BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO

642:1999

Steel hardenability test

by end quenching
(Jominy test)

The European Standard EN ISO 642:1999 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 77.040.99
BS EN ISO 642:1999

National foreword

This British Standard is the English language version of EN ISO 642:1999. It

is identical with ISO 642:1999. It supersedes BS 4437:1987 which is
withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
ISE/72, Methods of Physical and Metallographic Testing, which has the
responsibility to:
— aid enquirers to understand the text;
— present to the responsible international/European committee any
enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK
interests informed;
— monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
Cross-references
Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally
include an annex which lists normative references to international
publications with their corresponding European publications. The British
Standards which implement international or European publications referred
to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using
the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of
a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct
application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
the EN ISO title page, page 2, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 18,
an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication

been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering
Sector Committee, was
Amd. No. Date Comments
published under the authority
of the Standards Committee
and comes into effect on
15 November 1999

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 BS EN ISO 642:1999

Contents

Page
National foreword Inside front cover
Foreword 2
Foreword iii
Text of ISO 642 1

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EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 642
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 1999
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

ICS 77.040.99

English version

Steel — Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test)

(ISO 642:1999)

Acier — Essai de trempabilité par trempe en Stähle — Stirnabschreckversuch

bout (essai Jominy) (Jominy-Versuch)
(ISO 642:1999) (ISO 642:1999)

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This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 August 1999.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and
bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained
on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,
German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the
Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1999 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.
Ref. No. EN ISO 642:1999 E
EN ISO 642:1999

Foreword
The text of the International Standard
ISO 642:1999 has been prepared by Technical
Committee ISO/TC 17 “Steel” in collaboration
with Technical Committee ECISS/TC 2 “Steel —
Physico-chemical and non-destructive testing”, the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of
a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by
March 2000, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2000.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations, the national standards organizations
of the following countries are bound to implement
this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United
Kingdom.

Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard
ISO 642:1999 was approved by CEN as a European
Standard without any modification.
NOTE Normative references to International Standards are
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listed in Annex ZA (normative).

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Contents
Page
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Principle 1
4 Symbols and designations 1
5 Form of test pieces and their preparation 2
6 Apparatus 3
7 Heating and quenching of test piece 6
8 Preparation for, and measurement of, hardness after
quenching 7
9 Expression of results 7
10 Test report 8
Annex A (informative) Specification for the hardenability of a
product 10
Annex B (informative) Additional information to clause 10 13
Annex C (informative) Calculation of the hardenability 15
Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international
publications with their relevant European publications 19
Bibliography 16
Figure 1 — Sampling by machining of the test piece 3
Figure 2 — Dimensions of test piece 4
Figure 3 — Diagram of quenching device 5
Figure 4 — End of water supply pipe 6

hardness, and position of hardness measurement points

Figure 6 — Hardness at a distance d of 15 mm ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Figure 5 — Preparation of test piece for measurement of

Figure A.1 — Specification of hardenability by two limiting curves

9
9
11
Figure A.2 — Specification of hardenability by a given hardness
between two distance limits 11
Figure A.3 — Specification of hardenability by a range of
hardness at a given distance 12
Figure B.1 — Network of curves giving the ratio Ú/ÚA as a
function of time 13
Figure B.2 — Variation of the cooling rates, in degrees
Celsius per second, of points on the surface of the Jominy
test piece at approximately 700 °C as a function of their
distance from the quenched end 14

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 EN ISO 642:1999

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that
committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental,
in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 642 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 17 Steel, Subcommittee SC 7, Methods of testing (other than mechanical
tests and chemical analysis).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 642:1979) which
has been technically revised.
Annex A, Annex B, and Annex C of this International Standard are for
information only.

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 EN ISO 642:1999

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching
(Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and 100 mm long.
NOTE By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this International Standard may be replaced by the
calculation of the Jominy curve in accordance with an accepted mathematical model (see Annex C). In case of dispute, the test shall
be carried out.

2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions
of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International
Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative
documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred
to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 6507-1, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method.
ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, K, N, T).
ISO 6508-2, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test) — Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing
machines (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T).
ISO 6508-3, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks (scales
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T).

3 Principle

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The test consists of:
a) heating a cylindrical test piece to a specified temperature in the austenitic range for a specified period
of time;
b) quenching it by spraying water on one of its ends under specified conditions;
c) measuring the hardness at certain given points, on longitudinal flats made on the test piece, in order
to determine the hardenability of the steel by variations of this hardness.

