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1st Step in training a needs assessment

1. Hierarchical: An organizational structure where every entity


except one is subordinate to a single other entity.
2. Matrix management: People with similar skills are pooled
together to accomplish work. People may have to work under
3 Types of Organizational Charts several managers in this system.
3. Flat organization (also known as horizontal organization): An
organizational structure with few or no levels of management
between staff and managers. The idea is that well-trained workers
will be more productive when they are more directly involved in
the decision making process, rather than closely supervised by
many layers of management.

1. Management leadership and


4 Components of VPP employee involvement
2. Worksite analysis
3. Hazard prevention and control
4. Safety and health training

1. Planning
4 Functions of Management 2. Organizing
3. Coordinating
4. Measuring Information

1. Agreement
4 Parts of a Legal Contract 2. Purpose
3. Consideration
4. Competent Parties
1. Management leadership and
employee participation
5 Key Elements of ANSI Z10 2. Planning
3. Implementation and Operation
4. Evaluation and Corrective Action
5. Management Review Process

85 dBA = what dose? 50%

90 dBA = what does? 100%

100 Rem Causes an increase of radiation


sickness and cancer of 1-5%

500 Rem Causes death in 50% of exposed


persons
The energy imparted to matter
Absorbed dose by ionizing radiation per unit
mass of irradiated material.
Units: Rad (0.01 J/kg)

A liquid media that absorbs


Absorbent gases and vapors. The liquid
can then be analyzed in the
laboratory.

ACGIH The American Conference of


Governmental Industrial
Hygienists.,

ACGIH doubling rate 3 dB

ACGIH TLV 85 dBA


Acids & Bases pH < 7 = acid
pH > 7 = base

Active fall protection Action required by worker (fall


arrest system)

Acute Short Term

Difference Add to Higher Value


Adding dB Rule of Thumb 0 or 1 dB 3dB
2 or 3 dB 2dB
4 to 9 dB 1dB
10 dB or more 0dB

Adjustable guards Adjust to fit the work


Adsorbent A solid media such as activated
carbon inside a tube used to
collect gases and vapors.

Worker who works in the area


Affected worker where lockout is performed.
They are not allowed to perform
lockout tagout.

Air is conserved in a system so, V1A1 = V2A2 and


Q1+Q2 = Q3

Airline APR 1,000

Respirators that use cartridges and


filters to remove contaminates from
Air purifying respirators (APR) breathing air. Can be full face or half
face. Do not supply oxygen, so
cannot be used in IDLH
atmosphere.
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
ALARA • We keep radiation exposures as
low as possible since any increase
in radiation exposure can increase
risk of sickness.

• Largest radiation particle


• (helium nucleus) has 2 protons and 2
Alpha radiation neutrons
• Not a significant external hazard
(stopped by outer layers of skin)
• Difficult to measure

Alpha radiation is a Internal


significant_______hazard

Ames test Test to determine if a chemical


is a mutagen

Amplitude The loudness of sound


(variations in sound pressure)
For safety and health
To provide management with a tool to
ANSI/AIHA Z10 reduce the risk on injuries, illness and
fatalities

Plan, Do, Check, Act model

ANSI standard for hard hats ANSI Z89.1

ANSI Standard for safety glasses ANSI Z 87.1

APF Assigned Protection factors

A - Area Area in square feet


Can cause asbestosis, mesothelioma,
and lung cancer. Was used in
Asbestos commercial fire insulation and other
building materials, and is still used in
brakes. Types include chrystotile,
amosite, crocidolite, tremolite

Asynchronous Training Learners and instructor are not


meeting together in real time.

Atomic mass The number of protons and


neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic number The number of protons. This


number defines the element

Authorized worker Worker who performs lockout


tagout.
Auxiliary Alarm System Fire detector tied to fire call box

Avogadro's number 6.02 x 10^23

Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon,


carcinogen that causes leukemia, one
Benzene metabolite is phenol.
BEI: S-phynylmercapturic acid in urine
at end of shift, t, t-Muconic acid in urine
at end of shift

Beta Radiation High speed electrons released


in the decay process of neutron
transforming to a proton.

The ionization process that


Biological effects from radiation causes either cell mutation or
occur by destroys the cell's ability to
reproduce
Black/white Traffic markings

Blue Informational

The temperature at which a


Boiling point
substance changes from a liquid
to a gas

Bonding Sharing or exchanging of


electrons by atoms

Electrically connecting two or


Bonding
more pieces of equipment
together
When the part of the mass of your sample
bypasses the collection adsorbent and ends un in
Breakthrough the breakthrough adsorbent. This can happen for
a variety of reasons such as high concentrations
of the chemical you are sampling for, flow rate
set too high, failure to change tubes frequently
enough, migration of chemicals, etc.

