ1avoout; ro 107380 touc rpiPEI OE OUOKoAI) 8iol) anivcvu arl) [aAl)vorarl). To 1082 oAol 01 iJ1nopol ana ro AJ10Arpl nou (ouv atnv auroKparop[a orpEfAouv va ooveiaeepouv J1E rp[a unipnupa ETI)O[Wt; arov Ka8EopiKO vaG rou Ay{ou MOPKOU».

o napa6tlCJo~ lWV haA6tv

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plan. Mnopsl Ol BEVEIO[ va unv unosavrm OlOV EAEYXO me VIOnlO~ ljlOpOAOYlKrl~ KOl VOUnKrl~ unnpeoloc KOla TO oMo OlJoo~ Kp[VOVIOl ana n~ Bu(ovnvt~ ApXE~. 'OlJoo~, IJE tn oXEBov onoMoYrl ana EVO[KlO KOl !pO po £YYElOU lBloKmo[o~, 10U~ B[vouv tn BUVOlOlnTO va IJElWVOUV OKOIJO neptocotepo nc 1.10- VlIJE~ unoxpaooac IOU~. «Kal ixouv ro oIKa[WJ1a va KEpO{(ouv ana rou(EMI)VEt; knu; EKKAI)O{Et; rwv onoiev ouxvo(ouv xwp{t; npoBAI)J1a, npoYJ1a aJ1oIBa{o, ueoa OE tua XapOUJ1EVI) OIKOUJ1EVIKOrI)TO}, J1E TIt; KaroIK{Et; nou auto! toiu; naoouopoov. KovroAoy{t;, ra nAEovEKrJjJ1ara nou npoorpipEI to Bu(ovTlo otouc Bevetoiu; EfvOI tuivta an' oAo OIKOVOJ1IKJjt; rpUOI)r;».

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68' 01 METAMOPQlOI:EII:TOY BYZANTIOY

YElWl one mv snoxn onou 0 mAEypotpOe; ntcv OKOIJO OOKllJoorlKoe;, to onolo nEplypatpElj.JlO teAElWe; OlotpopEHKn OIOOIKOOlO. r cuto to KElIJEVO OEV YlVE!OI nMov Aoyoe; YlO POAOYlO. H KwolKonolnon !Ou IJnvulJo!Oe; YlVOWV IJE nOAAEe; EOl1Ee; tpwnae; OE Ka8E or081J0, OVaAOYO IJE uc ovnororxsc SEOEle; roue. OVOIJIJEVEe; n oxt.

Erm, nEplypOtpEl to KElIJEVO, «orov 8EAOUV vo onpovouv !O aAtpO, ovaBouv 1J10 IJOVO tpA6yo one tnv optorspn nAEUpa ouo tpwnEe; ovaBOUVYlO to Bnw». KOI ouuo K08E~ne;. Mlo tpAOYO OPlorEpa OnlJOlVE to po, ouo oro KEvrpO 1J0pupoucov to AOIJOO ... 80 npena AOtnOV vo KOWAaBoulJE on 01 BU~OvrlVOI ovraMoooov IJErO~U roue; npOYIJOnKa unvupcto.

Ito OUYKEKPllJEVO KElIJEVO 0 mAEypotpoe; nopOUOla~EWl we; 10101U:PO onooouxo ouornlJo! ME 1J10 rue PEoAlorlKn 1J0Wl. IJnOpOUIJE VO tpovroorOUIJE on «0 mAEypotpOe; tou Atovro ernvon- 8nKE OOtpOAWe; YlO VO IJErOOIOEI xopuxrnpec. oMo OXI KOl oA6K}.npEe; M~Ele;. Ka8E xopoxrrrone ElVOl evcc KWOlKOe; orov onolo ovnormxet 1J10 EVVOlO oUlJtpwVnIJEvn», KOWAr1YEl 0 Constantin Zuckerman. Eroi, 0 OU!oKpO!OpOe; enoipvs 10 unvupo ypnyopo KOlIJo80lVE oxprBwC; n E~UtpOlVOIOV oro ouvopo me; KlAlKlOe;. npOKEl!Ol YlO un08Eon. ME m oBnOlIJO nov nupov curev. a BU~OVIlVOe; mAEypatpoe; 1J0e; orepnoe OPlOIJEVO tpwro.

tept; opo rou KUKAOU, 8a npinei va nepipevouv tvtexa ciJPEC; yta va unootoouv va avaYYEtAOUV tnv Enl6popt7». I:Konoe; OIJWe; tou mAEYPOtpOU ElVOl VO EloonOlnoEl OIJEOWe; !OV OU!oKPOropO. EmnAEOv, EVO onpo nou orEAVEIOl ypnyopo npoi.inoSErEl rEAElo npoooxn OnOIJEpOUe; nov nopempnnov, KOSWe; KOlaplorEe; KOlplKEe; ouvSnKEe;. Ae; tpOVTOOroUIJE on XlOVl~El, 01 tpwnEe; OUOKOAEUOVTOl v' OV04JOUV A6yw me; uyptlO'lOe; KOl on KonOlOe; nupcmpnrnc OnOKOlIJIETOl: 10 onpo tpTOVEl otov npooptopo tou 1J10 tope KOl nevnvrc AEmo IJETa tnv onOO!OAn TOU. Tl 80 npena vo oUlJnEpOvEI 0 nopcrnpnrru; nou 10 OExETOl ornv Ktovotcvnvounosn. 'On to IJnvulJo IJEw668nKE TOXUTOW KOl on npma va 8EwpnoEl on cvnO!OIXEl otnv aKplBn wpo; 'H IJnnWe; on EXEl 50'K08uorEpnon xor on EK£lVOe; npena va OEI 0' OUTO 10 onuo EVO IJnVUIJO nou ovnototxet OE XPOVIKO onueto Mo wpwv npiv:

H nEplypotpn ourou TOU ouotnpotoc. nou oneTEAElTOl ana ouo oUYXPOVlOIJEVO POA6YlO, Boot~EWI OE 1J10 olnynon lOU totoptovpdeou 4JEUOO-I:UIJEWV. «npoKaraBoAlKo onomo», KPlVEL 0 Constantin Zuckerman, Yle TOUe; A6youe; nou ovotpEp8nKov KOl Olon «ontna tou va 'val 17 OKPlBt7C; XPOVOAOY{O rou XPOVlKOU rolJ, onwa6f7- note dVOl ypOJ1J1ivo pno tnv KoropYl7al7 rou mMyporpou». AMwOTE, EXEl BPE8El EVa oMo KElIJEVO, to Apparatus Bellicus, nou XpOVOAO-

To uypo ~up, on~ o.n tp,OIVETO,I, ruAlyETOl cxouo ana nUKVO uuompto. to 1010 nUKVO IJE tov Konvo nou EByO~E. XpnOlIJOnOln8nKtylO nptotn tpopo one; VOUIJOXIEe; KOTO tnv nOAlopKlO me; KWVOTovnvounOAne; one roue ApoBEe;. To nupivo OUTO onAO E~OOtpOAlOE OTOUe; Bu~ovnVOue; tn vixn !O 678. H OVOIJOOIO lOU KOl we; «EMnvlKou» npoepxetm one roue llunKoue; OXOAlOOTEe;. 01 Bu~ovnvo[ OPl~OV we; «uypo nup» n «80AOOOlO nup» OUTO to nupivo IJElYIJO nou IJnOpOUOE VO KOlYETOl KOl oro VEpO.

To EMnvlKo nup ElVOl ornv npoYIJOnKOtnro n TEAElonolnon 1J10e; naAoloTEpne; nopoooone; otouc epnpnopouc ElVOl Eva £lOOe; BAnIJO!Oe; -KEPOIJIKO OOX£lO, YElJaTO IJE EUtpAEK!o IJElYIJO- nou EK!o~EUOWV IJE!O XEPI n IJE KO!onEAm. H «nvotoplo lOU onAou

OU!OU BPlOKEWl om xpnon 1J10e; unxnvnc EKTo~EUone; [OltpWVl. tnv onolc tpOPTWVOV ow nxolc rou OTOAOU, KOl IJnOpOUOE VO EKro~EUOEl tpwno ana Evav KO!EU8uVOIJEVO owAnvo. To uypo nup, to onolo npokosoune unoKwtpo Bounto Kl EByo~E nUKvo KOl 1J0upO Konvo, pnopouos va K04JEl one cnooroon TO Ex8plKO nAolo KOI va TOUe; TpOIJOKpoTnoElOAOUe;!

nOla aUOlatlKGj

H ouv8Eon EVOe; TErolOU onAou ntov KOAO KPUIJIJEVO IJUorIKO. H «ouvrovn- TOU uvpou nupOe;YEvvnOE noMEe; un08EOEle;. EnpOKElIO YlO EKpnKnKO IJEIYIJO VlTPOU KOl vatp80e;; AUTn mv unoseon ul08emoE 0 xnIJIKOe; Berthelot ora TEAn IOU 190u ouovo.Etm. 10 uypo nup 8Ewpn8nKE npcopouoc me; nuplnooe; nupoBoAOU. Dotooo. OUyxpOVEe; IJe:AETEe; K}.l-

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vouv nEpl0001EPO am 8Ewp[a nepi EVa, ~ElV~OlO, nElpEAa[ou Kat pnuvnc npav~au, an6 Eva KEl~EVO lOU 100u ouovo [De administrando imperiol. yvwp[~OU~E noME, nnVE, Etpoolao~ou lWV Bu~avuvwv OE oxnlEpvaOlo nElpEAatO, nou Bp[OKOVlav KUp[W, otnv nepioxn lOU KauKaoou.

Av n ouvseon lOU ~ElV~OlO, OEV eivoi EKpnKUKn outn Ka8' cum. ~EVEl va KOlaAaBou~E ~E noio tpono EKlO~£U6lav. OlOlatpOPEllKE, nnVE, ovooepouv oprouevo otoixelo me unxovnc EK16~£uon,: Eva, xaAKlVO, oWAnva, nou Enat~E 10 POAO lOU £KlO~EUlnpa, Eva ouompo nepunpeeouevo. nou EOlVE tn ouvOlomlO me aMavn, xolEu8uvon" Eva nupouvov [~aVKaAl) onou ~EOlatVOlOV 10 ~Elv~a Kat, BEBata, pm ovtA[a.Iva retoro ouomuc ~nopOUOE apaVE va A£llOUPvnOEl an01EAEo~aUKa;

flO va V[VEl YVWOlO ouro. '0 Ka8nvmn, John Haldon lOU novernornulou lOU MnEp~lyxa~ Kat n o~aoa lOU aVEAaBav va avaouomoouv cute 10 ~nxavlO~O, BaOl~O~EvOl one YVWOEl, nou eixov Kat a~lonOlouoav Ol Bu~aVllvo[! Iin va 8Ep~avouv 10 KoMwOE, cute ~E[v~a, Etpua~av 10 OOXElO a' Eva xutnpto Kat 10 €:BaAav ncvco OE tpwua AlvaPlOU, nou Ka[El ruo Olva an' O,U n tpwua lOU ~UAOU.'VOlEpa Etpua~av Eva oWAnva nou 8a lOU, xpncureue W, EKlO~EUlnpa,. liu tnv npow8non, cnoedoiocv va xpnouionoinoouv ~la OlKUAlvopn avlA[a nou tn AEltoupvouccv DUO utouo, aV1AWvlO, Vl' outnv E~nv£uon an6 Eva naAlO unooElv~a, 10 onoio, o~w" OEV ElVat B€:Bato 6u xpnoiuonolnccv note Ol Bu~aVllvoL

M6vov 01 Iyaupocp6pOI. ..

TEAo" Vla va avatpAE~ouV 10 ~Elv~a, KOAAnoav ncvto 010 OWAnva EKlo~£uon, Eva npoouvcuuc Eva ~lKPO OOXElO onou EKatVE otount BoumV~Evo 010 Mol. To ouVOAO EOlVE ... tpwua! «Kara mv EpnElplKi} mi&I(i} uo». ovceepa 0 John Halden, «pEpIKte; rpAOYEe; KanOIWV &urEpoAtnrwv apKEaav Yla va Kalflouv tva nsoio 10-15 p.»

Ol Bu~aVllvo[ Aom6v OlE8ElOV Eva onAo npav~auKa anolEAw~auK6, ~E 10 onoio KOlEKatvaV 10 941 lOU, Pwoou" nou npoonoaoucov va KOlaMBouv tnv KwvOlaVllvounoxn. 001600, eivm OUOKOAO va Kp[VOU~E av npav~au n Bu~aVllvn AUlOxpntoplo ElXE V[VEl ovotepn exovtcc ornv KOloxn me Eva rnoio OnAo. napa 10 omvopevc. «rpaimOi tuo; 6Ev avarptpaal ioia; «ovevo rExvoAoYIKO orpEAoe; oe Ba80e; xpovou-, Kp[VEl 0 John Haldon. 0 Bu~aVllvo, OlOAO, unsom Kl ouroc ooBapE, ~n~lE, 010 Alva[o, onw, Kat otn MWOVElO. npaV~au, ou~tpwva ~E lOY Ka8nvmn otpotuotuou; unoploc Alex Roland, tpa[vElat 6u Ol Bu~avuvo[ xpmnocv tn xpnon lOU UVPOU nupoc Vla tnv a~uva me npuneuouocc lOU" ~E 10 OKEmlKO on «000 «ptntu; KwvaravrlvounoAl], «pauit; outorpotopk».

Drov O~W" 10 1204, noipvouv rnv n6An Ol Ircopoeopo; KavEva uvpo nup OEV unova lOU, otcpornoa. To npero npovpootpotuotuoi ~UOllKO XaVElOl.