4 Symbols and designations

Symbol Designation Value

L Total length of test piece (100 ± 0,5) mm

D Diameter of test piece  25 +0,5 mm
 0 

t Time during which test piece is maintained at heating temperature  30 +5 min
 0

tm Maximum time lag between removal of test piece from furnace and start 5 s
of quenching
T Temperature of cooling water (20 ± 5) °C
a Internal diameter of vertical water supply pipe (12,5 ± 0,5) mm
h Height of water jet without test piece in position (65 ± 10) mm
l Distance from end of water supply pipe to lower end of test piece (12,5 ± 0,5) mm
e Depth of flats for measurement of hardness (0,4 to 0,5) mm
d Distance, in millimetres, from quenched end to points where hardness is measured
Jxx-d Jominy hardenability index at distance d, in Rockwell HRC-mm
JHVxx-d Jominy hardenability index at distance d, in Vickers HV 30-mm

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EN ISO 642:1999

5 Form of test pieces and their preparation

5.1 Sampling
In the absence of specific requirements in the product standard, and unless otherwise agreed on the order
and regardless of the thickness (or diameter) of the product, the sampling of test piece from the product can
be made:
— either by hot rolling or forging of test piece with 30 mm to 32 mm diameter;

— or by machining of test piece with diameter  25 +0,5

0 
mm whose axis shall be at least at  20 +5
0 mm
from the surface product (see Figure 1).
In case of products from continuous casting, a minimum reduction ratio 8 : 1 is recommended before
sampling.
In all the forming processes preceding the machining of the test piece, the deformation of the product from
all sides should be as uniform as possible.
In the case of a separately cast reference test piece, the original cross section before deformation must be
at least three times that corresponding to the required diameter of 30 mm to 32 mm.
By special agreement, the test piece can be obtained by a suitable casting process and tested in the as-cast
condition.
The flats of the test piece shall have their axes at approximately the same distance from the product surface
(see Figure 1). For this purpose, the test piece shall be marked so that its position in the round bar can be
clearly recognized.
5.2 Dimensions
5.2.1 The test piece shall consist of a round bar machined to a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 100 mm.

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5.2.2 The end of the test piece which will not be quenched shall be 30 mm to 32 mm or 25 mm in diameter,
depending upon the form of that end. Two examples, test pieces with a flange or an undercut (to permit
rapid centring and fitting in position for the quenching operation by means of an appropriate support) are
shown in Figure 2.
5.2.3 The test piece shall, if necessary, be marked (on the end opposite to the end to be quenched) to enable
its position to be identified in relation to the original product.
5.3 Heat treatment
Unless otherwise agreed, the test piece shall be normalized before machining and quenching. The
normalizing process shall be carried out at the average temperature within the range specified in the
material standard. If the material standard does not specify a temperature for normalizing, the
normalizing temperature shall be subject to special agreement or duly selected by the testing
department. The holding time at normalizing temperature shall be  30 +5
0 min.
The heat treatment shall be carried out in each case in such a way that the finish-machined test piece
shows absolutely no traces of decarburization.
5.4 Machining
The cylindrical surface of the test piece shall be machined by fine turning; the surface of the test piece end
to be quenched shall have a reasonably fine finish, preferably obtained by fine grinding, and should be free
from burrs (see Figure 2).

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6 Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a device for quenching the test piece.
6.1 The quenching device consists essentially of a means of suddenly inducing the water jet to impinge
on the end of the test piece to be quenched. This can be realized e.g., by a quick action tap and a system
to adjust the flow rate of the water or a disc allowing the water jet to be released and cut off rapidly
(see Figure 3). In the case of a quick action tap the length of the water supply pipe behind the tap shall be
at least 50 mm in order to ensure non-turbulent water flow.
6.2 The relative positions of the end of the water supply pipe and the test piece support shall be such
that the distance between the end of the water supply pipe and the test piece end to be quenched
is (12,5 ± 0,5) mm (see Figure 3).
6.3 The test piece support shall allow precise centring of the test piece above the end of the water supply
pipe and the holding of it in position during spraying. It shall be dry while the test piece is being placed in
position; the test piece shall be protected from water splashes while it is being placed in position as well as
before and during the actual end quenching operation.
6.4 The height of the water jet above the end of the water supply pipe without the test piece in position
shall be (65 ± 10) mm (see Figure 4).
The water temperature in the pipe shall be (20 ± 5) °C.
In the case of comparative tests, tests shall be carried out with the same water temperature.
6.5 The test piece shall be protected from draughts throughout the heating and quenching.