Byssinosis, chronic lung disease


Brown lung disease
caused by exposure to cotton
dust

Buoyant Forces Forces exerted by the displaced


liquid

C Concentration in ppm

Smelting, electroplating, soldering,


welding
Cadmium Acute exposure-pulmonary edema
Chronic exposure-emphysema, lung
cancer, kidney problems
BEI-cadmium in blood or urine
Calculate OSHA DART Rate (# DART Cases X 200,000) / Total
Hours

Calculate OSHA Severity Rate (# Lost Workdays X 200,000) /


Total Hours

Calculate OSHA Total Incident (Total recordable injuries *


Rate 200,000) / Total Hours

Calculate Risk Cost Probability X Cost

Calibration Calibration should occur before


and after IH sampling.
Capture velocity The minimum velocity of hood-
induced air necessary to capture
the contaminant

Carcinogen Causes cancer

Ce Coefficient of entry (unitless)

Ceiling limit A limit never to be exceeded.

Central Station System Alarms are tied to central


professionally manned station
Most common adsorbent
Charcoal tubes media, good for non-polar
compounds, ok up to 90%
humidity, desorbed with carbon
disulfide.

Chelation Binding of metals for excretion


(but also binds essential metals)

CEO
Chief Executive Officer
Sets the tone for Safety
Leads by example

Itching, painful reddening of


skin
Chilblains
• Caused by congestion of
capillaries when tissues are
exposed to cold

Chris Argyris Incongruence Theory


Chronic Long Term

Circle - Picture Basic event (event with no


further analysis)

Class A Fires Ordinary combustibles (things


that produce ashes)

Class B Fires Flammable liquids, oils, greases

Class C Fires Energized electrical equipment


Class C hard hat Conductive, protects from falling
objects, no electrical protection

Class D Fires Combustible metals

Class E hard hat Electrical use, protects from


falling objects and electrical
shock from high voltages

N-non oil aerosols


R- can be used with oil aerosols up to 8
Classes of filtering face pieces hours
("dust masks") P-can be used with oil aerosols over 8
hours following manufacturer's
recommendations

Class G hard hat General use, protects from


falling objects and electrical
shock from low voltages
Class IA Flammable liquids Flash point <73°F, boiling point
<100°F

Class IB Flammable liquids Flash point <73°F, boiling point


≥100°F

Class I C Flammable liquids Flash point ≥ 73°F

Class II Combustible Liquids 100°F ≤ flashpoint <140°F

Class IIIA Combustible liquids 140°F ≤ flashpoint <200°F


Class IIIB Combustible liquids Flashpoint ≥ 200°F

Class K Fires Commercial kitchen-cooking oil


and grease

Exposures from coking, paving,


aluminum smelting
Coal tar pitch volatiles Aromatic and PAH
Health effects-lungs, kidneys,
bladder, skin, carcinogenic in lungs,
kidneys, and skin

Cold can cause histamine releases in


body tissue
Cold Urticaria • Produces itchy, red blotches (hives)
• Only occurs in some people
• May cause vomiting, rapid heart rate,
swelling of breathing passages

Operate with catalytic sensor


Combustible gas indicators and wheatstone bridge
Require oxygen to operate
properly
Some use infrared technology
Combustible liquids Flashpoint ≥ 100°F

Hearing loss due to problems


Conductive hearing loss with the ear canal, ear drum, or
middle ear and its bones (the
malleus, incus, and stapes).

Continuous flow Used for loose fitting airline


respirators -air constantly blows
into face piece

Convection The transfer of heat directly to


objects contacting the body

Can cause byssinosis, increased


Cotton Dust risk of emphysema and
bronchitis.
Sampled with vertical elutriator
Covalent bond Sharing of electrons

1. Needs assessment
2. Training objectives
Critical training elements 3. Specify content and media
4. Account for individual differences
5. Specify learning conditions
6. Evaluate training
7. Improve training

The curve with the smallest the curve with the smallest
variation spread

Danger line The point where the dangerous


action occurs. Pinch point
narrows to 3/8 inch or less.

D curved - Picture Or gate (add)


Wets down entire area by
Deluge Sprinkler system admitting water to sprinklers
open at all times. Used in high
hazard areas

Demand mode Air flows only when you inhale


(no longer allowed)

A colorimetric tube used with a


Detector Tube bellows pump to detect chemicals
in air. Must have the correct tube
for what you are trying to detect.
Accuracy is +/-20-25%.

Diamond - Picture Undeveloped event (event not


analyzed)

Dilution ventilation Adding clean air to dilute the


contaminant concentration
Does-Response Relationship Probability of getting a disease
increases with the dose

Dose Equivalent Rem (radiation equivalent man)


calculated by multiplying the QF
x absorbed dose

Doubling sound pressure 6 dB


increases sound pressure level
by

Doubling the sound power 3 dB


increases sound intensity level
by

D - Picture And gate (multiply)


Pipes filled with compressed air,
water is released when air pressure
Dry pipe sprinkler system drops after opening at sprinkler
head. Used when freezing is a
problem, main valve must be in a
heated enclosure.