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Meoc OE Urr6KW<jlO ~oum6 ~yaiv£l nuxvoc xorrvoc, EVW Eva~ KOT£U8uv611EVO~ ow1tJ.va~ «ptuva» <jlwnci xorcndvo 010 EXeplK6 nsoio. MIQ <jlwno rrou BEV tn o~nv£l 10 vspo.

AIIO TOV 60 oiovo, TO Bu~avno IIpO~aAA£TQl coc K1nPOV0110<; TOU EMnVlO110U. 'Ol1W<; TO SElla aUTO eivoi euoiofinto, av OXI EIIIKiv8uvo: IIW<; va ou11~l~aOTouv IIayavIOTlKIl q>1Aooo<pia KQl xpioncvixn IIi otn , 8ixw<; v' orroxnpucouv II plo tnv aMn;

Tou Philippe Descams

HNII H

ITAIL\EIA

LTHN AYrH TOY XPILTIANILMOY

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H opeoBo~ia eiva: srnonc KQPII6~ pxic BlIIm~ KAnpOVOjllc\~, me E1AnvlKn~ KQl me XPlm:lQV1Kn~. (Ope6Bo~0l1Epd~ otnv Iepoucusnp.)

nOA11l0nKn KAnpovo~lCj tau Bu~oVllou ElVOl tplnAn. Mnopd Ol Bu~ovnvol va vlw80uv PW~OlOl on6 nOAl1lKn onoun, fiEfio~EVOU 6n n n6An KOl n fiLOlKnOil me; E~!jlOVl~OVtOl we; NEO pw~n. elvnt eruonc 6~We;nAnVEe; KOl a~EOOl KAnpov6~ol tau KAOOlKOU KOl EMnVlonKOU nOA11l0~OU. lEAOe;. KOl lowe; ncvto on' 61.0. ElVOl xpumovol. Ilo va YlvEl kntnvonroc a Bu~ovnv6e; nOAl1lo~6e; one; Oto8EpEe; lOU. npounottsetm 6n 80 An!jl80uv unoun OUtEe; Ol tpEle; KAnpOVO~lKEe; nopouerpoi KOl n OMnAEnlfipoon roue. finAofif1 Ol OUYKpOUOEle; roue. An6 ne; OpXEe; we; tnv oAwon me; Kwvotcvnvounoxnc to 1453. Ol Bu~ovnvol npocnoaoucov va AUoouv to npoBAn~atO nou npoxoxouos cum n tplnAn KAnpOVo~lO. H Bu~ovnvn ouv8EOn npooncsnoe va filompnoEl tOY EMnvlo~6 xcpn OtO filolKnnKo nAolOlo me; OUlOKpatOploc. E~OO!jlOAl~OVtOe; touroxpovo m filafioon lOU xpionovrouou Lu~nEpoivEt0l6~we; 6n to EYxEipn~o fiEV ntcv ouvcrov va npoxropnon xwple; nAnY~ato. filOtoy~oue; KOl unovoxwpnoEle;: n EMnvlKn nnyn. Kuplwe; n !jlLAOOO!jllo. 8Ewpn8nKE E~WtEPlK6 oroixelo KOl pl~lKa ~EVO npoe; 10 xptouovrouo. M6vov ov E~EtOOtOUV ouvonnxo Ol filOfioXlKEe; OXEOEle; nou filatnpnoov Ol KatO KOlpOUe; OPlOtOKpOtEe; me; KWVOtOVllVOUnOAne; ~E mv EMnvlKn nOlfiEio pnopet va YlvEl KOAUtEPO KOtovonm n !jluon KOl n o~lo lOU BU~OVllVOU nopofiEiy~olOe;. nou

01 lh6ciOKaAOl me; I:xoMe; me; A9nvae;

o Apiotorcsnc xm

o I116rwy DEY 6EWpouvrci iodfici oro Bu~avrlO: 0 ApiotorEAn~ nponpotm, vxm 6EwpEirm OIl aull~aAAEl KaAiJrEpa omv unoompifn tou XPlorlQVlKOU 66Yllam~. (Nomoypaq>ia tou 160u m, rou Poqxmsou.)

'Oruv.ro 529. EKAElOE TO novcruotnpto m(A6nvoe;. rn OKUTeIAn EAoBE q>UOlOAOYlKO TO Bu~ovno. YlO va olmnpnoEl tnv KAnpOvOlJlO me; noyovlOllKne; q>t1.oooq>[oe;.'Hon 61Jwe; OlOYPOq>ovrat KonolEe; Ent1.oyEe; n KonolEe; nponunoac omv ovoq>opo

ornv KAOOlKn EMnvlKn q>t1.000q>[0.'ETOl. K08we; 1J0PWpouv to EPYO lOU ltocvvn lOU <Dt1.tn6vou Kat lOU Asovnou lOU BU~OVT[OU. TO EPYO tou APlOlOTEAn npoocepei EVa owp6 noM XpnOlIJO EPYOAElO. nou Eq>oPIJ6~oVTal EUKOAO OTa VEO EPWTnlJ0Ta to onolo npoxuntouv IJE TO xpumoviouo.

H pmoplKn Kat n AOYlKn TOU LTaYElp[m q>t1.6- OOq>OU EIJq>OV[~ovTat TWPO va oncvtouv OE 8EOAOYlKO Kat XPlOlOAOYlKO EpWTnIJOlO. 6nwe; oUT6 me; omne; q>uone; TOU XplOlOU. 0 nAOlWVlOIJ6e; Kat 0 VEOnAOlWVlOIJ6e; xpnOlIJOnOlOUvTat otnv unepcoruon me; n[orne. To EPYO me; LxoMe; me; ro~oe;. K08we; Kat aUTO lOU lIJEUOOOlOVUO[OU lOU Apeonovtrn, 8ETOUV entonc tov nMTWVO

otnv unnpeoio me; rnomc.

unnp~E E~o[pwn. To Bu~ovno olatWvlOE. OE IJlO nptom nepiofio nou EKTE(VETat on6 TO 395 we; 10 610. nOAlEe; nopo060Ele; 10 [OlO 6nwe; Kat oMo KEVTPO TOU EMnvlOIJOu. n.x. n AAE~ovoPEta. n Avnoxero. n ro~o Kat n A8nvo. 10lO(TEpO KoMlEPyn8nKE to eniypOIJIJO Kat 0 Ay08(oe; 0 LxoAoonK6e; EYPOIjJE OUAAOyEe;. 6nwe; 0 KUKAoe;. 6nou OUYKEVTPWVOvTat opxolo KOl vE6TEPO ernYPOlJlJow. Kat n ernomun TWV AAE~OVOPl-

vwv 61Jwe; Bp(oKEl tn oloooxn me; one; OUV6IjJEle; KOl one; OV80AOY(Ee;. ornoc TO E8vlKO TOU LTEq>ovou lOU BU~OVT(OU. n npoYIJOlElO TOU oOlpoMBou TOU koovvn <Dt1.tn6vou n n 10- TplKn TOU AA£~OVOpou on6 nc TpoMEle;. H 1J0UOlKn q>O[VETat nwe;YVWp[~EllJlO ruo npetotunn ov8lon. KUp[We; IJE TOV PwlJov6 TO MEAW66 (60e; m.). no[pVOVTOe; nnoorcon on6 mv onAn ovonopoywyn lOU opxnlou IJOVTEAOU. olompwVToe; 61Jwe; nopoMnAo 10 cpxclo ouotnpo olOOlnlJOTwv.

CDp£vnpn~ auAAoyn

Ol n6AEIJOl . Ol nOAlTlKEe; Kat 8WAOYlKEe; Kp[-

OEle; nou OUVTOPOOOOUV 10 Bu~ovno IJETO~U 610 Kat 823 onotesscov IJEyoAn tpoxoneon otnv ovnntufn me; AOYOTEXV[Oe;. np6KWat YlO uio nEp(ooo nou xopoKmp[~ETat KUp(We; on6 IJlO 1J0VOonKn Kat 8pnOKEUnKn AOYOTEXV[O Kat on6 TOUe; Ol£AElWTOUe; OlOXOOIJOue; OXETlKOIJE nc atPEOEle; Kat tnv 8Eon TWV ElK6vwv (BA. op8po vto rnv ElKOVOIJOX(O. OEA. 45].

LTO TEAOe; ournc me; nepiooou Kat UOlEPO on6 tnv OvooloPyovwon TOU nOVEntOlnlJ(OU KOla m BoOlAElO TOU MlXonA r'. TO BU~OVTlO YVWp[~El IJlO AOYOTEXVlKn ovuvacon nou OUVOOEUETOl on6 emotpoon otnv opxolo EMnVlKn YPOIJIJOlElO. 0

Alain Ducellier (0l0 EPYO TOU «La Culture: conservatoire au creuset?» 010 Constantinople 1054- 1261) nEplypoq>El outn rnv ovcvevvnon. «'Apxtaav AOtnOV va Ent6{60VTOt oe uta (i-

rpPEVf} aUYKivrpwaf} OAWV oaiov eixov anOJ.1ElVEt otnv outoxpatopio. ana uta ap- \ xoio KAf}POVOJ.1to. nou !j6f} ElXE akptatnouiatei EV J.1iPEt: ootepa avriypatpav J.1E (!jAO OAo TO an0J.1ElV6pta, uopic va ro aKi-

rprovrat Kat noM rt nay{6Ee; eoinvov otoiu; a8woue; xpuntavoiu». AUTn n n:AEUTa[o nopctnpnon npoouovlisrm non tn B08lo OOOq>ElO me; oxsonc TWV BU~OVTlVWV npoc tnv opxclc noyovlonKn q>lAOOOq>[O. H

q>POVT[OO me; olOlnpnone; me. nEplo06TEPO Kl on6 tn OUVExlon me; nOvTWe;. OEV ~EKlVO on6 IJlO oprouevn KOXUnOljJ(o onevovn c' oUT6 TOV npoxptoncvuco 0l0xoo1J6. 0 noyovlOlJ6e; TOU onolou 80 IJnOpOUOE KoMlOlO va npoKoAEOEl mv 00£BEla Konolwv. Mnop£l 0 nctpuipxnc <Dwnoe; (820-891). sruq>ovne; 00q>6e; Kat opOOlne; OUTne; me; EK VEOU OVOKOAUljJne; TOU opXO(OU nOAlTlOIJOU. va O(VEl otn BtBAI08!jKf}TOU IJlO lOlO[TEpO nAOUOlO Kat nOlKLAn KOloypoq>n TWV £PYWV TO onolo enccov 010 X£PlO TOU. nOVTWe; aUtO TO EPYO OEV unopxouv 010 onov-

nOAEpOl Kal KpiO£I<; nnoreseonv tPOxoDEBn otnv uvnrrnxn me AoYOt£XYiac;

72 • 01 METAMOP<DOrEILTOY BYZANTlOY

B ioJ,J am. Epya npoouc 010 Wp(HEpO KOIV6 K0l6xl moue; EI01- KOUe;. LE aU1Ee; uc EnlTOJ,JEe; me; apxaiae; ypaJ,JJ,JmEiae; EXEl yiVEl opaOllKn EnlAoyn Kalla KAaOlKa Epya napOUOla~OV10l c' aU1Ee; EKxplmlavloJ,JEva. To J,JEYaAO EYKUKAOnOlolK6 EPYO nou EYKOlViaOE a Krovotovnvoc Z' a Ilopeupovevvntor; [913-959) EiXE oav oxono va E~aoqJaAioEl m olaooon me; apxaiae; notoEiae;. J,JE mv npoi.in6Bwn 6n cum n naloEia OEV Ba Epx610V OE OUYKpouon J,JE m xplonavlKn niotn.

LlO lEAOe; lOU 100u ouovc. 10 EPYO OUJ,JmAnJ,JalWV KOl OUV6ljJEWV Bploxet 010 [0';60 n [ou[60mv coxorn ouvBwn lOU. To J,JEYaAO aU16 AE~lK6 xpnotpcua we; EYXElpiolO nou npoopi~E10l Yla roue J,JEMovnKOUe; Aa'lKOUe; KOl EKKAnolamlKoue; AE1- roupvouc, KOl npooolopi~El Eva J,JEOO 6po nOloEiae; nou cncrrshm vm va KEpoioEl KanolOe; pro BEon om Bu~avnvn 01- olxnon.

Kl cum n Kma J,JEOO 6po nOloEia EXEl yiVEl avnKEiJ,JEVO 101- chepnc EnE~Epyaoiae;. wmE va OEiXVEl tn J,JEylOm oUJ,JBm6- m10 J,JE 10 xplmlaVlK6 o6YJ,Ja. AU16 EXEl we; anolEAwJ,Ja tnv aMoiwon me; vvnoioc apxOloEMnvIKne; oKEljJne;. OE onuslo nou J,J6vo OPIOJ,JEVOI. J,JEJ,JOVWJ,JEVOI. olavomEe; nou OEV evtpuonocv OE nutn tn J,JEon nOloEia. va EXOUV aK6J,Ja npooficon one nponorunec nnYEe; me; apxOloEMnvIKne; ypaJ,JJ,JmEiae;. one BIBAIoBnKEe; lOU noxouou.

