Langlands program - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Langlands_program

In mathematics, the Langlands program is a web of far-reaching and influential conjectures about connections
between number theory and geometry. Proposed by Robert Langlands (1967, 1970), it seeks to relate Galois groups in
algebraic number theory to automorphic forms and representation theory of algebraic groups over local fields and
adeles. Widely seen as the single biggest project in modern mathematical research, the Langlands program has been
described by Edward Frenkel as “a kind of grand unified theory of mathematics.”[1]

Background
Objects
Conjectures
Reciprocity
Functoriality
Generalized functoriality
Geometric conjectures
Current status
Local Langlands conjectures
Fundamental lemma
Notes
References
External links

In a very broad context, the program built on existing ideas: the philosophy of cusp forms formulated a few years
earlier by Harish-Chandra and Gelfand (1963), the work and approach of Harish-Chandra on semisimple Lie groups,
and in technical terms the trace formula of Selberg and others.

What initially was very new in Langlands' work, besides technical depth, was the proposed direct connection to
number theory, together with the rich organisational structure hypothesised (so-called functoriality).

For example, in the work of Harish-Chandra one finds the principle that what can be done for one semisimple (or
reductive) Lie group, should be done for all. Therefore, once the role of some low-dimensional Lie groups such as
GL(2) in the theory of modular forms had been recognised, and with hindsight GL(1) in class field theory, the way was
open at least to speculation about GL(n) for general n > 2.

The cusp form idea came out of the cusps on modular curves but also had a meaning visible in spectral theory as
'discrete spectrum', contrasted with the 'continuous spectrum' from Eisenstein series. It becomes much more technical
for bigger Lie groups, because the parabolic subgroups are more numerous.

1 of 6 05/10/2018, 13:25
Langlands program - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program

In all these approaches there was no shortage of technical methods, often inductive in nature and based on Levi
decompositions amongst other matters, but the field was and is very demanding.[2]

And on the side of modular forms, there were examples such as Hilbert modular forms, Siegel modular forms, and
theta-series.

There are a number of related Langlands conjectures. There are many different groups over many different fields for
which they can be stated, and for each field there are several different versions of the conjectures.[3] Some versions of
the Langlands conjectures are vague, or depend on objects such as the Langlands groups, whose existence is unproven,
or on the L-group that has several inequivalent definitions. Moreover, the Langlands conjectures have evolved since
Langlands first stated them in 1967.

There are different types of objects for which the Langlands conjectures can be stated:

Representations of reductive groups over local fields (with different subcases corresponding to archimedean local
fields, p-adic local fields, and completions of function fields)
Automorphic forms on reductive groups over global fields (with subcases corresponding to number fields or
function fields).
Finite fields. Langlands did not originally consider this case, but his conjectures have analogues for it.
More general fields, such as function fields over the complex numbers.

There are several different ways of stating the Langlands conjectures, which are closely related but not obviously
equivalent.

Reciprocity
The starting point of the program may be seen as Emil Artin's reciprocity law, which generalizes quadratic reciprocity.
The Artin reciprocity law applies to a Galois extension of an algebraic number field whose Galois group is abelian; it
assigns L-functions to the one-dimensional representations of this Galois group, and states that these L-functions are
identical to certain Dirichlet L-series or more general series (that is, certain analogues of the Riemann zeta function)
constructed from Hecke characters. The precise correspondence between these different kinds of L-functions
constitutes Artin's reciprocity law.

For non-abelian Galois groups and higher-dimensional representations of them, one can still define L-functions in a
natural way: Artin L-functions.

The insight of Langlands was to find the proper generalization of Dirichlet L-functions, which would allow the
formulation of Artin's statement in this more general setting. Hecke had earlier related Dirichlet L-functions with
automorphic forms (holomorphic functions on the upper half plane of C that satisfy certain functional equations).
Langlands then generalized these to automorphic cuspidal representations, which are certain infinite dimensional
irreducible representations of the general linear group GL(n) over the adele ring of Q. (This ring simultaneously keeps
track of all the completions of Q, see p-adic numbers.)

Langlands attached automorphic L-functions to these automorphic representations, and conjectured that every Artin

2 of 6 05/10/2018, 13:25
Langlands program - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program

L-function arising from a finite-dimensional representation of the Galois group of a number field is equal to one
arising from an automorphic cuspidal representation. This is known as his "reciprocity conjecture".

Roughly speaking, the reciprocity conjecture gives a correspondence between automorphic representations of a
reductive group and homomorphisms from a Langlands group to an L-group. There are numerous variations of this, in
part because the definitions of Langlands group and L-group are not fixed.