A - Economy Annual payment

Used on confined space


Electrochemical sensors
monitors for chemicals like CO,
H2S, etc. Must be calibrated.

Radio, Microwave, infrared,


Electromagnetic spectrum
visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma
position
ray

1. Planning
2. Organizing
Elements of Management
3. Activating
4. Controlling
5. Decision Making
Enclosure A guard that encloses the
hazard

Endocrine disrupter A substance that disturbs the


hormone systems of people or
animals

Endothermic reaction Heat absorbing

Energy in ventilation Pressure

Full body encapsulating suit (chemical


resistant)
EPA PPE Level A Foot protection (safety shoes)
Eye protection (safety glasses)
Head protection (hard hat)
Respiratory protection - SCBA
General body protection (chemical resistant)
Foot protection (safety shoes)
EPA PPE Level B Eye protection (safety glasses)
Head protection (hard hat)
Hand protection (chemical gloves)
Respiratory protection - Supplied Air
Respirator (SCBA)

General body protection (chemical


resistant)
EPA PPE Level C Foot protection (safety shoes)
Eye protection (safety glasses)
Head protection (hard hat)
Hand protection (chemical gloves)
Respiratory protection - APR

General body protection


EPA PPE Level D (coveralls)
Foot protection (safety shoes)
Eye protection (safety glasses)
Head protection (hard hat)

Tennis elbow (tendons on


Epicondylitis outside of elbow are strained),
caused by impacting or jerking
throwing motions.

ER Evaporation rate in pints/minute


Ergonomics The study of human interactions
with the work environment

Evaporation Transfer of heat to the


environment through
evaporative cooling

Exothermic reaction Heat producing

Extension ladder maximum 60 feet


length

Size of ladder(ft) Overlap (ft)


Extension ladder overlap <=36 3
36 < size <= 48 4
48 < size <= 60 5
Extinguish fires Remove oxygen, remove fuel,
remove heat, or stop the
chemical reaction

F Future Value

Fall arrest system fall distance Not more than 6 feet

Fault hazard analysis-AKA functional


hazard analysis. Must consider all
FHA functions and all failure modes. Utilizes
list of systems and subsystem
functions. Analyzes likelihood of failure
and probable effect (failure condition).

Oxygen
Fire Tetrahedron Ignition source
Fuel
Chemical reaction
1. Risk Identification
2. Risk analysis
The five steps of the risk 3. Risk elimination or reduction
management process? 4. Financing risk
5. Administering the risk management
process

Flammable liquids Flashpoint <100°F


Vapor pressure <40 psi at 100°F

Failure modes and effects analysis-


FMEA analysis of equipment and
conditions. Equipment failures are
traced to predict effects. Leads to a
critical items list.

Footcandle Light falling on 1 square foot at


1 foot from a standard candle

Force The change in momentum over


the change in time
Used to preserve specimens, in
building materials, and as a
Formaldehyde fumigant. It is a sensitizer and a
nasal and lung carcinogen, and is
lethal when swallowed. Causes
dermatitis.

Foundry safety shoes No fasteners for quick removal


in molten metal emergency

Freezing of body tissue


Frostbite • White or grayish yellow skin
• Damage dependent on depth
of freezing

Fault tree analysis-deductive process


FTA where you build a tree with unwanted
event at the top. Broken into
contributing factors, which are broken
into event causes.

Full-face APR 50
Functional Authority The authority to act.

G Generation rate in cfm

Electromagnetic radiation (x-


Gamma radiation rays). Gamma rays will continue
through any medium until they
have a chance encounter with
an atom.

Gantt Chart A bar chart used to illustrate a


project schedule

Radiation surveys-works for


Geiger Muller Tube is used for beta and gamma (except low
energy beta). Not suitable for
alpha.
General ventilation Used for occupant comfort
(HVAC)

Pre and post weighing of a


Gravimetric sample to determine the change
in weight. This is done for
particulate samples.