'ETOI. EXOUJ,JE OLio OKEAn me; J,JOpqJWJ,JEvne; optotoxputioc. an6 m um. cuetomo nAnBoe; otoptov nou olaBElOUV YVWOEle; nEpaOJ,JEVEe; an6 10 K60KIVO me; EKKAnoiae; KOl an6 tnv aMn J,JEpIKOUe; oocouc nou J,JlAOUV enl me; ouoloc ylO lOV ApurtolEAn. 610V 10V ovocepouv.

naVla amv KOIIJn

EmnMov. n BEon lOU npaYJ,JanKOU A6YIOU anEvavn one; EKKAnOlamlKEe; KOl nOAl1lKEe; apXEe; OEV EiVOl cnopotmto noM anAn.'Evae; ouyypaqJEae; 6nwe; a lIlEM6e; [1018-10781. naBlaOJ,JEVOe; J,JE 10V nA.61wva. roue vEonAmwvIKOUe;. KaBwe; KOl J,JE m pntopixn. 00qJ6e; naYK60J,Jlae; EJ,JBEAElae;. nou EvoapKwvEl an6 J,J6voe; IOU tnv ovovevvnon me; Bu~avnvne; qJlAoooqJiae; KOl ovunpootoneua tnv avooo me; A6Ylae; opurroxponoc. aU16 10 uvnuetou IOU 11 au ouovo Aom6v. E~nOE un610 KpalOe; me; EVrovnc novto anElAne; va KamyopnBEi vro clpeon n novoviopo. MnopEi a iOlOe; va anEqJUYE mv xotnvoplo. 6J,Jwe; a rue eruoovne; J,Ja8mne; lOU OEV KalaqJEpE va m yAllWOEl.

npaYJ,Jan. EnEIOn a Iwavvne; a l1aA6e;. J,Ja~ J,JE aMoue;. 6nwe; ° MIxanA I1OAIK6e; n a Euotpcnoc NIKaiae;. EnEOiWKE va EPJ,JnVEUOEllO o6YJ,Ja BaoEl me; qJlAOooqJIKne; oKEljJne; nou EiXE KAnpOOOlnoEl n Apxmornro. KmaolKamnKE an6 m ouvooo. 001600. moue; K6AnOUe; me; iOlae; me; EKKAnoiae;. unapxouv Kanolol nou aV1Aouv YVWOEle; an6 ne; nnYEe; me; apXOlOEMnVIKne; qJlAoooqJiae;.'Evae; an6 aUlOUe; KOl ° nmplapxne; Iwavvne; =lqJlAivoe; [1010-10751. ° onoioe; EqJapJ,J6~El mv apxaia yvwon mn J,JEMm lOU OlKaiou. mpWV1Oe; wm600 napaMnAa anomaoEle; J,JEla~u EMnvloJ,Jou KOl xplonavloJ,Jou. 'ETOI. 6Xl J,J6vo OEV EiVOl EUKoAn n np60Baon OE npw16wna Epya KOl n J,JEAtm EYXE1PIOiwv nou npoopi~OV1Ol Yla m J,J6pqJwon me; Bu~aV11vne; aplmoKp01iae;. aMa J,Jla lEl01a olaolKaoia J,JnopEi va anooElX8Ei EmKivouvn.

H Kmao1Oon aUln E~nyEi xwpie; aJ,JqJIBoAia mv npoliJ,Jnon nou oEixvouv Ol olavoouJ,JEVOllOU Bu~aV1iou Olav APlo101EAn aVli lOU nAalwva. 0 ApI0101EAne; nponJ,JalOl Ylali olaxwpi~El mo pl~oonamlKa laue; 10J,JEie; me; yvwone; Kal me; ni01ne; KOl

_ Mia vpaq>ll Via to Euayyilio

ma IOV 90 cuovo £],j(pavi~ovrG! om Ba1KaVla VEa rrosnu«; xevtpo, mediov aVEEapmm. H UloBt'mon IOU xpioncviopou uno to VEOKona curd xpdm EVEx£! aKopa pqo1UIEPO xlvSuvo, Sion npoiinobrra tnv avayvwplOn IOU<; nrro tn xpionovmi Eopomn KG! <PEP£! cvroc me to BEPEAIQ pIQ<; Ko1a opvovopevnc xponxric Sopnc, Meoc OE cum tn OIQOIKaoia EK-

XPIOTIQVl01l0U, n Popn KG! n Koivorcvnvounosn rmpouoiutovro; W<; avrino1E<;. Tn otrvpn nou EOPQlWVUQI plQ EVl£lo1PEVll rrosmxri, rrpoetoipuopevn va OIQOWO£! 10 mayytAIO KQI va 10PUO£! EBVlKE<; EKKAnoiE<;, 10 BEpa me YAwooa<; vivetci eneivov. To KOla Mctflaiov EuaYYElIo (28, 18-19) oiv£! EvrOAil OTOU<; XPIOTIQVOU<; «rropEVetvrE~ iva paenwJoovaI rravm Til tevn {jl{ja(J1(OVl[~ avrovQ>, aAAci Ba npena KQI va 10 ol6<iEouv OE onomonrrore YAwooa; tmAa6il, KG! OE <i11E<; YAWOOE<; =6<; an6 aUTE<; IOU Euayy£1iou, to E11IIVlKa, ra E~palKciKG! to AanVlKa; Oi ieporrootosor unnvrouv rrpoBupa 010 KaAWpa IOU Mctfluiou, aAM prropouv va Eaaoouv on 01 nOAAt<; YAWOOE<; 010 nepiorcnsn me Ba~EA onotcsouv Bcio OiKll; BE~G!a, tc IEpa K£ipEYa EXOUV non pua<ppaOTEi OTa oupioxd, OTa KOrrnxc KQl am YEwpYIQVa, aAAci aUTO neopd nc EKKAnoiE<; EKEivE<; nou ~pioKOvrav uno lOY EA£¥XO me nutospctopicc. ME IOU<; LM~ou<; IWV Ba1Kaviwv, IO BEpa rfvni OIQ<popmKo KQl 01 ieponootoAOI <po~ouvrQl pnmoc cvoeuvouv KQI EKKAnoiE<; nou orropcxpnvovrru uno IO xpiouovixo Sovpu, Avupeod IOU<;, Suo aoa<pla ana tn Osoousovisn, 0 Mixcn), (MEBoOIO<;), YEVVllPEVO<; IO 815, KQI 0 Kevotovrivoc (KUplAAO<;), YEVVllPEVO<; IO 826, OTaABnKOV pE onoorosn om Mopa~ia IO 863. 0 npiYKlITa<; PanoM~ £iXE KQI 010 nop£1Bov oalEi rnv miOKE1[II1 il>paYKwv repnnootosorv, aAAci EITIBUpOUOE v' anaAAay£i uno tnv Kapo1iV£!a xndepovio. KQI uoou n Popn OEY urrovrouoe omv EKK1IIoillOu va opyavwBEi n Mopa~IKil EKl<Anoia, EKEivo<; OTpa<pME 010 Bu~civrlO. 0 Kovomvrfvoc, cpxnvoc me cnoorosnc, yvwpi~£! laEla tu o1ci~IKa KQJ ernvoei pia aA<pa~mo nou EixE tn Suvctotrite va puaypa1[lEI IOU<; EIOIKOU<; nxouc me mayy£1IKil<; yAwooa<;. Etoi YEVVIITG! n YAayolInKil 01- <pa~mo<; (an6 IO oAa~IKo «glagoljati», 1I0U onpnivei «PIAW»), n onoia xpnotponotdrci ylQ nporn qiopo om puci<ppaon OTa oAa~ovlKa me Korvnc tl.laBnKll<; uno lOY iow lOY Korvotavrivo. 0 iolO<; illWOTE emxapei auto IO OUOKOAO KQl emxivouvo EPYO pE rporro onepivporno, a<pou, ovn va PEm<ppao£! KOla vpnppo to EuayyelIa, to anEowoE onoc tn KOlaM~mvE. 0 KWVOTaYlivo<; KQl 0 ao£1- <po<; IOU opvcvovouv tnv EKKAnoia IOU<;, a<pou xnpioov OTOU<; Mopobouc pic Amoupyia om YAwooa IOU<;. Ano EKEiVll rn OTIYpn. apxi~£! n nosqnxn. 0 MIXanA KQJ 0 Kcovorovnvoc ElIlOTpt<pOUV om Pcopn, onou nEBaivEI 0 Kwvomvrivo<;. 0 rmrmc Xpi~EI 10lE lOY MEBoolO enioxono Mopojiioc, Opox 01 il>pciyKOI opvovovouv npaEIKonnpa evavriov IOU PanoM~ KQl 0 MEBoOlO<; <puAaKi~uG! 10 870. Omv a<pllvuG! £1EuBEpo<;, EITIOTPE<pEI OTa KOBllKOvra IOU, napa mv napouoia IWV il>paYKwv, sm 0 ndnoc lOY xornvopd on OEV EKI£1Ei m Awoupyia ow AanVlKa, aAAa oe plQ YAwaaa nou OEV EX£! tirrore 10 IE po (ssed barbara id est slava lingua»). Km, napa IO on BEwpei nw~ EKEivo<; nou onploupvnoe tc AanVlKa, to E11IIVlKa KG! ru E~palKa Snpioupvnoc «KG! OAE<; nc illE<; YAwoae<;», urto<pa()'i~£! va urrovopeuou m Amoupyia OTa aAa~oVlKa Kal anoKOBIOTa tn Amoupyia OTa AanvIKa. IIapa11nAa, IO 865, 0 MlxallA I" ypa<peJ OTOV rrdna on tc AanvIKa, oe ouvxpion pE W E11IIvIKa, EiVQl YAwooa «~ap~apIKll KG! OKUBIKll» KCIl, uno tnv nAmpa IOU, npowBEi erntcxnxd svov EE£1- AnVI01l0, non EITlOnpOn01Ei mv nOAmOTIKll cvonepormc IWV E11IIVIKWV.

01 paB"mE<; lOU MEBoOIOU, OUyKEVIPWPEVOI OTn BouAyapia, olOoioouv, orrec EKEivOI BEWPOUV otooro, tn YAayoAmKll aX<pa~mo, aAAa El<; pdtnv, KG! IOUIO vtoti, nOAu YPllyopa, 01 paBmE<; IOU KUPI~OU BEIOUV OE xpncn tnv KUp.1AAIKll aA<pa~mo, nou anol£1Ei unsn uvnypa<pll m<; E11IIvIKll<; pEyaAoypappam<;, KQI n onoia unEplOXUEl m<; YAayoAmKll<;, EITI~E~alwvovra<; IO Bpiap~o IOU EEE11IIvIOTIKOU Klvnpa- 1O<; nou npowBnaE 0 aUIOKpalOpa<;.

~-----.

fla mv npooappoyn IWV lEPWV KElPEVWV 011<; «~ap~aplKE<;» yAW aOE<;, n KOlaAnEn EiVQl n onplOupvia plO<; vEa<; aA<pa~nIOu. EOw, pm EITIypacpn OTa YAayoAH1Ka, puaypa<pn IWV oAa~ovIKwV, navw a' Evav lOixo m<; EKK1IIoia<; IOU Ayiou rEwpyiou, OTnv Kpomia.

01 METAMOPCDOl:£i:Il: TOY BYZANTIOY ·73

74· 01 METAMOPOlOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTlOY

..

o tUnO~ n£plaaOt£pO ano mv oua(a

H Bu~ovnvn OXOAn, mElOn «8Ewpdral avrlKapapa rf]r; anaOXO).f]Of]f;», ypCIjlEl 0 Alain Ducellier. ElVOl EVOe; xwpoe; «ottou f] KaAAIEPYEIO EKflparal 0).0 «c! ).lyorEpo, aurrj Ka8aurrj». OuOlOOlIKC, n Bu~ovnvn oxoAn OEV npooeepa T600 KoMlEPYElO n uro Ou9EVTlKn KoMlEPYElO 600 TO cnopcftnto EPYOAElO, pnTOPlKC KOI YAWOOOAOYlKC, one ololKnnKEe; 9EOEle;, YlO nc onoiec npoopl~OVTOl 01 KOAlnEpOl ~09mEe;.

AUT6 nou EXEl onuoolc novto an' 6AO OE OUTEe; nc OXOAEe; ElVOl va XElPl~OVTOl TO EMnVlKC ~E tn ~EYOAUTEpn OUVOTn lKOvCmTO. H npoonsoon moue; tunouc onOKTC etm EVa YEAOlOYPOljllK6 xcpoktnpo KOTC TOV 110 KOI 120 OlWVO, CTOV EmBcMETOl n VEO pntopixn. EVa OXEOIO nou OUV10l0TOl 010 va OVOOEll<TEl. oXEnKc ~E orepsotuno KOI xoivorono 9E~OTO, ranoyparprjpara, n EKTOon TOU AE~tAoYlou me. KOI 010 va YlVETOI n ~Eylom xpnon AE~IKOAOYlKC onovuov OlOIXElWV KOI ypo~~onKwv E~OlpEOEWV.

o lIlEM6e; KOI n 'Avvo Kouvnvn. K6pn KOI OYlOypCIjlOe; TOU AAE~IOU A', vonteuutvot KOI 01 ouo on6 TOV OU9EVTlK6 EMnVlK6 noxmopo. OEV nououv va KOTOIjlPOVOUV OUTIl tn ~opljln

sntonc EnElfifl KoBlOla TO OUMOYlO~6 npowonKn lExvn.'ETOI, npoepepstm nOAU rue EUKOAO otnv unepdornon TOU XPlOllOVIKOU 66Y~OTOe;. np6KElTOl Aotn6v YIO tva «xplarlOVIKo aptototesiouo», onopporo ~IOC; «f:~wpai"aJ.ltvf/C; apxaiai; nop66oof]f;», AtE I 0 Alain Ducellier, nou Sp[OKEl tn Bton TOU KOI EVOW~OTWVE101 010 BU~OVTlV6 nOAlTlO~c. AUT6e; 0 opurroTEAlK6e; IjlOp~OAIO~6e; eruxpotei entcnc one oxoAte; me; Kwvorovnvounosnc.

