17-8-2018 2K16-ELE-11 Ammar Humayun

LAB NO 1

Transformer

Objective:

To study the composition and working of transformer and perform is polarity test.

Theory
Inductor:

An inductor is a passive electronic component which is capable of storing electrical energy in

the form of magnetic energy. Basically, it uses a conductor that is wound into a coil, and when
electricity flows into the coil from the left to the right, this will generate a magnetic field in the
clockwise direction.

Inductance:

A current generated in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is proportional to the rate of

change of the magnetic field. This effect is called Inductance.

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:

When a DC current passes through a long straight conductor a magnetizing force, H and a static
magnetic field, B is developed around it. If the wire is then wound into a coil, the magnetic field
is greatly intensified producing a static magnetic field around itself forming the shape of a bar
magnet giving a distinct North and South pole.

Lenz's law:

Lenz's law states that when an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such, that it produces an current that's
magnetic field opposes the change which produces it

Transformer:

A transformer is an electrical device, which is used to convert voltages from higher value to
lower value or lower value to higher value. The transformer does this by linking together two or
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more electrical circuits using a common oscillating magnetic circuit which is produced by the
transformer itself. A transformer operates on the principals of “electromagnetic induction”, in
the form of Mutual Induction.

Mutual induction is the process by which a coil of wire magnetically induces a voltage into
another coil located in close to it.

Transformer composition:

A single phase voltage transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of wire, one called
the “Primary Winding” and another called the “Secondary Winding”. “Primary” side of the
transformer as the side that usually takes power, and the “secondary” as the side that is
output. In a single-phase voltage transformer the primary is usually the side with the higher
voltage (Step down).
These two coils are not in electrical contact with each other but are instead wrapped together
around a common closed core. This soft iron core is not solid but made up of individual
laminations connected together to help reduce the core’s losses.
The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are magnetically linked
through the common core allowing electrical power to be transferred from one coil to the
other. When an electric current passed through the primary winding, a magnetic field is
developed which induces a voltage into the secondary winding as shown.
Testing of Transformer polarity (Sumpners test):
There are two types of test.
Additive Polarity: In additive polarity the same terminals of the primary and the secondary
windings of the transformer are connected

Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity different terminals of the primary and secondary
side of the transformer is connected.
When the voltmeter reads the difference that is (V1 – V2), the transformer is said to be
connected with opposite polarity know as Subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter reads
(V1 + V2), the transformer is said to have additive polarity.

Formula:
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑃
= = 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑆

 VP - is the Primary Voltage

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 VS - is the Secondary Voltage

 NP - is the Number of Primary Windings
 NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings

Case 1 N1 ˃ N2 V1 ˃ V2 Step down

Case 2 N1 ˂ N2 V1 ˂ V 2 Step up

Procedure:

 Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram (Connect the volt meters as
shown.)
 Switch on the single phase supply
 Records the values of the voltages as shown by the voltmeter V1, V2 and V3.
 If the reading of the V3 shows the addition of the value of V1 and V2 that is V2 = V1+V2 the
transformer is said to be connected in additive polarity.
 If the reading of the V3 is the subtraction of the readings of V1 and V2, then the
transformer is said to be connected in subtractive or negative polarity.
 Repeat the experiment with different value of V1 voltage and make the observation
table.

Circuit Diagrams:-
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Additive Property

Subtractive property