Green First aid, safety equipment

Grounding Electrically connecting a piece of


equipment to ground

Group A number of individuals having


a unifying relationship
Guarding for bench grinder Work rest 1/8 inch
Tongue guard ¼ inch

Guardrail height requirement >4 feet general industry


>6 feet construction
>25 feet over water

Permanent part of the machine


Guards must • Prevent access to the danger
zone
• Durable to resist wear and abuse
• Allow routine maintenance

Guards must not Interfere with machine


operation
• Create additional hazards

Half-face APR 10
Half value layer The thickness of a shielding
material that attenuates half the
photos entering the material

Class I (Gases, Vapors & Liquids)


Class II (Dusts)
Class III (Fibers & Flyings)

Hazardous Location Classes Everything has two divisions (1 = hazardous, 2 = controlled)

A: Acetylene
B: Hydrogen, etc.
C: Ester, etc.
D: Hydrocarbons, fuels
E: Metal dusts (conductive and explosive)
F: Carbon dusts (some are conductive, all are explosive)
G: flour, starch, grain, combustible plastic or chemical dust (explosive)

Hazards caused by rotating In-running nip points


parts on machinery

He Hood entry loss in inches of


water

Health effects from ionizing Mutations, cancer, radiation


radiation sickness
Healthy Worker Effect Workers tend to be healthier
than the population as a whole.

Painful muscle cramps during or


Heat Cramps following work in hot environments.
Body salts lost through sweating
• Treatment: Replace fluids with
liquids containing appropriate salts

Excessive loss of water through sweating


Heat Exhaustion • Fatigue, nausea, headache or giddiness
• Cold, clammy skin
• Treatment: Get to cooler location,
replace body fluids

• Reduced performance from


Heat Fatigue workers
• Non-acclimated workers are
most susceptible
• Treatment: Acclimate workers

Less severe form of heat stroke


Heat Hyperpyrexia • Some sweating still occurs
• Other symptoms are also less
severe
Small, blister-like eruptions
Heat Rash during heat exposure
• Plugged sweat glands, swell
• Treatment: Keep skin clean
and dry

Body fails to regulate temperature


• Skin is hot and dry
Heat Stroke • Confused behavior
• Loss of consciousness
• Convulsions
• MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Non-acclimatized persons standing


Heat Syncope in the heat faint
• Blood flow reduced to the brain
• Treatment: Remove victim to
cooler location and lie down

Height to base ratio for 4:1


extension ladder

88% of accidents caused by unsafe


"acts" (disproved)
Heinrich
New theory - 3 E's Engineering,
Education, Enforcement (Enthusiasm)
*4th added by Bowen
HEPA High efficiency particulate air
filters

Hepatotoxin Toxic to the liver

Herzberg Hygiene Theory

Must allow for sag, supports


Horizontal lifelines every 20-50 feet, must be
designed by a professional and
have a safety factor of 2

House - Picture Normal event-probability close


to 1
How does electrical current From high voltage to low
move? voltage.

How do we control radiation Time, distance and shielding


exposure?

Take each concentration and multiply it


by the sample time for that
How do you calculate an 8 hour concentration. Add together each one in
time weighted average? numerator and divide by 8 hours (or
480 minutes).
TWA = C1T1 + C2T2 + CnTn/ 8 hours

Take each concentration and multiply it


How do you calculate a time- by the sample time for that
concentration. Add together each one in
weighted average?
numerator and divide by total time.
TWA = C1T1 + C2T2 + CnTn/T1+T2+Tn

How do you determine the size 1. Number and type of hazards


of a safety department? 2. Duties assigned to safety
3. Frequency of accidents
How many data points are 68%
within 1 standard deviation of
the mean

How many data points are 95%


within 2 standard deviations of
the mean

How much time does OSHA 14 hours (but can use hearing
require away from noise prior to protection to achieve this)
audiometric testing?

1) Find profit per unit by


How to calculate number of
multiplying cost per unit by
units needed to recover cost of
profit margin
an accident given cost of loss,
2) Divide losses by profit per
unit price and profit margin
unit

1 divided by each chemical


fraction (as a decimal) divided
How to calculate the TLV of a
by its TLV added together.
mixture?
TLV = 1/(f1/TLV1 + f2/TLV2 +
fn/TLVn)
How to convert from mg/m3 to ppm = mg/m3 X 24.45/MW
ppm?

Hygiene Theory We build satisfaction and


motivation into the job

A condition in which core temperature


Hypothermia drops below the required temperature
for normal metabolism and body
functions (35.0°C or 95.0°F).

i Annual interest rate as a


decimal

IDLH Immediately dangerous to life


and health
If events are not independent Probability = A+B - (AxB)
with or gate

An impactor (Andersen sampler)


Impactor is used to collect culturable
mold or bacteria samples using
an agar plate. Results are in
colony forming units.

Impinger Used as part of the sampling


train with absorbent liquid
media.

Incongruence Theory Disconnect between mature


workers and organizational
characteristics

Industrial Hygiene Anticipate, recognize, evaluate


and control of health hazards.
Industrial hygiene data is Log normally distributed
normally/log normally
distributed?

Interlocks Deactivate equipment when


guards are removed

An atom or molecule with an


Ion electrical charge. Therefore its
number of protons will not be
equal to its number of
electrons.