To 10l0PlK6 ElOOC;, YIO nop6flElY~o, YVWp[~EI ~IO opiouevn cvoveoon KOHl TOUe; TEAEUT010ue; xpovouc me; MOKEOOVlKne; lWVOOlElOC; KOI tnv enoxn lWV Kouvnvrov 0 lIlEM6C; ypaljlEI tn Xpovovpoeia. 0 MlxonA AnoAElamc; oUVTaooEI ~IO lotopiouav ETWV 1034-1079 KOI 0 NlKncp6poe; Bputwloe; ~10 iatapiaua» ETWV 1070-1074, 010 uIjlOe; TOU =EVOIjlWVTO 600 ylO tnv 'Awo Ko~vnvn, ypCIjlEl mv cnoxovto TOU notepo me; otnv A).E(la6a me. TEAOe;, entonc ~EXWp[~El n OVOIjlOpc otnv Apx0l6mTO n onoio YlvETOl otnv ljJEu600~nplKn enonouc TOU koovvn ~tT~n [1120-1180].

H aAwon me; Kcovotcvnvounosnc on6 TOUe; Ircupoeopouc TO 1204 KOI n lopuon me; Bu~ovnvne; AUTOKpOToploe; me; NlKO[Oe; on6 tnv OlKOYEVElO IIaoKopn OEV 9ETOUV TEAOe; OE outn rnv eruotpoon otnv 0pxolOEMnvlKn yvwon.

o nOlooywy6e; TOU 8E6owpou 8', 0 uovcxcc NlKnljl6poe; BAE~~uone; [1197-12721. ElVOl, OVT[9ETO, ovo~ljlloBnmTOe; 910- owme; TWV 0PlotOTEAlKWV onouotov KOI n DJvropf] (/JUOIKrj TOU xpnouronoieuoi we; EYXElP10lO ~EXPI KOI om lluon.

'000 YlO tnv uotepn Bu~ovnvn neplooo. on6 tnv eruotpoen otnv KWVotOVTlvounOAn TO 1261 we; tnv aAwon me; on6 TOUe; TOUpKOUe; TO 1453, outn OnOTEAEl rnv opyn cnoouvseon me; cutoxporoptcc KOI tnv npoooEunKn onoouvuptoon TOU KPCTOUe;. Oot600, n Bu~ovnvn AOYOTEXV[O OEV 1jl01VE10l va UnOIjlEpa a~wo an' OUT6. noMw OE ~cMov OIjlOU n nopOK~~TOU K09EOlWTOe; OljlnVEl entonc otouc OIOVOOU~EVOUe; ~EYOAUTEpn EAEU9Eplo OKEljJne;.

Etoi. 0 rEWPYIOe; llcxupepnc [1242-131 0) unopel va cnov- 910El TOV APloToTEAn om (/JtAOoorpiaTOu, ruo EUKOAO [owe; an' o.u 90 uncpouos va TO KaVEl OUO OlWVEe; VWp[TEpO. AK6~0

"Eivm tvae; exxpionuviopevoc apIOIOIe:.AIOp6e; IIOU £~UIInptIno£ In pu~avnvn KOUAIoupa"

aKplTWV KOl OVC~IWV AOYOU OOKnoEWV. H 'Awo Kouvnvn 010- TElVETOI on, KOTa nporponn me; EKKAnoloe;, n9EAn~Evo AnO~OVOUVTOl OTOlXElO me; EMnvlKne; KAnpovO~ICe; unsp ~10e; Emn6AOlne; pntopueic. ~10e; pnxovuoic Aoy6ppoloe;, nou TO uovo EMnvlK6 otOlXE10 TO onolo Ol09ETEl ElVOl n yAWOOO. KOI uovo OKEIjlT6~EVn OUT6 TO OXEOlO, AEEI n 'Awo Ko~vnvn, «VlW- 9El TO ~uOA6 me; va BpC~El».

LE cum mv nepiofo TOU 11 OU KOI 120u OlWVO, n EKno[oEUon ElVOl nEplo06TEPO on6 nOTE WIjlEAl~lotlKn, npooovoroucuevn one ololKmlKEe; OVCYKEe;. EmnAEov, OAOEVO KOI nEplo06TEPO Y1VEIOl on6 KAnplKOUe;, Oljlou n EKKAnolo 10xUpOnOlElTOl npooOEunKc, EVW TO KpCTOe; E~OVTAElTOl OlOUe; OIOpKEle; OYWVEe; svcvno otouc TOUpKOUe; nou KOTOKTOUV mv AVOTOAlO KOI one OnEtAEe; TWV Actlvcov. 001600, outn n neptococ ElVOl entonc KOI nEploooe; KOTC mv onoto unopouv v' OVOOEll<TOUV OIOVOOU~EVOI E~loou onouootor ~E TOV lIlEM6, OE ~EYCAO B09~6 XCple; oto EKnOlOEunK6 ouornpc.looc ~CAlotO pnopouue va 1jl0VTOotOU~E on n OlljJo YlO Ou9EVTlK6mTO svoc lIlEMou npoKAn9nKE on6 tn ~ETp16Tmo me; EKnoloEUone;.

LE OUTOUe; TOUe; OlWVEe; enionc. 0 KAOOlK6e; nOAlTlo~6e;, ov KOI KoAoBw~EVOe;, oloo69nKE EUPUTOTO ~EXPI KOI one; ruo onouospuouevec ~OVEe; me; outoxpctoploc. TEAOe;, unopxouv CMOI TO~Ele;, EKT6e; on6 m IjltAOOOljllO, 6nou Y1VETOl OUOlOotlKn OVOIjlOPC otov 0pxOloEMnvlK6 noAlTlo~6.

rue xnpuxtnpurnxd. KOTC He; TEAEUT01Ee; WpEe; me; KWV010VH- , vouncsnr; EVOe; IjltA6001jl0e; pnopet va onAWOEl OVOIXTC nAOnoviornc. LE OUTn tnv nepirmoon E~nlmEl 0 rEWPYlOe; rE~lot6e; nAn9wv lnep, 1355 - nep. 14521. TOV onolo 0 Alain de Libera OEV OlotC~El va onoKoAEoEl otn M£OalwvlKrj (/JtAooorp[a TOU we; «TO ~EVOAUTEPO BU~OVTlV6 IjllA6001jl0 TOU MEoolwvo». H T6A~n TOU IjlTCVEl we; TO onpeio va npOTE1VEl rnv ovoouotoon Ev6e; EMnVlKOU nOAu9E"iOllKOU KpCTOUe;, oo~n~EVOU OU~IjlWVO ~E TO un60ElY~0 me; flo).lrdar;TOU nACTWVO.

Erm, OlO TEAEUT010 Xp6VlO TOU Bu~oVTlou 0 EMnVlO~6e; oneAEU9EPWVETOI on6 TOUe; nepioprououc nou TOU EmBcMEl 0 OVTOYWVlO~6e; TOU ~E TO XPlotlOVlO~6.

To 1453 n KwvOlovnvounoAn EXEl nCljJEl ruo va E1VOl EMnvlKn, oMc 0 EMnvlO~6e; EmBlwvEl, OU~IjlWVO ~E TOV Alain de Libera, un6 ouo ~OpIjlEe;: «ito nsoioto me npWf] V outorpotopice. ° EAAf]VIOpOr; KararpEuY£1 arf]V EKKAf]o[a - rf]v [610 aurrj nou eixe noJtEprjoEI mv £AJtf]VIKrj rptAooorpia aav "rpl).ooorp[a EKro( ouvetuac. npoxnun yta EAAf]VIKOrf]ra xiopic rptAooorp[a, xplarlOvlKo EAAf]VIOpO (. . .}», Kal, EKrOr; nAaloiou tti; xouevnc autoepotopku; «0 EAAf]VIOpOr; KorarpEuY£1 ou; rpIJtooorp{a» KI tun «f] avaYEwwpEVf] !raMa 6106ix£fal ra Bu(avrlO otnv uneptionum rau noyovlarlKou EAAf]VIOP0U».

AnOKTHITE TA TEYXH noy XAIATE

An6 TOV 40 ouovo W<; rnv mcoon tnc Kovotovnvounosnc, II Bu~avnvil Auroxputoplc xpeuiotnxe va avnperointoet 6A£<; nc £nl~ouA£<;.

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I1w<; £~lly£iTm onpspc jno T£T01a poxpofnotnrn:

Tou Philippe Testard- Vaillant

76· 01 METAMOPQlO[EI[ TOY BYZANTIOY

<polilao~Evn ue tpto <<y€pa» ouvopo, tn fluon. TO flouvaBn (010 Boppcl Kat rnv AVmOArl. n ouroxporoplc. aMoT€ KaA08p€~~EVn Kl aAAOT€ n€lVaAEa. Ii€v EnalJl€ va npOKaA€l tnv EnlBoUArl lWV Kovnvwv rl Kat ~aKplvwv Y€lrovov me. O€ lila01n~a XLAlWV €TWV. f6T80l. DUWOl, BavliaAOl. nEpO€C;, BaBol, ABapOl. BouAyapol, ApaB€c;, AP~EVlOl, BlKlVYKC; (npaYOVOlIWV Pwowv], n€1O€VEyKOl. (iJpaYKOl, TOUPKOl, MoyyaAOl: 6AOl TOUC; 8EAnoav va lilaKlVliuv€uooUV liaYKwvovrac; Eva Ko~~an an6 rn Bu~avnvrl nlto, 'GAOL TOUC; OV€lp€UmKaV va oucaonoinaouv Eva ~EPOC; TOU Bnccupou rl

'Evac; Olpm:6C;

ot idvnon To lI1I11K6 cnorcsei oumOOT1K6 TJlD.JlO TOU uutoxporopixou orpotou,

xripic OTllV rnxurntd

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TOU~ Apa~E~ TOV 90 OlWVO.)

~aMov va Pl~ouv to Bau~aOlalE[xn me nLO wpa[al; KOl nLO EnLBu~nllll; n6Anl; otn rn. E[vOlljlavEp6 6n 01 OlpanwnKEI; 6uva~Ell; EnOl~av on~avnK6 p6AO omv npootoolo me KwvOlavnvounoAnl; KOl lOU un6AOtnOU «~EOOU KpalOUC;». nou EKIElV610V OE noMa exctoupupic mpaywvlKwV XtAlO~ElpWV. 6nwI; 010 Mwalwva. llorc OlpanwnKn OlpOlnYlKn. 6~WI;. ouv6uao~Evn ~E ~la KaMllExvlKn EVVOIa me 6tnAW~0l[al;. EnE6El~av 0l61afioxlKo[ uovopxEI;Yla va anwBnoouv 10 KU~Ola lWV ExBpwv. OE 6Aa to ~Elwna; «H opy6vwof) me 6Jluvat; rpwri(£1 a(loof)Jldww TIl; JlfTappUBJlIorlKit; IKav6rf)r£t; tou Bu(avriou. vuni. oro nipaoJla rwv OIWVWV. avarpanf)K£ no).),it; rpopit; ylO va npooapuoatei ora via 6£60- Jliv(f». finAwvEl ~E~lal; 0 Jean-Claude Cheyne!. KaBnymnl; me

Bu~avnvnl; 1000p[al; 010 flovernormnc Paris IV - I:opB6vnl. 0 Bu~avnv61; Olp0l61;. anEUBdal; filafioxol; lWV pw~a'lKwv ACYEwvwv. an6 TnV [fipuon tnc ouroxpotoplcc WI; nl; EIOBoAEI; lWV ApaBwv. OUYl[BEIOl omv ouoto an6 EnaYYEA~Ol[EI; otpotuorec nou nAnpWVOYlOl EV ~EPEI OE pEU0l6 (xpuoa vopiopoto] KOl EV ~EPEI OE ElfiOI; (Olapl. Mfil. KpEal;. UljlaO~OlaJ. Evcc KEYlPlK61; nupnvoc. XWplO~EVOI; OE ~cyaAa otourno (10 KO~ll(llOJ. Eva ~EPOI; lWV onokov OlaB~EUEl KOYla omv nptoteuouoc. ouvofiEUEllOV outosporopo OE exorpcrelo.

'KQJ avyypacpt'ac; rov t'pyov Histoire de Byzance. Presses Universitaires de France. Collection Que sais-je?

01 METAMOPlDm:m TOY BYZANTlOY ·77

H napQ6o~n Ttrapm "fuiUpOcpopia

ETl~ 13 Anpixiou 1204 n KovotcvnVOUilOAn, n IIIO IIUKVoKaIOIKnpEvn xpionovisn I10An, I1EqnEl ore XEPIQ

rwv Eraupo<popwv ... Auto 10 YEYOVO~ Sa onpaOE\jIEl ylQ I10AU KQlPO IOU~ avSpwI10U~, pE tporro OIQ<pOPEUKO, cvosovo pE 10 onpcio SEwpnon~. Ilpdvpou, n omupooopic uum EivQI unorEAEOpa pioc puxpdc OElPO~ cno aOUVEVvonoiec KQI uruxeic EKrpOIlE~. (Ilivoxoc tou Tivropeto, 1580.)

To mnuco, ouvovupo tnc KlvnnK6mlO~, elvot nLO on~avllK6. IIOYIK6: 10 BapBapIKa cpuAa nou ~EXUVOVTat KUPlw~ an6 10 BaAKavla [[MBo!. ABapo!. BouAyapol. .. ueoo otov 60 cuovcl. ~ETaKlvouv101 OUVEXW~. n' aUT6 Kat 01 Bu(avnvo( avm unoXPEW~EVOI va npoAaBouv TO ouvTO~6TEPO TOV Ex8p6 Yla va TOV xovouv va unoxuipnon.