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Figure 1 — Sampling by machining of the test piece

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Figure 2 — Dimensions of test piece

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Figure 3 — Diagram of quenching device

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Figure 4 — End of water supply pipe

7 Heating and quenching of test piece

7.1 Heating
7.1.1 The test piece shall be heated uniformly to the temperature specified in the relevant product standard
or fixed by special agreement for at least 20 min and then maintained for  30 +5
0 min at the agreed-upon
temperature. For particular types of furnace, this period can be determined as a result of previous
experience establishing the minimum time necessary for the centre of the test piece to reach the desired
temperature (this temperature can be verified by means of, e.g., a thermocouple placed in a hole drilled
along the axis of the test piece at the head end).
7.1.2 Precautions shall be taken to minimize decarburization or carburization of the test piece, and to avoid
any marked oxidation with formation of scale.
7.2 Quenching
7.2.1 The time between removal of the test piece from the furnace and the commencement of spraying shall
not exceed 5 s.
During its removal from the furnace and positioning in the holder, the test piece shall only be held with the
tongs at the end which is not to be quenched either on the flange side or the undercut side.
7.2.2 The time of spraying shall be at least 10 min. After this time, the cooling of the test piece can be
completed by immersing it in cold water.

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8 Preparation for, and measurement of, hardness after quenching

8.1 Two flats for measuring the hardness shall be ground on the surface 180° apart and parallel to the axis
of the test piece. In the case of test pieces prepared by machining, the two flats shall be at the same distance
from the product surface (see Figure 1). They shall be from 0,4 mm to 0,5 mm deep. These flats shall be
machined using an abundant supply of coolant with fine grinding wheel to avoid any heating which is likely
to modify the microstructure of the test piece.
8.2 It should be ascertained, as follows, that no softening has been caused by grinding: immerse the test
piece in a 5 % (V/V) nitric acid solution in water until it is completely blackened. The colour obtained shall
be uniform.
If there are any stains, indicating the presence of soft spots, two new flats shall be made at 90° and etched
as stated above to make sure that these were acceptable. In this case, the hardness measurement shall be
carried out on the second set of flats and this fact shall be recorded in the test report.
8.3 Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the test piece is well supported and is rigidly held during the
hardness measurements.
The device for moving the test piece on the hardness testing machine shall allow accurate centring of the
flat and spacing of the indentations to within ± 0,1 mm. The latter are made along the axis of the flat, in
accordance with ISO 6508-1, ISO 6508-2 and ISO 6508-3.
8.3.1 By special agreement, the Rockwell C hardness measurements may be replaced by measurements of
Vickers hardness HV 30 in accordance with ISO 6507-1.
8.3.2 It is necessary to ensure that any raised edges of hardness indentations on the first flat do not
influence the measurements on the second flat.
8.4 The positions of the measurement points shall be such that one or the other of the following two
determinations can be made:

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a) drawing of a curve representing variations in hardness (see 8.4.1);
b) determination of hardness at one or more specified points (see 8.4.2).
8.4.1 Drawing of a curve representing variations in hardness
8.4.1.1 In the general case, the distances, expressed in millimetres, of the first eight points taken from the
quenched end are as follows (see Figure 5):
1,5 – 3 – 5 – 7 – 9 – 11 – 13 – 15
Subsequent points are, in general, at 5 mm intervals.
8.4.1.2 In the case of steels of low hardenability, the first measuring point shall be 1,0 mm from the
quenched end; the following points shall be spaced at 1 mm intervals to a distance of 11 mm from this end.
The last five points shall be, respectively, 13 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm from the same end.
NOTE It is realized that the distance between the hardness indentations given in 8.4.1.1 and 8.4.1.2 will not always comply with
the minimum distances stated in ISO 6508. For the purposes of this International Standard, however, it is considered that the
hardness values obtained will, in general, be sufficiently accurate.
8.4.2 Determination of hardness at specified points
Determination of hardness may be made at one or more points situated at specified distances from the
quenched end and including, or not, the first point specified in 8.4.1.1 and 8.4.1.2.