Ionic bond An exchange of electrons so an


element has 8 electrons in its
outer shell.

Particles or photos with enough


Ionizing radiation energy to remove electrons
from (ionize) molecules with
which they interact.
Plan
ISO 9001 Elements? Do
Check
Act

Environmental only

ISO 14000 Management tool to enable organizations to


identify and control environmental impacts,
continually improve environmental performance
and to implement a systematic approach to
setting and achieving environmental objectives.

Isotopes are different forms of a


Isotope single element with the same
number of protons and differing
numbers of neutrons.

Isotope Same element with different


number of electrons

Job safety analysis-break each


JSA task into steps and identify
hazards and controls for each
stop (not a system safety tool).
K Mixing factor

K=1 means what? Complete mixing. Use 1 for K if


not given in problem.

Kilo 10^3=1000

Kinetic energy is Velocity pressure

Latency period The time between the first


exposure and onset of disease
Latex glove problem Latex allergy, especially with
powdered latex gloves. Many
people now use nitrile instead.

LC 50 Lethal concentration at which


50% of tests subjects die
(airborne concentration)

LD 50 Dose at which 50% of test


subjects die (injected or
ingested)

LD LO Lowest lethal dost for test


subjects (injected or ingested)

Smelters, battery production, firing


ranges, lead paint removal, welding
Lead Chronic exposures-affect nervous
system, decrease male sperm count,
accumulate in fetus, affect mental
development in children
BEI-lead in blood
Lifting Index Actual weight/RWL
Lifting index >1, redesign

LOAEL Lowest observable adverse


effect level

Local exhaust ventilation Removing the contaminant at


the source

Local System Alerts only local building


occupants

1910.147
Lockout tagout Control of hazardous energy. All
types of energy must be brought
to a zero energy state prior to
work on machinery.
Lower flammable limit Minimum vapor concentration
supporting combustion

Magenta Radiation hazards

Mass is/is not constant Is constant


regardless of location.

TLV or PEL x APF


Maximum use concentration This is the maximum
(MUC) concentration that the respirator
should be used in.

Max inlet pressure 125 lbs


Max length of hose for supplied 300 feet
air

1. Self Actualization
Mazlow's Hierarchy of Needs 2. Esteem
3. Social
4. Safety
5. Physiological

McGregor Theory Theory X


Theory Y

Mean Take the average of everything

The middle value (rewrite it in


Median order... then pick the middle
number) (if it is odd pick the
average of the two middle
numbers)
Mega 10^6 = 1,000,000

Melting point/freezing point The temperature between the


solid and liquid phases of a
substance.

Metal fume fever Flu like symptoms that get


better when welders away from
work

Minimum O2 for APR 19.5 %

Mode The most frequent value


Molar concentration (M) Molarity = Moles Solute/Liters of
Solution

Avogadro's number of units, the


Mole gram molecular weight (MW) is
the mass of one mole of
molecules.

Molecules One or more atoms bound


together; the basic unit of non-
elemental substances.

Management Oversight and Risk Tree-


Logic diagram and program, identifies
MORT risks and refers to proper management.
Frequently used an an investigative tool
focusing on factors contributing to an
incident.

A substance that can cause


Mutagen genetic mutations (possibly
even in future generations), may
also be a carcinogen
MW Molecular weight

n Number of years

Conduct or behavior of a person


Negligence or corporation

(reasonable person)

Nephrotoxin Toxic to the kidney

Nets for fall protection Must be within 25 feet of work,


must extend 8 feet from
structure
Neurotoxin Toxic to the nervous system

NFPA 10 Portable fire extinguishers

NFPA 12 Carbon dioxide (works by


diluting oxygen)

NFPA 12A Halon

NFPA 14 Standpipes and hose systems


NFPA 20 Fire Pumps

NFPA 22 Storage Tanks

NFPA 72 Fire Alarms

NFPA 77 Static electricity

Blue = health
NFPA 704 Red = fire
Fire Diamond Yellow = reactivity
White = other hazards
0 = no hazard, 4= high hazard
NFPA Sprinkler standard NFPA 13

NFPA standard for high voltage NFPA 70E


electrical safety

NOAEL No observable adverse effect


level

Non-ionizing radiation Does not have enough energy to


ionize particles

No Threshold Risk Model Used in ionizing radiation

There is no safe level


Noise reduction rating-Used to estimate
NRR noise reduction from hearing
protection (must subtract 7 from NRR
and then subtract remainder from
measured noise level)

Nucleus is composed of Protons and neutrons

OHSAS 18000 Voluntary international standard


Similar to OSHA VPP

On a log normal distribution The mean will be closest to the


skewed right, where is mean, tail, the median would be in the
median, mode?* center, and the mode last.