To unoxoino otpuruouxn rpnuoto [01 aKp(TE~1. nou 0 p6Ao~ TOU~ 80 nEplop((ETat alilaKona, elvoi. Kma tnv cnoum TOU ko- 8nymn, IilavE~n~Eva ore ouvopo. 6nou UljJWVOVTat OE IiIKTUo noAuliclnava oxupc [KUp(W~ Yla ~Ia onouovevn xtopul Kat unEpaon((ovTal tnv cutospotoplo OE Ba80~. «EvvodraI6J1w~ 6n a K£VTP1K6~ atpauu; unoasi va evioxooei ra n£pup£p£taKO

- ADo nou npoepxovrm 01 TOUPK01;

QlO 10 100 ciovc, tn roUPKIKO <puAa ~ouv otnv KEVIPIKll Aoia, oro onpsprvo TOUPKEm:OV. 'Eva all' cum tc <puAa, OJ EEAr~ouKoI, ucou cnovcorcmocv EVOVIIQ orouc I1aAIOU~ roue npxnvouc, roue ra~vE~ioE~, KaraAap~ovouv 10 Ipdv KQl EIO~Q1- AOUV otn Bovodtn 10 1055. Era rEAn IOU llou move, Eva~ OUYYEVIKO~ KAOOO~, OJ AEYOPEVOJ EEAr~ouKOJ IOU Poup, EYKaSim:aVIQI om Nixrnu KQI OE Aiyo EAEyXOUV Eva PEYOAO rpnpo me M. Aoic« Era psoo, opoc, IOU 130u ouovo, n auto-

xpatopic tov EEAr(ouKwv, vixnpevn uno mv nsnppupn tov MoyyoAwv, o~llm:nKE uno 10 xnprn. Era epsirno IOU oousrovdrou So qnAO~EvnSouv PEPIKO PIKPO IOUPKIKO qnpcm, cvdpeoo otn orroic 10 EPlPOIO IOU Oopdv, omv OVQlOAIKll uxpn IOU oponeeiou me AVQlOAio~. 01 onovovoi IOU Oopdv, OJ Ofkopovoi, I10U n EIIEKrOOll IOU~ I1pO~ AvaIOA6.~ qmooiomxe uno to oAAa qnpotc, m:PE<pOVtni I1pO~ mv Eoprorm, OilOU ro BU(o.VIIO Kara<pruYEl one urrnpccicc IOU~ I1pOOAOp~o.VOVIo.~ IOU~ w~ jnofloqiopouc. To 1354 KQlOAOP~o.vouv mv KaAAiIloAn KQI peon OE pioo QlWVO EXOUV KQlOKrllOEl tn tpin rercptc nov Bnsxoviov, MaO. m ~oOlAEia IOU BaylQ(ir (1389-1402), OJ OSwpovoi, ExOVIO~ I1PWrEUOUOo. IOU~ mv AOPIQVOUilOAn, KQlOKIOUV nc ~u(aVIlvE~ EIIOPXiE~. To BU(o.VIIO, cvfxcvo ono otpononxnc nxeupdc, 10 povo I10U Siurnpei 0' Eva EIIiIlEOO EiVQl n OlrrAwPQlia IOU, KaSw~ I1EPlPEVEl mv rrnKil EIIi8EOn.

78·01 METAMOP<DOrEII: TOY BYZANTlOY

otpoteuuato, to onoia nvouvun Yla va [VIOXUOouv exeivo rj TO ciMo ptuono, O[ nepimiaon avOyKf}\,>. OJ(oAla~El a Jean-Claude Cheynet. «EmnAiov. f} £n16£(lorf}fa rwv X[IPIOJlWV tpxeun ouxv» v' ovtunaspian JlIO aplBJlf}flKrj uaiipnon O€ OUYK€KPIJlivf} XPOVIKrj n€p[060. Ll£v unapX€llJfpOflwflKrj oxo}.rj YIO tnv [Kno[6wof} rwv O(IWJlOflKWV. 01 onoioi JloBo[vouv 1Jf0 nesto me uaxnc tnv nOA[JlIKrj texvn. 01 tuo WKaralJfOrOI Kal 01 tno nepiepvo: 6108a(ouv [YX€lp[61O IJfpOrf}YIKrj\,>. 0 KOa~OnOAlnK6e; Bu~ovnv6e; otpotoc OEXETat one ra~Ele; TOU nAn80e; ~EVWV:

Ap~EVLOUe; xpumovouc an6 mv AvmoAn. i6r80ue; (TOV 40 Kat 50 ouovo), /\o~Bapooue;. ApaBEe; iaaaavloEe; am oupo-ncAatanvlaKn ~E86plO (TOV 60 cuovcl ... Etvm ouaKoAo va na KaVEle; nocoi otporuotsc nrcv 010 ouvoso. aAM. av TOUe; unoAOYlaEl ~ETO~U 100.000 Kat 150.000.0E 8a ouaapEmnaEl KaVEVay.

AQloU avnma8nKE. ~ETO~U aMwv. one ElaBoAEe; nov LAaBwv. aur6e; a mpm6e;-«naAl6 ~ovrEAo» 8a anOOEl~El yta teAEUTOla Qlopa mv anorEAEa~anK6mra TOU TO 627. svovnc moue; nEpaEe;. Ol onolmfiteiofiuoov om M. Aoio. AEnMmaav rnv KataapEta Kal mv KannaooKla. npow8naav TO orpoteu~OTa roue. evtoxuuevo ~E tn otpcun tou otpctnvou [apBapa~a ~ExPl rn XaAKn06va Kat mporoneoeucov unpoorc otnv KwvmavnvounoAn. 0 napaoomaK6e; Ex8p6e; mpaQlnKE npcc mv AVOToAn Kat ~EanaaE one ruo nAoualEe; enopxiec me; au-

roxpotoploc, m Iupio. mv naAatarlvn Kat mv Alyumo. mv Avnoxno. mv lepouooxnu (TO 614). 6nou EaQla~E TOV nAn8ua~6. AEnAamaE TOV navaYlo TaQlo Kat Olx~aAwnaE TO AElljJava TOU Iurlou [TOUpOU. tn Lla~aaK6 Kat mv AAE~avopEta. nou eneoov n pte ~Era mv aMn. 0 outokpntopoc HpaKAElOe; (610- 641). E~OXOe; otpornvcr; avaolopyavwaE otpnro 20.000-25.000 avopwv ~E ~EyaAEe; OlKOVO~lKEe; 8ualEe; (6Aa TO aan~lKa ttov EKKAnmWV TO EAlwaav vto va tpoqooornoouv tn ~nxavn TOU Bu~avnvou nOAE~ou) Kat TOV oonynaE am vlKn uotepo an6 25 xpovic AuaaaMwv aywvwv.

npoaappoyfi at pia pttaBall6ptvn antlAfi

H «n6An ttov n6AEwv» xolpetm ~ETO~U 630 Kat 634. H autospctopto eivm oren. 'OXl vm noM. Iva aMo ~EYaAo aYKa8l EPXETOl va KapQlw8El ornv avaTOAlKn QlrEpva me, nou ~6Ale; ElxE EnouAwaEl mv nAnyn me. n apaBlKn anElAn. 0 KEVTplK6e; outoxpuropucot aT08~6e;. un6 tn ololKnan TOU 8E60wpou. aOEAQlou TOU outokpetopo HpaKAElou. untotn aoBapn nno to 636 aTO lLap~ouK me; [uplae;. an6 ElaBoAEle; nou Evw8nxuv yta nptotn Qlopa amy unopio toucvupto an6 ~la «civoupta Bpnoxeio. to laM~. mv anoia Knpu~E a Mwa~E8. nou nE8avE TO 632. AvaYKaa~Evol va EKKEvwaouv ne; nAoumEe; encpxlec TOUe; me; [uplae;. me; naAatmlvne;. me; Alyumou. me; MEOonoTO~lae; Kat me; AQlPlKne;. Ol Bu~avnvol TO BaQlouv

~------, H pavia tWV BouAyapwv flo Suo KOI nepiooo{£POU~ OIwV£~, to ~ouAyapJK(l otpntcupara uneisouv tnv Kovorcvnvounoxn, sntopfkovovrnc va rnv nosiopxnooov nolllo\ tpopsc,

H BOUAyapim Autoxporopic nTIn8IIK£ to 1014 uno ro Booisuo B' KOI

o MlxanA t:, . 8tm

{EAO~ one {£A£umi£~ £~EYEpan~ to 1041. (Xopovpoqio tou 110u 01.)

.....-----, Lmv Korvotcvnvou-

noxn, KOHl ro O£U{£PO PIOO tou 150u nuevo, rr1n8aivouv oe PEYUAO ~a8po m {(aplu, KU{W

uno mv nvcoic tou Mwup£8 B'.

- 0 £~1(JAQPIop6<; PlQ<; XPIOtlQVlKI1<; npoteuououc

01J~ aAw8nK£ n Kovornvnvounosn, npuvpctonouiunxe to ovapo tou Mwup£8 B ': va onctpa {(aplu Kmu pnxoc tou Xpuoou Keputoc, H nom, pso a a' EVOv move. y£pi(n p£ exorovrcoec J,llVapEO£~ uno A£uKo pdppopo. «flO onoiov EPXITOI uno tn 8uAaaaa, ro 8Eapa, p£ oA£~ aUTE~ nc OIXPE~ va UqrwVOvrOi npoc tov oupcvo, tou Sivei mv aia8nan nox upa~£ oro AlPUVl tou 8£OU»1 To 1530 oi pouoouspovoi

uvnrrpootoneuouv ndvo cno to PIOO rr1n8uopo, nou unoAoyi(ITOI vro TOT£ otouc 500.000 xoroixouc. Opox, <<II ~aolKn opovtioo TWV 08wpavwv nrov va KmOlmaOUV pia UO£IO nom», AE£! 0 Jean-Claude Cheynet. «0 Modp£8 B' 80 olOmpna£1 xntri TO ouvmov roue 'E11nv£~ KOTOiKOU~ KOI 80 coxnoci Aiyo nosu avaYKamlKu nosmxn WWT£Plm~ pstovcoteuonc, OXI rooo ylO Opnoxarnxouc, 000 ylO otpcruonxouc KOI OlKOVOPIKOU~ A6youq>.

'Gilles Martin-Chauffier, Le roman de Constantinople. Ed, Du Rocher (2005)

01 METAMOPCDOl:EIl: TOY BYZANTIOY • 79

H KevomvnvounOAn to 1453

H Kovotovuvounosn 5E Sa nEOEI xcopic v' uvorviotei. ea XPElootet OAn n ixcvomtc IOU Toupxou Mwal1ES B ' xm OAE<; 01 SuvoI1El<; IOU vic va IO xomq>EpEl: ndvto nrro 80,000 otponorec, Eva <; evnmcoioxoc m:OAO<;. rspdono OE apISl10 nupo~oAIKO KaJ nOAM rexvdoporu (nAoia nou percxivouvtoi peoc uno 0lEpia. xrvnroi rropvor Km m:OE<; OKal1l1EvE<; Ka{W uno rc rsixn.i.) o aUIOKpaIOpa<; upveitni vn rropofxooei mv nosn IOU KaJ rreSaivEi om pdxn KaLa m YEVlKll mi8wn,

IJOUPO, «H KwvaravnvounoAf] uoiouno: ouo tpopir; nouopkio otapKdar; Ioto ouiarf]Jla 674-678 Kat 717-718J. OEooJlivou on Ot JlouaouAJlavot otaBirouv evtunooios» aroAQ», OXOAlC~El 0 Jean-Claude Cheynet. tn ollVlJn nou n OUIOKPOTOPlO IiEV ouvrnpei KOVEVOV nOAElJlKO OIOAO tnc npoxonnc. oq>ou IiEV ElXE xovevo IJEl~OVO oVllnoAo ornv ovaTOAlKn MEOOVElO,

To XElpOIEPO ElVOl 011 Ol aUTOKpCTOPE<; liE IilaSETOUV OPKEIO xpnlJO VlO va ouvmpnoouv nOAucpl81J0 OlPOlO KOlIO BOAKcVlO KOlOKAU~OVlOl onOIOU<; LMBou<;, nou q>ICVOUV OXEliov 00<; 11<; nUAE<; me npWIEUOUOO<;, Aum n OElPC otuxtov VEYOVOIOV. llilOllEpa on08appUVllKWV. nou ncponeunouv OE IJLO ElKOVO IilcAuon<;. 80 olinvnoEl OE cvovaoon tnc Bu~oVllvn<; otpornvtKn<; KOl om IinlJlOUPVlO EVO<; OlOLXElOU OUTOCIJUVO<; -OXEHKCanOIEAEOIJOllKOU. one 10 IJEOO TOU Bou 00<; TO 100 ouovo. TOU<; 8EIJ01lKOU<; OlpOlOU<;.