9 Expression of results
9.1 Hardness at any one point
At each distance d, the hardness shall be recorded as the mean of the measurements made at this distance
d on each of the two flats specified in 8.1 and the value rounded in principle to 0,5 HRC or 10 HV.
9.2 Drawing of the hardness curves
The distances d shall be plotted on the abscissa and the corresponding hardnesses on the ordinate. It is
recommended to use the following scales:
— on the abscissa, either 10 mm corresponding to a distance of 5 mm; or 10 mm corresponding to a
distance 1 mm for steels of low hardenability;
— on the ordinate: 10 mm corresponding to 5 HRC or 50 HV.
NOTE When Jominy curves are produced by computer-aided devices, the computer program will scale the axes automatically.

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9.3 Description of the hardenability characteristics of a particular steel

Use one of the following methods:
a) drawing of the hardness curve;
b) statement of the hardness at three points, one point being 1,5 mm (1 mm for low hardenability steels)
from the quenched end and the other two points being fixed by special agreement;
c) statement of the hardness at two points situated at distances fixed by special agreement;
d) statement of the hardness at one specified distance from the quenched end;
e) tables of hardness-distance values.
9.4 Codification of test result
The test result can be expressed in the following form: the letter J followed by two numbers as follows:
Jxx-d
where
xx is the hardness, either HRC or HV 30;
d is the distance from the point of measurement to the quenched end, in millimetres.

EXAMPLES
J35-15 shows that at a distance of 15 mm from the quenched end the hardness is 35 HRC
(see Figure 6),
JHV 450-10 shows that at a distance of 10 mm from the quenched end the hardness is 450 HV 30.
NOTE It is also possible to use the code Jd = xx, see A.2.4.

10 Test report
The test report shall contain the following information:
a) reference to this International Standard, i.e., ISO 642;
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b) grade of the steel;
c) cast number;
d) chemical composition;
e) method of sampling;
f) conditions for the normalizing treatment and the heating of the test piece;
g) hardness testing method used;
h) test result.
NOTE It is recommended to note the water temperature in order to be able to compare the results.

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Figure 5 — Preparation of test piece for measurement of hardness, and position
of hardness measurement points

Figure 6 — Hardness at a distance d of 15 mm

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Annex A (informative)
Specification for the hardenability of a product
A.1 Methods
Use one of the following methods:
a) specify the end quenching (Jominy test) curve(s) of depth of hardness with:
1) a limiting curve above which the end quenching (Jominy test) curve of depth of hardness of the steel
shall lie; or
2) a limiting curve below which the end quenching (Jominy test) curve of depth of hardness of the steel
shall lie; or
3) the upper and lower end quenching (Jominy test) curves between which the end quenching (Jominy
test) curve of the steel shall lie (see Figure A.1);
b) specify particular points on the end quenching (Jominy test) curve (which can be):
— an upper limit; or
— a lower limit; or
— a range between the two limits:
i) by indicating the distance from the quenched end for a given hardness; or
ii) by indicating the hardness at a given distance from the quenched end.
A.2 Specifying the hardenability
It is also possible to specify the hardenability as follows.
A.2.1 J 45-6/18 shows that the hardness reaches a value of 45 HRC at some point between 6 mm
and 18 mm from the quenched end (see Figure A.2).

between 35 HRC and 48 HRC (see Figure A.3).

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A.2.2 J 35/48-15 shows that, at a distance of 15 mm from the quenched end the hardness has a value

A.2.3 JHV 340/490-15 shows that, at a distance of 15 mm from the quenched end, the Vickers hardness is
between HV 340 and HV 490.
A.2.4 In some countries, the following codification is used.
J 15 = 35/45 shows that, at a distance of 15 mm from the quenched end, the HRC value is between 35
and 45.

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Figure A.1 — Specification of hardenability by two limiting curves

Figure A.2 — Specification of hardenability by a given hardness between two

distance limits

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Figure A.3 — Specification of hardenability by a range of hardness at a given distance

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Annex B (informative)
Additional information to clause 10
In many cases, it could be useful to know the cooling rate on the surface of the test piece.
The conditions of the quenching process defined in clause 6 and in 7.2 permit the cooling rate of the end of
the test piece to be considered as constant.
Subject to the fact that one can, at a first approximation, neglect on the one hand the amount of heat
produced by structural changes in the steel during cooling and, on the other hand, the differences in
thermal conductivity for different grades of steel in relation to a standard test piece, the variations of
temperature along the length of the test piece can be expressed in different ways. The following are given
as examples for information.
a) Figure B.1: network of curves giving the ratio Ú/ÚA as a function of time
where
ÚA is the temperature of austenitizing;
Ú is the temperature of points on the surface, situated at certain distances from the quenched
end.

b) Figure B.2: variation of the cooling rates, in degrees Celsius per second, of points on the surface of the
Jominy test piece at approximately 700 °C, as a function of their distance from the quenched end.