Orange Dangerous parts


Organic metals are generally More Toxic
more/less toxic than inorganic

Suspension trauma due to


Orthostatic stress reduced blood flow to heart.
Use foothold straps to put
weight on legs. Rescue ASAP.

OSHA AL 85 dBA

OSHA doubling rate 5 dB

OSHA PEL for noise 90 dBA


OSHA requires noise sampling A scale
on what scale?

From first to last: Elimination


OSHA's hierarchy of controls Substitution Engineering
controls Administrative controls
PPE

Oxidizer A substance that enhances a


reaction, usually by adding
oxygen.

P Principal today

PAPR APR 25 or 1000


The 80-20 Rule

Pareto Principal 80% of the effects result from 20% of


the causes

20% is the vital few

The total pressure of a mixture


Partial pressure of gasses is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of each
gas.

Particulate sampling is A sampling pump, tubing and


conducted with what? cassette with filter or a direct
reading instrument for dust.

1. Complaint - The lawsuit is


Parts of a Trial filed
2. Discovery - Gather evidence
3. Trial - or settlement

Passive fall protection No action required by worker


(guardrails)
A procedure to review both specific
Periodic inspection procedures and employee training.
Required by lockout tagout standard.
Must be performed annually.

Photoionization detector-a general


survey instrument that provides
PID qualitative information on the amount
and class of chemicals present in air.
Used for organic and some inorganic
chemicals.

A documented strategy for


Plan getting something
accomplished; it may or may
not be implemented

Potential energy is Static pressure

An APR that uses a fan to pull in


Powered air purifying respirator air. They can have loose fitting
(PAPR) hoods or tight fitting face
pieces.
PPE is the last resort. The only
PPE Assumption other acceptable use of PPE is
during installation of
engineering controls.,

Used where accidental activation is


undesired (museum, etc.). This is a
Pre-action sprinkler system hybrid of wet, dry or deluge where a
preceding event must occur (such as
heat or smoke detector activating prior
to activation of sprinkler system.

Preliminary hazard analysis First attempt to identify hazards


early in development of new or
modified process.

Presbycusis Age related hearing loss

Mats, light curtains, etc. that


Presence sensing devices detect the presence of someone
close to the hazard and
deactivate machinery
Pressure Force uniformly applied to a
surface area

(required for IDLH) air flows into


Pressure demand face piece as needed but face
piece is always under positive
pressure.

Owners, executives, board


Principals members, officers

They set the policies and


objectives

Probability of 0 The event is impossible

Probability of 1 The event is certain


OSHA standard 1910.119-in place to
control catastrophic releases of highly
Process Safety Management hazardous chemicals. Required for
10,000 lbs of flammables or for
threshold quantities of highly hazardous
chemicals listed in the standard.

1. Concept
Product Lifecycle 2. Design
3. Production
4. Operations
5. Disposal

An undertaking to complete a
Project specific task or goal
(have a definite start and end
point)

A device worn by employees


Pull back devices that pulls back hands and arms
as machine cycles (must be
sized for employee)

Q Air flow in cubic feet per minute


Q' Effective air flow in cfm

QF for Alpha 20

QF for Beta 1

QF for Gamma 1

Qualitative fit test A pass/fail test using irritant


smoke, saccharin, Bitrex, or
banana oil
The factor by which the absorbed dose
(in rad or gray) must be multiplied to
Quality factor (QF) obtain a quantity that expresses the
biological damage (in rem or sievert) to
the exposed tissue. AKA: radiation
weighting factor

Quantitative fit test Provides a numerical fit factor


using a Porta Count or OHD.

R^2 The closest correlation is near 1

Radiation Transfer of heat through


infrared radiation

Radiation dose is ________ Inversely, therefore the further


proportional to distance you are from the source, the
lower the dose you receive.
Radiological half life The time that it takes for ½ of
the atoms of the substance to
decay into another nuclear form

Range of human hearing 20-20,000 Hz

Red Danger, fire equipment

Reliability curve "bathtub" curve-failure rate is


higher initially and after useful
life

Renal toxin Toxic to the kidney


Residual Risk The risk that remains after
preventive measures have been
taken.

Dust below about 4-5 microns in


Respirable dust size, which is capable of getting
down to the gas exchange
region of the lungs called the
alveoli.

Restrains A device worn by an employee


that limits their reach-must be
sized

A measure of both the


Risk likelihood(probability) and
consequences(severity) of all
hazards of an activity or action

Role of the Safety Manager Internal consultant to the


organization
Safety The state of being relatively free
from harm, danger, injury, or
damage

Safety Charter Safety is a staff function, but a


line responsibility

1. Humanitarian objectives
Safety Objectives (injuries, suffering, etc)
2. Cost reduction
3. Intangible results (morale,
public relations)

A broad set of plans and


Safety Program
policies addressing the safety
goals of an organization

1. Compliance with established safety


and health standards
Safety Program Objectives 2. Training and education
3. Engineering controls
4. Inspections
5. Accident Investigations
Sampling train Calibrator, collection device
(filter with cassette, tube, etc.),
tubing, pump

SCBA Self contained breathing


apparatus

SCBA APR 10,000

Can be used for alpha, beta, and


Scintillation detector gamma. Samples are placed in a vial
with scintillation liquid, radiation causes
light flashes in liquid which are counted
with photomultiplier tube.