LKono<; OUIOU IOU IJEIPOU ElVOl va avomux8El 0 KEVlPlKO<; otporoc, nou ElXE onoliuvalJw8El. one OVOlOAlKE<; encpxtec Ol onolec ElXOV IilOOw8El. Kal va nOVlw80uv 10 OUVOPlOKC OUIC Elicq>n. IJE tn 1J0VlIJn ncpouolo OlPOllWllKWV IiUVCIJEWV. Enlone va IinIJlOUPvn80uv «8EIJ0l0» (ElIE OVCAOVE<; Eliaq>lKE<; 1J0- VCIiE<;) IJE tn 1J0pq>n me aVCKmon<;. novrou onou 10 OnOIlEl n KOICOloon: om LlKEAlO. 010 BoAKcvlo. otn MlKPC AOlo .. ,

Kc8E «8ElJa» IilOlKElIOl one EVa Olpomvo nou Iila8ElEllJEplKE<; EKOlOVlCIiE<; npOVIJOnKou<; EnOYYEAIJOllE<; IOU nOAElJou (IOU<; W[}.EKroud. lio va IinIJlOUPvn8El 0 nupnvcc TOU OlPOlEUIJOIO<;. Kc8E OlKOVEVElO nou ElVOl KOlOXWplOIJEVn oro otporuonKc umpcoo KOAElIOl va npoceepa 010 otporo EVOV nOAEIJ10ln Eq>olilOOIJEVO IJE EVa KOAO cAOVo KOllJlO Aovxn. IJlOV oonllio. EVa ~lq>O<; KOl novornto. VlO 10U<; rue nAouoloU<;. Av EVa onm liE Iil08ElEl 0POEVlKO VOVO lKOVO va unnpernon, va pnopei va ernOlPOIWIEl one tnv nAlKlo IWV 1B KOl va ElVOl EWlIJO<; va «q>ICOEl» to 24 XPOVlO unnpeotoc. 80 npEnEl va nAnpwoEl 00<; OVllOlC8IJloIJ0 n va BpEl ovnsoroorctn. Korrmore IiEV ElJnolil~Elll<; OPXE<; va KOAEoouv 010 OlPOlO XWPlKOU<; IJE rue EAoq>pu onAlolJo (l6~0. 10 onAo nou nponuouv 01 BU~OVllvoL AOYXE<; .,.J. Vla va evroxuoouv 11<; q>pOUPE<; n VlO va KAElOOUV Kcnolo OlEVO nepocpo. nOOOl «atpotuatu» (KOlC Bcon nE~lKcplOl) unnp-

80 • 01 MET AMOP(lJOrElr TOY BYZANTIOY

Ta 6uvalcl Kalla a6uvala anp£la lOU O£palO~

H nOpOlElOlJEVn IilOIJOVn IWV OlPOllWIWV 010 llilO 8EIJ0 8a EV10XUOEl TO nvsupo evomtnc one 1J0VCIiE<; KOl 8a onOlEAEoEI Eva OnlJOVllKO nAEOvEKmIJo evcvuo OlOU<; ApaSE<;. 'OlJw<;. n cMn nAwpc TOU VOlJlOIJOlO<; ElVOl 011 Ol EVOlmE<; OUIE<; 8a

XOUV 0' Eva 8E1J0. OlOV 0 OlPOlO<; TOU ElVOl nAnpn<;; MEPlKE<; xtAlcIiE<;. nou pnopouv va ~mnoouv tn Son8Ela ouvaIiEAq>wv. IinAalin IOU KEVlP1KOU otporou. OE nepmroon IJEYcAn<; ernIipolJn<;. KOl nooor ElVOl Ol otpctuotec OE 01.0 1O 8EIJOla IJO~; «YnoAoY[(ETOt on eivtu ttepinou 85.000 Kara rov 90 auava. oto anoYEIO me iVVOIOr; rou BEJIanKOU otpatoo», nnovrc 0 JeanClaude Cheynel. Ot nepioooteoo: oUJlBtwvouv JlE rov ayponKo nAf]8uoJlo. DTOV 6Ev tivo: emotpoteouevo: ooxosocvto: lIE TO E6liIfJf] touc. av eivtn tOtOKTljrEr;. AvaJltp[BoAa. unapxouv AtyorEPOt (ivot oe auro rov wapXtaKO otptnt: aKOJIa Kt av f] apJlEVtKt) JlETOVaarWOf] tpxeuu va eunsomiae: tu; ra(Etr; rwv Bu(avrlVwv a(tWJlaTlKwv».

'Onw<; KOl va 'XEl TO npCVlJa. IEAElwoav Ol 1J0~IKE<; exotpoIElE<; KOl OlIJEIWntKE<; OUVKpOUOEl<;. Ol OUIJq>WVlE<; laKllKn<; Kal OE 0l£YV0 uq>o<; nou anw8uvoVlOl OlOU<; otpntnvouc IilUAl~OUV mv llila EVloAn nou 8a Eq>aPIJO~nOl 00<; IO IEAO<; IOU 100u OlWVO. OlOV n outospotoplc 80 nepcoa ~avc otnv eni- 8EOn. Iuvonnxn. unv npooncsncete va OUVlPlljJEIE Evav lliEoAOVlKo ovnnoxo. EVa «dar el harb- (Eva «xwpo nOAElJou») IJE LOY onolo ElVOl oliuvom n unoVPoq>n apnvnc. unoxpetova n 1~IXCVl . VLO va unv IiLOKlVliuVEUOElE va E~ou8EVw8ElIE EOEl<; Ol llilOl. Mnv npooncsnoere va AEnAOlnOElE pte oA6KAnpn nepioxri aMc nponpnote. IJEIC ana Kc8E ononapo EloBoAn<; TOU Ex8pou. va TOV anOKpOUElE OE IJlKPE<; 1i00El<;. IJE unoAOVlolJEVE<; OVlEnt8EOEl<;. KOVloAoVl<;. IilaVPCljJlE IJE pm IJOVOKOVlUA1C TOV nOAElJo Klvnon<;. nou EntOlPOlEUEl IJEYCAE<; 1J0VclIiE<;, KOl EnlAE~IE W «lJlKPO nOAElJo». a onotoc anoKAElElll<; VEVlKE<; OUVKPOUOEl<; OE OVOLXIO nElilo udxnc. XWPl<; va ~EXCOElE va KCVElE EKIElOlJEVn avoyvwplon Elicq>ou<;. KUPlW<; oro nepc- 01J0l0 TOU Ioupcu. nou ElVOl OlEVC KOl one liuo nAwpE<; TOU<; xotvouv XOpclliPE<; npompopec OE Eq>oliou<; KOl EKnAn~El<;.

EXOUV rnv teen va aKOAou80uv ruotd IOU~ cpxnvouc 10U~. OlOV OP10~EVOI an' aUIOU~ 8a cnovootctncouv Kat 8a EmX€lpnOOUV va KOlaMBouv mv E~ouo[a [liuo 8a 10 KOlaljlEpouv: 01 ~EAAOVllKO[ aUIOKpoIOPE~ AEwv r' Kat AEwv El LUVOA1KO. «I) a8Evapf} ovtiatatm fWV 8EJ.laftKWV otpaubv E(aarpoAlaE tnv etuBkaot; fl)e; outoepotopia», AEEI a Jean-Claude CheLiynet. «VJ.lWe;. Karo ro 700 ouova. 01 auv8f}KEe; rou noAtJ.lOu oMo(ouv ala8wo Kal 01 arparl)Yo{ nooanovoovto: YIO in J.lcrpl6rwa rwv atptmcniav oio 8cJ.lara. Auro[ y{vovrav ouxv« eimooo: avpote; anp68uJ.lol va nOVE ott; J.lOXI). viati 6EV mov noM E(aaKI)J.lCvol. H CKPI)(1) rou apaBIKou «oopou. nou unOVOJ.lEUrI)KE an6 EaWrEpIKCe; 6IaJ.l0XEe;. AEifoupyd enion; uncp rwv Bu(avrlVwv».

H ~OuoouA~avlKn anEtAn. nou nEplop[~Elat. 10 ouvopo nou npotoaouvrm OE noME~ EKOlOVl6liE~ XtA10~Elpa npoc 10 avaWAlKO. n apvn aljlunVlOn me oucovoplor; ennpenouv OlOU~ auIOKpOIOPE~ va BEAllWOOUV 10 IjlOPOAOV1KO 10U~ ecooc Kat va ovopopqnooouv Eva OlPOlO ~E EnaVVEA~allKn ouvetonon. 10 OlPOlOIWV lOWOIWV. AUIE~ 01 OlpallWllKE~ ~OVoIiE~ EKAEKIWV. E~aOljlaA10~EVE~. OlpaIOnEIiEU~EVE~ KOlO ~nKO~ lWV OUVopWV nou unepconffovrov [flouvaBn~. EUljlpom~. Apuevtc ... J. 01 onolec enunporeuovtov OE Ko8E Ollv~n Kat unopouoov va IilE~avovouv EKOlpOlElE~ Via xpovic. ~aKpiO ana tn Boon IOU~. OUVIiEOVlat cpeoo ~E 10 BaOtAEa Kat. Olav EKElVOC; ElVat oruov, nepvouv uno ll~ IiI00aVE~ IOU aKOAou80u lWV [xoAwv [IOU apxunputnvou IOU OlpOlOU).

H «KEcpaAn tn~ luo(Knan~»

01 otpotuotec a~ElBoVlOl KaM xm nolpvouv 10 onAa 10U~ ana 10 KpOIOC;. LlPOlOAOVOUVlOl W~ eni 10 nAElOlOV veot [£AOX10IO OP10 nA1K[a~: rusovov 18 Em) Via va pnopeoouv ~a~ ~E IOU~ naAatOlEpOU~ va anOlEAEooUV Eva evmio OUVOAO' VI' aUIO

. n IilopKEla me Olaliiolipo~[ac; IOUC; elvoi ouxvd noM ~EyoAn. «.dEV dval aarpwe; npoa6lOplaJ.lCVI) I) I)AIK[a anOJ.lOKpUVal)e; an6 tnv unnoeaio-, unoliE1KVUEI a Jean-Claude Cheynet. «Eiva: yvwar6 6ft & arparoAoyouvrav OV6pEe; nepov rwv 40 eubv, aMo ooo: Bp{aKovrav an6 tuo np« otnv unnpeoia J.lnopouaav va auvexiaouv Kal nepa an' ra 40 xpovu: H KOIVWVIKf} Karaywyf} roue; nOIKfMEI. Bp[aKEI Kavde; sa: naAlOue; ayp6fEe; Kal y6voue; canKWV OIKOYEVEIWV. uovo nou 01 VCOI aotoi ovttknvov noM nto ypf}yopa fte; Ba8J.l{6oe; rl)e; iepapxiac», Ernv opxn nrov 4.000. nOAu ouvtouo EylVaV 8.000. Kat a apI8~o~ 10U~ 8a au~n8El W~ 10 onovao me cutokpuropicc [957-1057). =EVOI ~lo80IjlopOI. PWOOI [EllilKEU~EVOI otn ucxn Oln80~ ~E Oln80~ ~E IitnAO nE-

AEKUJ. AP~EV101 [EllilKEU~EVOI 010 lO~OJ. Nop~avlio[ Kat'IBnpE~ (ovouorrrof mneld, !DpOVKOI. TOUpKOI. BouAvapOl. Xo~apOI KIA .. nou eixcv ouxvc Kamvopn8ElOll KaKO~ElOXElp[~OVlOV IOU~ 10- mKOU~ nAn8uo~ou~. IOU~ EV10XUOUV ono ro 100 ouovo.

fin va elvoi anolEAEO~anKOI. Ol otpotuorec lWV lOV~OlWV ko- 1OIjlEUVOUV o~alilKo otn xpnon BapEo~ tnruxou. onourovroc 10 E~olia Via Eva 8WpaKa. Kat Bon80uv 10 Bu~ovno va cvoxotoAoBEI tn BopEla Lup[a. va KOlaKlnoEI mv Appsvlo Kat tn BOUAvcplc, va aVWV10IEl evcvno OIOU~ Nop~avliou~ ornv 11OAla. va anw8no£IIOu~ n£lO£VEyOU~ oto BaAKovla. IOU~ TOUPKOU~ otnv AVOloAn ... To KaAoAaliw~Evo aUIO ouornuo liE VVWP10E npoBAn~alO W~ 10 lEAn IOU 120u cuovo [EKIO~ ana pro napolilKn xpicn ~EIO 10 MaVl~IKEpl. 10 1071 J. OlOV 10 BOUAvaplKO KPOIO~ avaOUVlOOOElOl Kat 01 nOAlllKE~ ovornpoxec nou OUVIiEOVlat ~E 10 lEAO~ tnc IiUVaOlEla~ lWV Kouvnvev cnooropvovrovouv rnv ouroxporoplc. «0 arpar6e; rwv raYJ.lOrwv. nou I) auv8wf} rou nOIKfMEI oto ntpaoua rwv 6uvaarElwv. 80 unl)pcrf}aEI ro Bu(ovrlO J.lCXPI tnv nrwal) inc KwvaravrlvounoAI)r;». AEEI a Jean-Claude Cheynet. flUOlUXW~. aUIO nou anOlEAOUOE «tnv KEljlaAn me fllofxnonc». onw~ IinAWVE a KWVOlOVl[VO~ Z'.IiE 8a ~nopEOEI va KOVEI tinore Via va OlO~OlnOEI tnv apvn napaK~n rnc naA10~ ourosporoploc. OUIE Kat va epnootceuouc TOUpKOU~. nou stxov EyKOla0108El ana ~aKpou cue naA1E~ aUIOKpOlOP1KE~ enopx[£~. 01 onotec eixcv OMOIE EK8pEljJEl mv nptotsuouoo ln BlBuvio Kat n 8pOKnJ. va me liwoouv tn xaplonKn BOAnlo 1453.

~------, o ciOp6C;; pE Ia nolla np60wna L£ nepioootepo orro Xi1.l0 XpOVIO 1010- pice, n Buinvnvn Autoxporoplc 80 Xp£IOOl£i va npootoI£UI£i O£ 010 10 ouvopo me: OUWOl, Bdvousoi, IIEpo£<;, BiKIVYK~, TOUPKOI...

6£ 80 ndipouv va £II1~oul£uOVlOI 10 nsoum me, (n£PIK£<palaia Bav6610u).