Over local fields this is expected to give a parameterization of L-packets of admissible irreducible representations of a
reductive group over the local field. For example, over the real numbers, this correspondence is the Langlands
classification of representations of real reductive groups. Over global fields, it should give a parameterization of
automorphic forms.

Functoriality
The functoriality conjecture states that a suitable homomorphism of L-groups is expected to give a correspondence
between automorphic forms (in the global case) or representations (in the local case). Roughly speaking, the Langlands
reciprocity conjecture is the special case of the functoriality conjecture when one of the reductive groups is trivial.

Generalized functoriality
Langlands generalized the idea of functoriality: instead of using the general linear group GL(n), other connected
reductive groups can be used. Furthermore, given such a group G, Langlands constructs the Langlands dual group LG,
and then, for every automorphic cuspidal representation of G and every finite-dimensional representation of LG, he
defines an L-function. One of his conjectures states that these L-functions satisfy a certain functional equation
generalizing those of other known L-functions.

He then goes on to formulate a very general "Functoriality Principle". Given two reductive groups and a (well behaved)
morphism between their corresponding L-groups, this conjecture relates their automorphic representations in a way
that is compatible with their L-functions. This functoriality conjecture implies all the other conjectures presented so
far. It is of the nature of an induced representation construction—what in the more traditional theory of automorphic
forms had been called a 'lifting', known in special cases, and so is covariant (whereas a restricted representation is
contravariant). Attempts to specify a direct construction have only produced some conditional results.

All these conjectures can be formulated for more general fields in place of Q: algebraic number fields (the original and
most important case), local fields, and function fields (finite extensions of Fp(t) where p is a prime and Fp(t) is the field
of rational functions over the finite field with p elements).

Geometric conjectures
The so-called geometric Langlands program, suggested by Gérard Laumon following ideas of Vladimir Drinfeld, arises
from a geometric reformulation of the usual Langlands program that attempts to relate more than just irreducible
representations. In simple cases, it relates l-adic representations of the étale fundamental group of an algebraic curve
to objects of the derived category of l-adic sheaves on the moduli stack of vector bundles over the curve.

The Langlands conjectures for GL(1, K) follow from (and are essentially equivalent to) class field theory.

3 of 6 05/10/2018, 13:25
Langlands program - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program

Langlands proved the Langlands conjectures for groups over the archimedean local fields R and C by giving the
Langlands classification of their irreducible representations.

Lusztig's classification of the irreducible representations of groups of Lie type over finite fields can be considered an
analogue of the Langlands conjectures for finite fields.

Andrew Wiles' proof of modularity of semi-stable elliptic curves over rationals can be viewed as an instance of the
Langlands reciprocity conjecture, since the main idea is to relate the Galois representations arising from elliptic curves
to modular forms. Although Wiles' results have been substantially generalized, in many different directions, the full
Langlands conjecture for GL(2, Q) remains unproved.

Laurent Lafforgue proved Lafforgue's theorem verifying the Langlands conjectures for the general linear group GL(n,
K) for function fields K. This work continued earlier investigations by Drinfeld, who proved the case GL(2, K).

Local Langlands conjectures

Philip Kutzko (1980) proved the local Langlands conjectures for the general linear group GL(2, K) over local fields.

Gérard Laumon, Michael Rapoport, and Ulrich Stuhler (1993) proved the local Langlands conjectures for the general
linear group GL(n, K) for positive characteristic local fields K. Their proof uses a global argument.

Richard Taylor and Michael Harris (2001) proved the local Langlands conjectures for the general linear group GL(n, K)
for characteristic 0 local fields K. Guy Henniart (2000) gave another proof. Both proofs use a global argument. Peter
Scholze (2013) gave another proof.

Fundamental lemma
In 2008, Ngô Bảo Châu proved the "fundamental lemma", which was originally conjectured by Langlands in 1983 and
being required in the proof of some important conjectures in the Langlands program.[4][5]

1. "Math Quartet Joins Forces on Unified Theory" (https://www.quantamagazine.org/math-quartet-joins-forces-on-