1. Declarations: What is insured


Sections of an Insurance 2. Conditions: What must be
Contract fulfilled
3. Exclusions: What is not
included
Sensorineural hearing loss Hearing loss due to problems of
the inner ear, also known as
nerve-related hearing loss.

SG Substance specific gravity

Shortcut formula for sounds Lp=20 Log P + 93.98


pressure

Shortcut for pressure formula if P=height x 0.433 (psi of H2O)


the liquid is water

Silica gel tubes Good for polar compounds,


hydrophilic so not good in
humid environments.
Skin designation Potential significant
contribution to exposure
through the skin.

Skylights Must be guarded

Sound intensity The acoustic power of sound


per unit of area in relation to a
fixed reference.

Sound intensity shortcut Li = 10 log I + 120


formula

Sound Power Total sound energy (remains


constant, cannot measure
directly)
Sound power formula shortcut Lw= 10 Log W +120

Sounds level meters measure Sound pressure

Sounds pressure The force of sounds on a


surface area perpendicular to
the direction of sound.

Sound waves transmit Energy, not power

SP Static pressure in inches of


water
Spacing for ladder rungs Uniform spacing not more than
12 inches-wooden ladders; 12
inches for metal ladders

The ratio of the density of the


Specific Gravity substance compared to water's
density. Substances with
specific gravity >1 will sink, if < 1
will float.

Speech frequency range 500-3000 Hz

Spore trap sample Used to collect mold spores


(spores may be living or dead).

Occupancy - SF per Head - Max


Spacing
Sprinkler Head Spacing
Light - 130-200SF - 15 Ft
Ordinary - 130 SF - 15 Ft
Extra - 90-130 SF - 12 Ft
Temp - Classification - Bulk Color
135-170 - Orange or Red
175-220 - Yellow or Green
Sprinkler Temp Rating 250-300 - Blue
325-375 - Purple
400-475 - Black
500-575 - Black
650 - Black

Square - Picture Fault event

Standard for foot protection ASTM F-2413

Static pressure Force applied by air molecules


hitting a surface; it is the same
in all directions

Short-term exposure limit, a 15


minute sample is used to estimate.
STEL STEL exposures should not be more
than 15 minutes up to 4 times per
day. Must have 60 minutes between
exposures.
Simultaneous timed events plotting
analysis, analyzes events from a time or
STEP sequence perspective. Identify people or
things (actors) and their actions. Often
used as an investigation tool to
reconstruct an accident.

Stepladder height No longer than 20 feet

1. Keep visible line of responsibility for safety


2. Hold line accountable for safety
The steps of the Safety performance
3. Hold safety accountable for persuasiveness
Management Process? and information
4. Develop safety objectives
5. Measure hazard control effectiveness

Unreasonable dangerous
Strict Liability characteristics
90% of all claims
Negligence does not matter

Surface area of lungs 300 ft^2 to 1000 ft^2


Sx Standard Deviation

Synchronous Training Learners and instructor are


meeting together in real time.

T Time (minutes)

Tendinitis Inflammation of tendons

Teratogen A substance that causes birth


defects in a developing fetus
Thee types of safety 1. Policy
committees? 2. Inspection
3. Education

External reward and punishment


Theory X
Employees are not motivated to
work, they prefer to be led and
avoid responsibility.

Theory Y Employees are internally


motivated

Theory Z Japanese style (team approach)

Threshold Risk Models "The dose makes the poison"


There is a safe level of exposure
Tie off support requirement Must support 5000 lb static

Tinnitus Ringing in the ears

Threshold limit value, a voluntary limit


set by ACGIH. These are health based
TLV values that are set by experts and do not
consider economic or technical
feasibility. Nearly all workers can be
exposed 8 hours/day, 40 hours/week
without adverse health effects.,

TP Total pressure in inches of


water

SMART
Specific, Measurable, Achievable,
Training Objectives Realistic, and time bound

You must be able to measure the


outcome!
Several days of exposure to cold
Trenchfoot (not freezing) temperatures and
moist skin resulting in
vasoconstriction in feet and legs,
pale appearance and numbness.

Trigger finger Snapping, jerking finger


movement

Implied: (breach of contract), fit


Two Types of Warranty for an ordinary purpose
Express: Claims ab out
performance or sales
(advertising or sales)

Type I hard hats are intended to


Type I hard hat reduce the force of impact
resulting for a blow only to the
top of the head.