..... ------, To Mdio IOU 14530 Mwap£8 B ' rtcipvei mv Kcovotuvnvounom, ucrspo uno puxpri noxiopxio. 0 OOU1IaVO~ £iVOI 161£ povov 21 £IWV.

_ H mroon me; Kcevotcvnvourrosnc

IT] 01453 n Kcovorcvnvounosn £iVOI rr1Eov Eva<; oopoc epunirov. 40.000 p£ 50.000 KalOlKOI 10 uvonepo . 6lOPEVOUV omv nponruouou, nou EX£! xdoa mv encon pc.tc 6rr1a KI EX£! tnv aio8non 6n 80 nEO£!. Ln<; £IIal~£!<; ouyK£VlPWVOVIOI 7.000.0 oousrcvoc MWaPE8 B', 0 orroioc 6108EI£l 6£KanEVI£ <poPEl; rno noluapl8pa orpureuporn an' o.n 0 Kovotuvnvoc IA' na1.OIo16yo~, nosiopxd mv Ilosn one npwI£~ PEP£<; IOU 1453. Mn pnopovrcc va ondoa mv tspdonc a1.uoi6a IOU Keprmou, ~a~£! va <pna~ouv Eva 6ioAKO PllKOU<; 13 up. viu va p£Ia<pEp£l 10 01610 IOU, an6 10 B6onopo W<; IOV K1£1016 K6mo, Ipa~wVIa~ 10 Kapa~1O navw an' lOV [Mma. Ln~ 21 Artpisiou 10 lOUPK1Ka KOpa~1O apxi~ouv va ~op~ap6i~ouv 10 nap6110 teixoc, Evovovmc Suvupnc, 'Elliv£<; KOI Autivoi aVIIOlEKoVIOI mi nEVI£ £~60pa6E~. Tnv Kupioxn 27 Maiou n1iJ80~ ouyK£VIPWV£IOI vic mv I£1£umia 1.£1- toupvio omv Ayia Lo<pia. H mi8£On apxi~£1 mv auyiJ me Tplrnc 29 Maiou. 0 Kovotdvnvoc n£8aiv£!p£ 10 6rr10 010 XEPI, oav arr16~ otpoucomc. AKolou80uv tpuc PEP£<; 1.£rr1aoia<;, onou KmaOlpE<p£IOI 6,n n na1Ia n6m 8£wpei uxopo nosunpo (pvnpeio, Epya IEXVll~, xeipojpmpo, apx£ia ... ). Tnv Ilcpcoxeun 0 Mwap£8 B ' £I0EPX£I0I otnv n6m uno mv misn me Aopiovounoxnc KOI rmvcivei omv Ayia Lo<pia, nou tn perotpenei O£ I~api. H 08wpavIKll Autoxporopfn 6106EX£IOI m Bu~aVIlviI.

01 METAMOP!DOrElrTOY BYZANTIOY ·81

H AVOT01ilOEV 0PKEi OTllV yqm1il Dum, rrou OTp£<pUQl oOICiAAOKTll npoc tnv Eupcorm.

KOTOKTnOEl<; KQl OUIAWllOTlO rrA£KOUV OUT£<; nc OX£OEl<; pcxpdc nvonc, ll£XPl nc uvotporrec TOU 200u Ql~va.

08w~avlKn Autoxpotoplo n10V 161E n nptinn ouva~n otov K60~0. MEXPl tn voupoxlo tnc Ncuncktou (1571). noMoi EiVat EKEivOl nou tn 8EWPOUV ovisntn. H EK100n lWV xmOEWV me avrn EKnAnKnKn. EK16~ an6 m BaAKaVlKn xEp06- vnoo, Eva ~EYaAO l~n~a me avmoAlKn~, aMa Kat me KEV1plKn~ Eupwnn~ BpioK€1at un6 mv Kuplapxia me n Ouyyapia, n Poupovlo. n Bouxvoplo. n rlOUYKOOAaBia, n AABavia, n EMaoa, n Beooopobto. n OUKpavia, n Kpl~aia. Ernv Aoio, n Ioupkio. to IpaK, n Lupia, 0 J\iBavo~, to 10panA, n

nAEUpa rnc ApaBia~ npoc mv Epu8pa 8aAaooa, n B6pEla YE~Evn Kat to 'AV1EV. Lmv Aq>plKn, n Aiyumo~, 10 napaAla tou LOUoaV Kat me Al8l0nia~, n J\lBun, n Tuvnotc. n MYEpia.

AUln n curoxporoplo «tcatauiooeun a61aJHplaBfWIW otu; rO(£:I(; rwv JlcvaAtJrf:pwv noAmKwv opyavlaJlwv tn; naYKOaJllae; tatopiat» [G. Veinsteinl. H onucoto me OEiXVEl ~EXPl noiou onpetou nnpov oto ooBapa Ol oousrnvm rnv cnootoxn roue w~ olaooxol tou Bu~aV1iou [EnO~EVW~ me Pw~n~l Kat npoordrec lWV Ayiwv T6nwv rou 10Aa~. 0 LouAEi~av OEV ovoeeperm W~ «0 oousiovoc rwv aouArovwv

inc AvaroMe; «tn rf/e; 11uaf/e;, f/ npootononoinot; rou f/yirf/, outot; nou xapi(f:1 BaaiAlKie; KOpOVf:e; atouc JlOVOpXf:e; tn; vnc. f/ aKIO rou 8mu en! rf/e; Yf/t;»; «[ouArovoe; rwv aouArovwv tn; AvaroA~e; «a! inc 11uaf/t;»; AK6~a Kl ov. an6 tnv neplooo 10U Louki~av, 8u~6~amE ouxvo roue nOAE~OU~ rou evcvnc otov KapOAO KouiV10 Kat ToY <ilEpolvavoo lWV AljJBoupywv, 10 ooionxo ouvopc me outoxpctoploc OEV Ano~OVOuV1Ol. 0 LOUA.E·i~av npovpctonout rpeu; «ava1OAlKE~ exorporeleo evovnc otn ouvamEia lWV Laq>aBlOWv, nou EiXE EYKa8lopu8Ei otnv llepolo. H npdnn sxorporao EylVE to 1514, n oEulEpn ro 1533 Kat n 'lphn to 1553.

... MnopEi KavEi~ va ~tAnOEl EK10lE Yla ~la xotdotccn LouA£lpav 0 M£yaAOIJpmiI~ ueteoptouou ~E1O~U Aoia~ Kat Eupwnn~; Kat

~aAlma Yla olmay~6 lWV oouAlavwv va EnEK1080uv; AUln n avaAuon, av Kat Eivat covnveunxn. OEV aV1[KWat otnv cvunopcscon lWV YEYOV61WV. 'Onw~ unoypa~~i~El 0 Jean-Louis Bacque-Grarnrnont, n OUYKpouon ~E 10 lpcv OEV 8a unopouos va lE8Ei 010 iOlO enineoo ~E tnv EnEK100n npoc rnv Euptimn Kat tn

82' 01 METAMOP<DOI:EII: TOY BYZANTIOY

YnoKpla(£~ Kal 6mAIaI~al(a

LE aU16 EPXOV1at va npootssouv Ol mEoEl~ nou aOKOUV1Ol otouc npEoBEU1E~ lWV xpumnvucov XwpWV, Ol onoiot npenn va npooxuvouv 610V Bp[OKOV1at pnpootn 010 oouxrovo. 'OXl 6~w~ 6nw~ anw~: 10 npw16KoMo !..EEl OUYKEKpl~Eva 6n ouo tchavuch [q>poupoiJ npcna va ovconstooouv 10V Kan~Evo 10V npEoBEUln, npotou aU16~ nEoEl unpoorc otov oropcxo oousrnvo oixw~ oEBao~6 Kat AEm6mm

Ta y6vma tou npeofieutn YOEpvoV1av ElOl Kat aK6~a nEplo061EPO 0 EYwlo~6~ tou «EKdvf/ mv enoa; 01 OBwJlavoi cpvoovto: va ronoBaf/Bouv oro i610 enineio ue 6uvoJlf:Ie;Bf:wpouJlf:Vf:e; xatcatepe», unoypa~~[~El 0 lmoplK6~ Edhem Eldem. M6vo Kma tn oEKania 10U 1790 8a ul08nnoouv 10 n8n Kat 10 E8l~a me EUpwnaiKn~ olnAw~mia~.

ME06YElO. 0 ocxnc, y6vo~ tnc ouvamEia~ lWV Laq>aBlOWV, ElXE EYKa8l0puoEl EKEl Eva nOAlHK6 Kat 8pnoKEUnK6 Ka8Emw~, nou coxouoe lOlO[lEpn EA~n 0' Eva l~n~a lWV avmOAlKWV Aawv tnc 08w~avlKn~ Autoxpntoplcc, eIta uauo rwv f/JllVoJl06wv TOUPKWV inc AvaroAiae;, nou ~wv un~Kool rou aouArovou, 0 Bf:onolf/Jlivoe; otixnc ( .. .J eixe 6f/JllOupy~af:1 oro A(f:pJlnair(ov ro 16aviKo roUPKIKO Kporoe;, aneiptac npotuunepo yt' outoui; ono iva auroKparoplKo «a: aUYKf:vrpwflKo, OBWJlaVIKO KpOrot;» [Jean-Louis Bacque-Brarnrnontl. np6K€l1at AOln6v vm pro un68Eon EOwlEplKn~ noAlHKn~.

L10 lEAn 10U 170u ouovc 10 08w~avlK6 ~EYaAElO apx[~El va 8Q~nwvEl. KanolE~ nH€~ cnrvovn otnv Auorpin. Kal Kupiw~ n E~q>avlon Ev6~ VEOU nopnvovto [Pwo[a). apx[~ouv va ~naBaMouv to OEOo~Eva. Ol OXEOEl~ nopopevouv Ka!..E~ ~E noME~ ouva~El~ tnc llUon~, KUp[W~ ~E tn raMia ln onolo aVaVEWVEl n~ O~oAoyiE~ 10 1606). rnv AyyAia, nc Kalw XWpE~. AK6~a Kat n Bevsuo YVWp[~El ino neplofio npeuov OXEOEWV ~E rnv nUAn, rouxoxiorov ~EXPl1OV n6AE~0 Kma me Kpntnc, oto ~Eoa 10U ouovo.

H 08w~avlKn AU1OKpa1Opia, €V1aY~Evn 010 EUpwna'iK6 OlnAW~anK6 ouotnpo. OlampEl wm600 mv lOlanEp61ma me. KUp[W~ EnElOn OEV aV1tAa~BaVElat nc OlnAW~mlKE~ OXEOEl~ oruoc Ol aME~ Ouva~El~.

H Olaq>opa anoKpuo1OMWVE1Ol yupw an6 tnv nopouolo 10U npsofieutn. 0 OouAlaVO~ npocnounct 6n ruoteun nw~ n nopouoio ~6Vl~WV cvnnpooomov ouvtotc an6000n n~wv 010 npooono 1OU. Kat 0 iOlO~ Enlq>uAaoOElat va tonofletel ~6Vl~OU~ ovnnpootonouc.

01 XplOUaVO[ npWBEUlItl; 8a ~nOpEOOUV etot va Em01pEljJOUV omv 100av~nOUA xooP[1; ~E'{aAa npoBAIl~ma one ap8pWOEll; roue LE outn rnv Em~OVIl me 0800- ~avlKIlI; 10lattEp6tmal; n Bpnoxein na[~El BEBata onuuvnxo p6AO.

8pnoKEUuKo[ eivm BEBata 01 A6YOI Yla roue onolouc to natOla tOU OOUAtaVOU OEV novrpeuovtm y6vOUI; xpiotovuaov BaOlAlKWV OIKOYEVElWV. «ito nsaimo tou laMf.1. aur6 anM 6EV ElXE «ovtvo v6f]f.1a. Vf.100(. Ot 6to y0f.10U aUf.1f.1aX{E(. ncsui Mf]POVOf.1tO rwv rpcou6apXtKWV naposooeo», mav f.1[a an6 rt( onuavuKi( 6tKaI06oa[E( rf]( wpwnaii<tj( 6tnltwf.1ar{a(. Aurtj rf]v Entltoytj oovtvoxmc 6EV f.1nopOUaav va tnv txouv Ot 08wf.1avol, arpou. ueoo an' ro auroKparoptK6 xopun. Ot aoultrovot Eniltcyav yuva{Kc( xiopic p{(c(. f.1E 6WrpOPWKtj Karaywytj. yw va tou; YEvvtjaouv to nat6to toot». unoypa~~[~El 0 Edhem Eidem. LtOV topso tOOV 0lE8vwv OXEOEOOV. AOln6v. to BapOI; tOOV 8pnoKEuuKWV olacpopwv elvci on~avtlK6.l1Ev npEnE16~001; va UnEPEKU~atal. Tov 160 Kat 170 cuovn. n 10Ea pice otoupoeoplo; evovnov tOOV 0800~avwv anOtEAEl pntope« oxnpo. 0 IOtOPlK61; Geraud Pournarede OElXVEl nWI;. napa tOUI; mpoptououc me ncnoouvnc. 6AEI; 01 npOana8ElEI; Evooanl; Kma tOOV 0800~avwv elvm aOtOXEI;. Auto ou~Ba[vEl to 1538. to 1571 Kat to 1645. ~E acpop~1l tOY n6AE~0 ~Eta~U BEVEt[al; Kat nUAnl;. o An'gelo Cesi. VOUvtOlOI; am BEVEt[a. OIKt[pEl ~E mv eusmpin outn to YE'{ov61; «6rt aKouvE yw roy TOUPKO oov va ntav iva anlt6 6vof.1a. iva anOKUf]f.1a tou uualtou. tua oaviaoio. Kat oov va f.1f] 6ti8EfE 6nltG».