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Figure B.1 — Network of curves giving the ratio Ú/ÚA as a function of time

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Figure B.2 — Variation of the cooling rates, in degrees Celsius per second, of points
on the surface of the Jominy test piece at approximately 700 °C as a function of
their distance from the quenched end

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Annex C (informative)
Calculation of the hardenability
With the aid of computer facilities, calculation models by treatment of numerical data have been developed
to determine the Jominy curve from the chemical composition (cast analysis).
These models, duly verified, are based on a great number of test results. The equations used for calculation
of the hardenability are different in function of the nature of steel and of their origin and of the used model.

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Bibliography
[1] JOMINY, W.E., Standardization of Hardenability Tests, Metal Progress, Vol. 40, December 1941,
pp. 911–914.
[2] GROSSMAN, M.A., Hardenability Calculated from Chemical Composition, Trans. AIME, Vol. 150, 1942,
pp. 227–259.
[3] FIELD, J., Calculation of Jominy End-Quench Curve from Analysis, Metal Progress, Vol. 43, March 1943,
pp. 402–405.
[4] LAMONT, J.L. and CRAFTS, W., The Effect of Silicon on Hardenability, Trans. AIME, Vol. 154, 1943,
pp. 386–394.
[5] HILL, M. The End-Quench Test: Reproducibility, Trans. ASM, Vol. 31, December 1943, pp. 923–942.
[6] KRAMER, I.R., HAFNER, R.H. and TOLEMAN, S.L., Effect of Sixteen Alloying Elements on Hardenability
of Steel, Trans. AIME, Vol. 158, 1944, pp. 138–156.
[7] CRAFTS, W. and LAMONT, J.L., Effect of Some Elements on Hardenability, Trans. AIME, Vol. 158, 1944,
pp. 157–167.
[8] BOYD, L.H. and FIELD, J., Calculation of the Standard End Quench Hardenability Curve from
Chemical Composition and Grain Size, Contributions to the Metallurgy of Steel, No. 12, AISI, New York,
February 1946.
[9] WILSON, W. Jr., Limitations of Hardenability Indices, Frontier, Vol. 9, March 1946, pp. 3–5, 16.
[10] HODGE, J.M. and OREHOSKI, M.A., Hardenability Effects in Relation to the Percentage of Martensite,
Trans. AIME, Vol. 167, 1946, pp. 502–512.
[11] HODGE, J.M. and OREHOSKI, M.A., Relationship Between Hardenability and Percentage of Martensite
in Some Low-Alloy Steels, Trans. AIME, Vol. 167, 1946, pp. 627–642.

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[12] BROPHY, G.R. and MILLER, A.J., An Appraisal of the Factor Method for Calculating the Hardenability
of Steel from Composition, Trans. AIME, Vol. 167, 1946, pp. 654–669.
[13] KRAMER, I.R., SIEGEL, S. and BROOKS, J.G., Factors for the Calculation of Hardenability, Trans. AIME,
Vol. 167, 1946, pp. 670–697.
[14] CRAFTS, W. and LAMONT, J. L., Addition Method for Calculating Rockwell C Hardness of the Jominy
Hardenability Test, Trans. AIME, Vol. 167, 1946, pp. 698–718.
[15] TROIANO, A.R. and KLINGLER, L.J., Limitations of the End-Quench Hardenability Test, Trans. ASM,
Vol. 44, 1952, pp. 775–802.
[16] BIRTALAN, J., HENLEY, R.G. Jr. and CHRISTENSON, A.L., Thermal Reproducibility of the End-Quench
Test, Trans. ASM, Vol. 46, 1954, pp. 928–947.
[17] KAPADIA, B.M., BROWN R.M. and MURPHY, W.J., The Influence of Nitrogen, Titanium, and Zirconium
on the Boron Hardenability Effect in Constructional Alloy Steels, Trans. AIME, Vol. 242, August 1968,
pp. 1689–1694.
[18] MOSER, A. and LEGAT, A., A Calculation of Hardenability from the Chemical Composition,
Hart.-Techn. Mitt., Vol. 24, July 1969, pp. 100–105.
[19] JUST, E., New Formulas for Calculating Hardenability Curves, Metal Progress, Vol. 96,
November 1969, pp. 87–88.
[20] MAYNIER, P., DOLLET, J. and BASTIEN, P., The influence of Alloying Elements on the Quench
Characteristics of Low-Alloy Steels, Rev. Mét., Vol. 67, April 1970, pp. 343–351.
[21] BROWN, G.T. and JAMES, B.A., The Accurate Measurement, Calculation, and Control of Steel
Hardenability, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 4, October 1973, pp. 2245–2256.
[22] JATCZAK, C.F., Hardenability in High Carbon Steels, Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 4, October 1973,
pp. 2267–2277.
[23] BLONDEAU, R., MAYNIER, P. and DOLLET, J., Prediction of the Hardness and Strength of Plain and
Low-Alloy Steels from their Structure and Composition, Mém. Sci. Rev. Mét., Vol. 70, December 1973,
pp. 883–892 (BISI Translation No. 12248).