Type II hard hats are intended to reduce


the force of impact resulting from a
Type II hard hat blow, which may be received off center
or to the top of the head. A Type II hard
hat typically is lined on the inside with
thick high density foam.
Type III ladder Household stepladder 3-6 feet
for light duty such as household
use.

Commercial stepladder 3-12 feet


Type II ladder for medium duty such as
painters, offices, and light
industrial use.

Type I ladder Industrial stepladder 3-20 feet


for utilities, contractors, and
industrial use

Units in Equations You can multiple different


units... but never add or
subtract

Infection control procedures that


include PPE, sharps management,
Universal precautions decontamination, contaminated
equipment management, etc. to
prevent contact with blood and body
fluids.
Upper flammable limit Maximum vapor concentration
supporting combustion

US Dose rate allowed 5 rem/year or 1.25 rem/quarter

V Velocity in fpm

The mass per unit volume of a


Vapor Density vapor compared to air. Substances
with Substances with specific
gravity >1 will sink, if < 1 will easily
disperse.

Vapor Pressure The pressure exerted by a vapor


in equilibrium with the liquid.
Velocity pressure The force applied by moving air
hitting a surface. Always positive

Vertical lifeline Must be able to hold 5400 lbs,


5/8 in rope or 3/8 in steel cable,
protection from abrasion

VP Velocity pressure in inches of


water

Warranty Performance regarding implied


or explicit claims

Weight density of water 62.4 lb/ft3


Weight is variable and depends Gravitational force
on

Welding on aluminum produces Ozone

Welding on stainless steel Hexavalent chromium


produces

Wet pipe sprinkler system Wet pipe sprinkler system

What are the 2 types of hoods? External and enclosing


What are the best materials to Plastic and glass
shield beta?

What are the signs for VP, SP, All are positive
and TP downstream of the fan
(after the fan)?

What are the signs for VP, SP, VP= +


and TP upstream of the fan SP= -
(before the fan)? TP= -

What are two aspects of Risk? The measure of probability and


severity

What causes air to move in a The change in static pressure.


ventilation system? Air moves from high static
pressure to low static pressure.
Current and flow
What determines the extent of -amount of current
injuries from an electric shock? -route through the body
-time the body is in contact with
the circuit

What did the Williams-Steiger OSHA


Act establish?

What does N-95 mean?


What does N-95 mean? A filtering face piece that cannot be
used with oil aerosols that will filter
approximately 95% of particles
sized 0.3 microns and larger.

What else is needed to collect A cyclone


respirable dust or silica?

What frequencies of noise are Higher frequencies


lost first?
What gives safety authority? The ability to influence line
management

what is a normal distribution Gaussian (normal)

When beta particles hit atoms of


What is bremsstrahlung high atomic number (like lead) and
create X-rays. This is why plastic
radiation?
and glass are preferred shields for
beta.

A Quality Standard
What is ISO 9001
"Say what you do and do what
you say"

What ISO is safety There is not one!


Top rail-42 inches
What is standard railing? Midrail-21 inches
Toeboard-4 inches high
Must withstand 200 lbs

What is the best fan for local Centrifugal fan


exhaust system?

What is the most common non- Burn


fatal shock related injury?

What is the most effective one-on-one


training method

What is the most effective way Supervisor contacts


to motivate employees?
The wet bulb globe temperature
What is the WBGT used for? is used to estimate the
environmental contribution to
heat stress.

1. Jobs with frequent incidents


What order should jobs be 2. Jobs with disabling injuries
selected for job safety analysis? 3. Jobs with high severity
4. New jobs

What resistance in a system Friction along the walls


must energy be used to Turbulence in the air
overcome?

What type of absorption is used Porous


for high frequencies?

What type of absorption is used Diaphragmatic


for low frequencies?
What type of breathing air is Grade D
required for supplied air

When is a cage needed for fixed > 20 feet, cage starts 7-8 feet
ladder? from the ground, caged must
extend 42 inches above landing.

When is landing needed for If the ladder is >20 feet, must


fixed ladder? have a landing at least every 30
feet unless on chimney..

With contaminants of moderate toxicity


When should dilution With a large number of sources
With intermittent exposures
ventilation be used?
Where emission sources are well
distributed

When should local exhaust With highly toxic substances


ventilation be used? With single source emissions
With direct worker exposures
Which fans are most efficient? Backward curved fans

Which type of hood is more Enclosing


effective?

Raynaud's Syndrome-
White finger insufficient blood supply
causing blanching caused by
vibration

Who has direct responsibility Line staff


for safety at a facility?

Who is responsible for safety? Safety is a line function


X Distance from hood in feet

Yellow Caution, hazardous area

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