Solenoid &

Relay
Electrical
Motor

Directional
Actuator control valves

Pressure
control valves

Pneumatic &
Cylinder
Hydraulic

Process
control valves

Rotary
actuator
Sometimes we need to switch a circuit without using a
mechanical switch. For example: A light (dark) sensor is used to
switch-on a lamp. In this case the sensor is solar cell which
generate low voltage and low current. But the lamp requires
higher voltage and higher current. The transistor can act as an
electronic-switch for the lamp.

Example:

Source: <www.allaboutcircuits.com>
Source: <www.howstuffworks.com>
Source: <www.societyofrobots.com>
Source: <www.solenoid-valve-info.com>
 Brushed
DC
Brushless

Induction
Motor
Single phase
Synchronous

AC Induction
Polyphase
Synchronous
Universal
motor
𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑒𝑚𝑓
𝑘𝑒 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
No Steps / revolution Shaft increment
1 12 300
2 24 150
3 72 50
4 144 2.50
5 180 20
6 200 1.80
Component:
Pump
Pressure regulator
Valves to control flow rate and pressures
Hoses and pipes as the distribution system
Linear or rotary actuator
Pneumatic system uses compressed-air pressure to get
mechanical force in linear movement.
Advantage of pneumatic over hydraulic is it does not necessary
need a reservoir tank, because air is provided from the
atmosphere. But it generates lower force than hydraulic
Source: www.teamdavinci.com