16 © BSI 04-2000
 EN ISO 642:1999

[24] BLONDEAU, R., MAYNIER, P. and DOLLET, J., Prediction of the Hardness and Strength of Carbon and
Low-Alloy Steels from their Structure and Composition, Aciers spéciaux., Vol. 27, 1974, pp. 9–16; and
Traitement Thermique, Vol. 82, 1974, pp. 33–40.
[25] JATCZAK, C.F., Measurement of Hardenability and its Calculation from Composition, Trait. Therm.,
Vol. 95, May 1975, pp. 53–62.
[26] DOANE, D.V., A Critical Review of Hardenability Predictors, Hardenability Concepts with Applications
to Steel, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1978, pp. 351–396.
[27] BROWN, G.T., Re-Appraisal of the Jominy Test and its Applications, Hardenability Concepts with
Applications to Steel, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1978, pp. 273–289.
[28] KUNZE, C.T. and RUSSELL, J.E., The Generation of Accurate Jominy Data: Its Use to Improve the
Grossman Hardenability Factors, Hardenability Concepts with Applications to Steel, The Metallurgical
Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1978, pp. 290–308.
[29] KASAI, Y., OHTA, H. and NARUSE, T., On the New Jominy-Curve Predictor, J-COMP, Denki Seiko,
Vol. 52, No. 1, January 1981, pp. 58–65.
[30] HERGAT, V., Precautions to Take for the Good Execution of a Jominy Test, Métaux-Corrosi.-Ind.,
Vol. 56, No. 666, February 1981, pp. 75–80.
[31] KANAZAWA, S., Estimation of Hardenability of Steels, Tetsu-to-Hagane, Vol. 67, February 1981,
pp. 295–302.
[32] MAYNIER, P., PEUTEUIL, L. and DOLLET, J., Use of Data Processing for the Prediction of Mechanical
Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels, Rev. Met., Cah. Inf. Tech;, Vol. 78, August–September 1981,
pp. 715–721.
[33] FACCENDA, V. and PARETO, G., Prediction of Jominy Hardenability from Chemical Analysis of Steel,
Metall. Ital., Vol. 75, March 1983, pp. 171–179.