Kata to 180 ouovc. OEV vlvetm run A6YOl; vto otoucoeoptc. H 0800~avlKn Autoxporoplu. an6 nEpl~ntmn etoipoc vivettn aVUKEl~EVO ou~mnoEoov 0111; OIE- 8vEll; OXEOEll;. 01 OUOXEtlO~o[ ~E tnv Euptonn aMa~ouv. XaVEl to a[08n~a ovunepotntor. H Euponn vivetrn to un60Ely~a vtn tnv ul08Eman ~Etappu8~[OEOOV. 01 onofre EXOUV Y[VEI 6AO Kat ruo cnopotmtsr. Autn n 10Ea. nou npOKUnra Kma to 180 cuevo. 8a on~aOEljJEl to 190 Kat UI; apXEI; tOU 200u.

Mia n£pio6o~ aMaywv

An6 to 1839 apx[~El utn neplofioc ~Etappu8~[OEOOV. vvmom ~E to ovouo Tanzimat (nAn8uvuK61; me apaBlKnl; M~n~ «Ianzirn», roxtonofncn. avaoloPYovuion]. 8a oonynoEl O1n olaKnpu~n lOU npotou 0800~avlKou olKa[ou to 1876. Autn tnv neplofio 01 OOUAtOVOl uioserouv to Eupoona'iK6 Evou~a. E'{KmaAElnouv to ncxon tOU Ionxoru Yla va E'{Kmaota80uv oto naAou NtOA~a~naXtoE. 0Iappu8~10~EVO KatO to OUtlKO npotuno. Kat oupnepreepovtor 001; Eupomolot ~OVOPXEI;. E'{KatVla~OVtal; otpotoneco Kat OXOAEla. EVW E~cpaV[~OVtat on~6- ala ~E to otn801; CPOptOO~EVO nopdonuc. Evoc an6 aUtOUI; ~OAlOta. YEyov61; XOOP[I; nponvouuevo, KOVEI Eva ta~[ol to 1867 oe 6An rnv Euponn. Eivtn (fM- 8Ela 6~001; on ElXE olampnoEl pro EmcpuAaKUK6tma.

L'luOtUXwl;. n neplcooc outn tOOV ~Etappu8~[OEOOV eivot toutoxpovo Kat neP[OOOI; ola~EAla~ou me cutoxporoptoc. 0 toupee NlK6Aaol; A'. an6 to 1853. anEu8uvEl npoc tOY OEP XO~tAtOV LEU~oup. npwBEUtn me AyyAlal;. rnv neplqln~n opnon, «fxouf.1E ata xipw uac (. .. J tvov noltu oppoxno oV8pwno: Iac Aiw ctlttKptVW( 6ft 8a tjrav naM 6uaopEaro EOV f.1a( 6tirpwYE, t6[w( nporou ltf]rp8ouv ra anapa{rf]ra f.1irPG». H cppoon autn nEplExEl EV onEp~au to ~EtaYEvE01EPO 0Ia~EAla~6 ml; autoKpatOp[al;. MIa an6 tll; mo opa~auKEI; 011WEI; E[Vat to 1877- 1878. O1n OlopKEla tOU nOAE~ou Kmo ml; Pooa[al;. POOOlKO O1pmEU~ata cptOvouv to 1878 Alya xtAl6~Etpa E~OO an6 mv lotaV~nouA. 0 OOUAtOVOI; avaotEMEl to LUvtay~a.

Ita tOY Paul Dumont. «np6Kctrat aarpaltw(yw f.1w f.1El(ova Kaf.1ntj arf]V E(iltt(f] rou o8Wf.1aVtKOU KPOroU( an6 rf]V Enoxtj rwv Tanzimaf». E[vat 6~WI; Kat ~la anocpaOl011Kn 011wn O1n OXEon nou OlatnpEl n aUtoKpatOp[a ~E mv Eupwnn. AnAo. tOUAOXlotOV. OE Eva YEooypacplK6 En[nEoo: n aUtoKpmop[a OEV 0la8EtEl ma otnv Eupwnn oMo an6 to ~aKEoovlK6 OIOOpO~O. «L![VEt rf]V 6tpf] Ev6( Kporou( nEptaa6rcpo aataftKOU Kat f.1ouaoultf.1aVtKOU» (Paul Dumont).

Avan6cpEUKta. aUtEI; 01 YEooypacplKEI; aMaYEI; ExOUV EnlmWOEll; aUI; ou~mnOEll; Yla mv Eopa[ooon ml; ouuKono[nonl;. L'lEV 8a xpEla~6tav Em01pocpn 0111; napaooOlaKEI; a~[EI;. Kat KUP[OOI; otll; 8pnaKEUUKEI;; 'EXOU~E EOW ~la pU8~lotlKn nEp[ooo OE OXEon ~E EKElVn tOOV Tanzimat. AVUOtOlXEl ~E m BaotAEla tOU ABooUA-Xa~[t B' (1876-1909). tOU ono[ou n nOAltlKn xapaKmplO1nKE OplO~EVEI; CPOPEI; 001; «navloAa~1011Kn».

npay~atl. npoona8El va OUYKEvtPWOEl yupoo an6 to np6000n6 tOU toUI; ~ouoouA~OVOUI; ml; aUlOKpatOp[al;. 001600 n Emppon ml; L'luonl; napa~EvEl nOAu

ioxupn.Evo ovnnosrreunso K[vn~a YEVVlEtal. 01 «Nectoupjon». to nptoto OUVEOPIO tOOV onokov Y[VEtal to 1902. Zntouv tnv cnoxcruorocn toU LUvtoy~atOI; toU 1876. Em8u~ouv va ouomoouv pro CPlAEAEu8Epn outoxpotoplc .. auyxpovn. n onolo 6~001; OEV 8a unoxaror otnv eupconoixn En[opaon. To 1908 anoKa8[01atat to LUvtay~a. aMa ourn n cptAEAEU8Epono[non OlapKEl AlYo .

H olEvE~n avm evtovn. OplO~EVOl. 6nool; 0 A~nvtOUAox T~EBvtEt. ncipvouv to ~EPOI; tnc L'luonl; «<L!EV unapxe: napo uovov ivac noltmaf.16(. 0 wpwnaii<6(. Kat nptnei va roy EtaayoYOUf.1E f.1E to p66a Kat to aYKo8w rou») iliOl npOOlOOVI~OVtat Emotpocpn one nnYEI; tOU 10M~. ApX[~El va OlacpalVEtat Kat tpirn 0061;. cum Ev61; E8vlKlO~OU 0 onoioc «OEV vcencr OUtE o' Eva 10AO~ 6AO Kat rue ouvtnpnuK6 OUtE OE ~ta L'luon 6AO Kat ruo Em8EUKn». (P. Dumont)

T6tE elvoi nou EnEPXEtat 0 n6AE~01;. Ita rnv 0800~avlKn Autoxporopto. OEV cpX[~El to 1914. aMo to 1912. On6tE XPElO~Etat va ovupeuonloa Eva ouvoorucuo BaAKavlKwv KpatwV. 01 nTIEI; olaoExovtat n utc mv oMn Kat n ourosporoplo XOVEI 6Aa to EUpoona'iKO Eoocpn me. EKt61; an6 ~la OtEVn ~wvn yupoo an6 mv lotaV~nouA. To npoy~a 6~001; OEV tEAElWVEl EOW. H aAuOlOOOtn aKoAou8[a tOOV yE'{ov6toov ElVat Kat aMnAouxla tOOV xctcmpopov. To 1914 n curospmoplo noipVEl to ~EPOI; tnc IEp~av[al;. To nAnpwvEl nOAu aKplBo. H Luv8nKn tOOV LEBpwv (10 AUyOU010U 1920) KataKUpwvEl to Ota~EAlO~6 me 0800~avlKnl; Autoxpctoploc. H Ioupxio XOVEI to Koupfnotuv. enopxiec ~E ap~EvlK6 nAn8uo~6. m 8poKn. tnv nsploxn me L~upvnl;. mv ApaB[a: «H Ioupxia nEplOp{(Erat a' iva f.1tKp6 KPOro( rf]( Avarolttj(. arptf.1wyf.1ivo ovoueoa ae 6uo XWPE( ue aaarptj aK6f.1a ouvopa. tnv Apuevia Kat rf]v EMo6G» (Paul Dumont).

XOPll; otnv E~EyEpon lOU Moumacpo KE~OA. ~la oupqnovlc nou unoypocpmKE am Aoo~ovvn (2410UAloU 1923) oBnvEl tOUI; tonavcmxouc 6pOUI; an6 m LUV- 8nKn tOOV LEBpwv Kat avayvoop[~El otnv Ioupxlo ota8Epa ouvopo. nou nepiAa~Bovouv rnv AvmoAlKn 8pOKn Kat to Eli6cpn me AvmOAlal;.

Evcc oA6KAnpOl; K60~0I;tEAElWVEl. To NOE~BplO tOU 19220 Mouotacpo KE~OA KmEAuoE to OOUAtaVOtO Kat. ~EPIKOUI; ~nVEI; cpvotepo to xaAlcp0tO (MopUOI; 1924)'EKtotE 6Aa unolvouv am 8Eon roue W01E va tEAElWOEl rue cum n OIEVE~n ovcpcoo otouc cptAOOUtlKOUI; Kat O· EKElVOUI; nou Em8u~ouv eruotpopn 0111; 10- Aa~IKEI; a~[EI;.

o MOU01acpo KE~aA EKU~O on 01 0800~avo[ OOUAtOVOl oneruxcv otnv npoono8ElO tOUI; Kat on n 8pnOKEla. etm 6nOOl; Ecpap~6~Etat Kat OIOOOKEtat. aOKEl pro om0800pO~IKn cruppon. Ilptna va neptoptotel OE um mO~IKn EntAoyn.

o xpovoc tOOV n~I~EtpOOV EXEl napEA8El. 0 MOU01acpo KE~OA E~cpaV[~Etat EVEpyntlK61;. lOA~np61;: ncuet to 8pnOKEUUKO tOy~ata. kotcpvei tnv noAuya~[a. cncvopeua 010UI; OVOPEI; va eopouv to CPEOl (AUyOU0101;-LEntE~BplOI; 1925). ul08ml to topiolo ouomuo tOU 0lE8voUI; npepoxovlou.

Tov NOE~BplO toU 1928 n ypacpn ~E apaBlKo otoixein avuKa8[01mat an6 ~la ypacpn ~E AauvlKo ypo~~ata. MEta an6 to 1931. n KAnan OE npoosuxn npsna va vtvetm otn tOUPKlKO Kat 6Xl otn apaBlKO. 6nool; En [anI; Kat n avoyvooon tOU Kopoviou 0 navloAa~IO~61; eivot cpavEp6 6u ElVat ma EKt61; EnOXnl; ... H E~nVEuon Yl' aUtEI; UI; ~Etappu8~[OEll; ElVat EupoonaiKn.

01 VEOI KWOlKEI; nou ul08EtoUVtat (aouK61;. nOlVlK61;. E~noplK61;) EIVat npo"i6vta E~nVEUonl; an6 EABwKOUI;. ltaAlKOUI;. YEp~aVlKOUI; V6~OUI;. To 1934 (10 xp6vta nplv an6 m laMia ... ) 01 yuva[KEI; anOKtoUV olKaloo~a ljJncpou. Tov NoE~BplO tOU 1934 Eval; v6~01; EmBoMEl OE 6AouI; lOUI; nOAltEI; mv ul08Emon 01- KOYEvElaKwv Em8EtOOv. 0 Mou01acpo KE~OA Y[VEtat EtOl AtmOupK. nou ~nopE[ va Ep~nVEUtEl 001; «nmEpal; ml; ouyxpovnl; ToupK[al;» n «0 a~16u~01; TouPKol;».

Ta A6Yla OEV 8a ntav notE apKEtO Yla va tOVlO1El n on~ao[a ml; nOAltl011Knl; avmponnl; nou npoKoAwE 0 AtmOupK.'loOOI; to KataMBou~E KaAUtEpa aut6 av 8u~n80u~E oMa ~Etpa. Aly6tEPO yvOO010. 6nool;Yla napooEly~a mv unoxpEooon nou EmBAn8nKE OtOUI; on~6010ul; unoMnAoul; va OU~~EtEXOUV OtOUI; XOPOUI; tOU LaBBatOU ~a~ ~E UI; ou~uyoUI; toUI;. Vtu~EVEI; ~E BpaOlvn a~ovlKn tOUaAEta. «npoYf.1a nou ara an0f.1aKpuaf.1iva XWptO rf]( Avarolt{a( 8a npinEt va rpatv6rav aav YUf.1vtaf.16r;» (Olivier Roy). H ~E'{aAocpuTa tOU Mouotacpo KE~OA ElVat 6u Elany ayE Evav EKOUYXPOVlO~6 ~E un60Ely~a mv Eupwnn ~EV. aMo nou BaOl(6- tOV o· Evav loxup6 E8vlKlO~6. Ta ~Etpa auto ElVat pl~IKO. EnaVaOtaUKo. L'lEv 8a Elxav y[VEl anOOEKta. av OEV Elxav anOKtnOEl PI~EI; Oto nAouolo Eoacpol; ml; 0800~avlKnl; lmoplal;: mv nEp[ooo tOOV Tanzimat Kat mv EnaVOO1aOn tOOV NEotOUPKOOV. Kat KUP[OOI; tOUI; noMoUI; atwVEI; tapaY~EVOOV aM6 Kat Kapnocp6- pOOV Enacpwv ~E mv Eupwnn.

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