unified-theory-20151208/). Quanta. December 8, 2015.
2. Frenkel, Edward (2013). Love & Math. ISBN 978-0-465-05074-1. "All this stuff, as my dad put it, is quite heavy:
we've got Hitchin moduli spaces, mirror symmetry, A-branes, B-branes, automorphic sheaves... One can get a
headache just trying to keep track of them all. Believe me, even among specialists, very few people know the nuts
and bolts of all elements of this construction."
3. Frenkel, Edward (2013), Love and Math: The Heart of Hidden Reality (https://books.google.com
/books?id=sb0PAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77), Basic Books, p. 77, ISBN 9780465069958, "The Langlands Program is
now a vast subject. There is a large community of people working on it in different fields: number theory, harmonic
analysis, geometry, representation theory, mathematical physics. Although they work with very different objects,
they are all observing similar phenomena."
4. Ham Chau (2009-02-15). "Ngô Bao Châu, sommité mondiale des maths" (http://lecourrier.vnagency.com.vn
/PrintView.asp?id=49751) (in French). Le Courrier du Vietnam.
5. Langlands, Robert P. (1983), Les débuts d'une formule des traces stable (http://www.sunsite.ubc.ca
/DigitalMathArchive/Langlands/endoscopy.html#debuts), Publications Mathématiques de l'Université Paris VII
[Mathematical Publications of the University of Paris VII], 13, Paris: Université de Paris VII U.E.R. de

4 of 6 05/10/2018, 13:25
Langlands program - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program

Mathématiques, MR 0697567 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0697567)

Arthur, James (2003), "The principle of functoriality", American Mathematical Society. Bulletin. New Series, 40 (1):
39–53, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-02-00963-1 (https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-02-00963-1),
ISSN 0002-9904 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904), MR 1943132 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-
getitem?mr=1943132)
Bernstein, J.; Gelbart, S. (2003), An Introduction to the Langlands Program, Boston: Birkhäuser,
ISBN 3-7643-3211-5
Gelbart, Stephen (1984), "An elementary introduction to the Langlands program", American Mathematical Society.
Bulletin. New Series, 10 (2): 177–219, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1984-15237-6 (https://doi.org
/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1984-15237-6), ISSN 0002-9904 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9904),
MR 0733692 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0733692)
Frenkel, Edward (2005). "Lectures on the Langlands Program and Conformal Field Theory". arXiv:hep-th/0512172
(https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0512172).
Gelfand, I. M. (1963), "Automorphic functions and the theory of representations", Proc. Internat. Congr.
Mathematicians (Stockholm, 1962) (http://mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1962.1/), Djursholm: Inst. Mittag-Leffler,
pp. 74–85, MR 0175997 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0175997)
Harris, Michael; Taylor, Richard (2001), The geometry and cohomology of some simple Shimura varieties
(https://books.google.com/books?id=sigBbO69hvMC), Annals of Mathematics Studies, 151, Princeton University
Press, ISBN 978-0-691-09090-0, MR 1876802 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1876802)
Henniart, Guy (2000), "Une preuve simple des conjectures de Langlands pour GL(n) sur un corps p-adique",
Inventiones Mathematicae, 139 (2): 439–455, Bibcode:2000InMat.139..439H (http://adsabs.harvard.edu
/abs/2000InMat.139..439H), doi:10.1007/s002220050012 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002220050012),
ISSN 0020-9910 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-9910), MR 1738446 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-
getitem?mr=1738446)
Kutzko, Philip (1980), "The Langlands Conjecture for Gl2 of a Local Field", Annals of Mathematics, 112 (2):
381–412, doi:10.2307/1971151 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1971151), JSTOR 1971151 (https://www.jstor.org
/stable/1971151)
Langlands, Robert (1967), Letter to Prof. Weil (http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/21)
Langlands, R. P. (1970), "Problems in the theory of automorphic forms", Lectures in modern analysis and
applications, III (http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/21), Lecture Notes in Math, 170, Berlin, New York: Springer-
Verlag, pp. 18–61, doi:10.1007/BFb0079065 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0079065), ISBN 978-3-540-05284-5,
MR 0302614 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0302614)
Laumon, G.; Rapoport, M.; Stuhler, U. (1993), "D-elliptic sheaves and the Langlands correspondence",
Inventiones Mathematicae, 113 (2): 217–338, Bibcode:1993InMat.113..217L (http://adsabs.harvard.edu
/abs/1993InMat.113..217L), doi:10.1007/BF01244308 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01244308), ISSN 0020-9910
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-9910), MR 1228127 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1228127)
Scholze, Peter (2013), "The Local Langlands Correspondence for GL(n) over p-adic fields", Inventiones
mathematicae, 192 (3): 663–715, arXiv:1010.1540 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.1540),
Bibcode:2013InMat.192..663S (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013InMat.192..663S),
doi:10.1007/s00222-012-0420-5 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00222-012-0420-5)

The work of Robert Langlands (http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langlands_program&oldid=846657268"

This page was last edited on 20 June 2018, at 03:48 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia

5 of 6 05/10/2018, 13:25
Langlands program - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program

Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

6 of 6 05/10/2018, 13:25