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[34] DIETRICH, H., SCHMIDT, W. and SCHÜLER, V., Shortcomings of the Jominy End-Quench Test,
Thyssen Edelstahl Tech. Ber., Vol. 10, No. 2, December 1984, pp. 133–144.
[35] DIETRICH, H., SCHMIDT, W. and SCHAFFRATH, W., The Accuracy of Methods Reported in Literature to
Calculate the End-Quench Hardening Curve by Chemical Analysis, Thyssen Edelstahl Tech. Ber., Vol. 10,
No. 2, December 1984, pp. 145–157 (BISI No. 26779).
[36] DE ANDRES, M.P., CARSI, M. and MARTINEZ, A., Program for Calculating the Hardenability of
Automotive Steels, Rev. Metal., Vol. 22, July-August 1986, pp. 243–252.
[37] FREIBURG, A., Methods for Determining Hardenability in End-Quench Test from Chemical
Composition, Stahl und Eisen, Vol. 106, No. 23, 17 November 1986, pp. 63–68 (BISI No. 25834).
[38] FRODL, D., KRIEGER, K., LEPPER, D., LÜBBEN, A., ROHLOFF, H., SCHÜLER, F. and SCHÜLER, V.,
Calculation of Hardenability in the End-Quench Test, Stahl und Eisen, Vol. 106, No. 24, 1986, pp. 69–75
(BISI No. 25504).
[39] DRESSEL, P.G. et al., Variation of Hardenability in the Jominy End Quench Test Due to the Test
Laboratories and Pretreatment States, Stahl und Eisen, Vol. 106, 1 December 1986, pp. 1354–1362.
[40] TARTAGLIA, J.M., ELDIS, G.T. and GEISSLER, J.J., Hyperbolic Secant Method for Predicting Jominy
Hardenability: An example Using 0.2C-Ni-Cr-Mo Steels, J. Heat Treating, Vol. 4, No. 4, December 1986,
pp 352–364.
[41] TOTH, M., MAROSNE, B.M. and KOCSISNE, B.M., Reproducibility of the Jominy Test and its
Consequences in the Steel Industry, 5th International Congress on Heat Treatment of Materials, Vol. 1,
Intl. Fed. for the Heat Treatment of Materials, Budapest, 1986, pp. 211–217.
[42] DE ANDRES, M.P. and CARSI, M., Hardenability: an Alternative to the Use of Grain Size as Calculation
Parameter, J. Materials Science, Vol. 22, 1987, pp. 2707–2716.
[43] DE ANDRES, M.P., CARSI, M., ANACABE, N. and PENALBA, F., Use of a Computer to Estimate, According
to Hardenability Bands, the Composition of a Given Steel During its Manufacturing Process, Rev. Metal.,
Vol. 24, May–June 1988, pp. 180–187.
[44] UENO, M. and ITOH, K., New Empirical Formula For Estimation of Hardenability from Chemical
Compositions, Tetsu-to-Hagane, Vol. 74, June 1988, pp. 1073–1080.

© BSI 04-2000 17
EN ISO 642:1999

[45] KIRKALDY, J.S. and FELDMAN, S.E., Optimization of Steel Hardenability Control, J. Heat Treating,
Vol. 7, No. 1, 1989, pp. 57–64.
[46] GULDEN, H., KRIEGER, K. and LEPPER, D., Calculation of Hardenability in the End Quench Test of Heat
Treatable Alloy Steels with 1 % Chromium, Stahl und Eisen, Vol. 109, 10 November 1989, pp. 113–117.
[47] LUND, T., Measurement and Prediction of Jominy Hardenability, Scandinavian J. Metallurgy,
Vol. 19, 1990, pp. 227–235.
[48] GULDEN, H. et al., Calculation of Hardenability in the End Quench Test for Case-Hardening and
Quenched and Tempered Steels, Stahl und Elsen, Vol. 111, 15 July 1991, pp. 103–110.
[49] MOSTERT, R.J. and VAN ROOYEN, G.T., Novel Model for Accurate Calculation of Hardenability
and Continous Cooling Transformation, Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 7, September 1991,
pp. 803–811.
[50] SCHÜLER, P., Calculation of Hardenability in the Jominy End Quend Test on the Basis of the Chemical
Composition of Steels, La Revue de Métallurgie — CIT, Vol. 89, January 1992, pp. 93–103.
[51] CASPARI, R. et al., Calculation of Hardenability in the End Quench Test for Case-Hardening and
Quenched and Tempered Steels, Harterei-Tech.Mitt., Vol. 47, May–June 1992, pp. 183–188.
NOTE The above titles contain articles about Jominy test reproducibility.
[52] Hardenability of Alloy Steels, American Society for Metals, Cleveland, 1939.
[53] CRAFTS, W. and LAMONT, J.L., Hardenability and Steel Selection, Pitman Publishing Corp.,
New York, 1949.
[54] GROSSMAN, M.A., Elements of Hardenability, American Society for Metals, Cleveland, 1952.
[55] SIEBERT, C.A., DOANE, D.V. and BREEN, D.H., The Hardenability of Steels — Concepts, Metallurgical
Influences, and Industrial Applications, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1977.

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[56] DOANE, D.V. and KIRKALDY, J.S., Hardenability Concepts with Applications to Steel, The Metallurgical
Society of AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1978.

18 © BSI 04-2000
 EN ISO 642:1999

Annex ZA (normative)
Normative references to international publications with their relevant
European publications
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply
to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references
the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
Publication Year Title EN Year

ISO 6507-1 1997 Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — EN ISO 6507-1 1999
Part 1: Test method

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© BSI 04-2000
BS EN ISO
642:1999
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