ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY

Senior High School

STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Grading
Session 6: The Cell Cycle

THE CELL CYCLE • Stage 1: Prophase

• Begins when two new cells are formed
by the division of a parental cell
• Ends when one of these cells divide
again into two cells
• Divided into:
Interphase – includes cell growth and
synthesis of DNA
M Phase – cell division

- Initiation of chromatin
condensation.
- The centrioles begin to move
towards the opposite poles
of the cell.
- The mitotic spindle begins to
form.
A. INTERPHASE - The nuclear envelope breaks
• Gap 1 (G1) stage down.
- Interval between mitosis and - Prometaphase:
initiation of DNA replication Complete disintegration of
- The cell is metabolically the nuclear envelope
active and continuously Condensation of
grows. chromosomes is completed
• Synthesis (S) stage
- DNA replication takes place • Stage 2: Metaphase
- The amount of DNA per cell
doubles.
- There is no increase in
chromosome number.
• Gap 2 (G2) stage
- Proteins are synthesized in
preparation for mitosis.
- Cell growth continues.
• Quiescent (G0) stage
- Occurs in some cell types
- Inactive stage
- Cells are metabolically active
but no longer proliferate - Spindle fibers attach to
unless called on to do so kinetochores at the
centromere of the
B. M PHASE: MITOSIS chromosome
• In animals: seen only in diploid - Chromosomes get aligned
somatic cells along the metaphase plate.
• In plants: occurs in haploid and
diploid cells
 ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines

• Stage 3: Anaphase MEIOSIS I

• Stage 1: Prophase I

- Centromeres split
- Chromatids separate and
move to opposite poles. - compaction of chromosomes
(leptotene)
• Stage 4: Telophase - synapsis and tetrad/bivalent formation
(zygotene)
- crossing-over (pachytene)
- formation of chiasmata (diplotene)
- assembly of meiotic spindle; the
nuclear envelope breaks down
(diakinesis)

• Stage 2: Metaphase I

- Chromosomes cluster at
opposite spindle poles
- The chromosomes
decondense
- Nuclear envelope
reassembles
- microtubules from the opposite poles
• Cytokinesis attach to the pair of homologous
- The division of the cytoplasm chromosomes
to form two new cells - tetrads align on the metaphase plate
- In animal cells: formation of
the cleavage furrow • Stage 3: Anaphase I
- In plant cells: formation of the
cell plate

C. M PHASE: MEIOSIS
• Produces gametes and spores
• Results to 4 haploid daughter
cells
• Divided into:
Meiosis I – reduces the number
of chromosomes from diploid to
haploid
Meiosis II – produces four
haploid daughter cells
 ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines

- the homologous chromosomes • Stage 2: Metaphase II

separate and move towards the
opposite poles
- Sister chromatids remain associated
at their centromeres

• Stage 4: Telophase I

- microtubules attach to the kinetochore

- chromosomes align at the equator

• Stage 3: Anaphase II

- The chromosomes decondense

- The nuclear membrane and nucleolus
reappears

• Cytokinesis - splitting of centromere

- The cytoplasm of the parental divides - the chromatids separate and move
into two daughter cells towards the opposite poles

• Interkinesis • Stage 4: Telophase II

- A period of rest in preparation for
meiosis II
- no DNA replication takes place

MEIOSIS II
• Stage 1: Prophase II

- The chromosomes decondense

- The nuclear membrane and nucleolus
reappears

• Cytokinesis
- The cytoplasm of the parental divides
into two daughter cells
- compaction of chromosomes
- the nuclear envelope breaks down