STAINLESS STEEL

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

MUHAMMAD JAISAL P P
ROLL NO: 31
To
APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering

College of Engineering Aranmula

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering Aranmula
Kerala – 689533

2018

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 DECLARATION

I undersigned hereby declare that the seminar report “Use of Waste Materials in the Construction
Industry”, submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor
of Technology of the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala is a bonafide work done
by me under supervision of AKHILA RAMANUJAN. This submission represents my ideas in my
own words and where ideas or words of others have been included, I have adequately and
accurately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to ethics of
academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated any data or idea or fact
or source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be a cause for
disciplinary action by the institute and/or the University and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been
obtained. This report has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree,
diploma or similar title of any other University.

Place: Aranmula Signature

Date: 24/09/2018 Name of the student: Muhammad Jaisal P P

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 DEPARTMENT CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ARANMULA
ARANMULA

College of Engineering Aranmula

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report titled ‘Use of Waste Materials in the Construction
Industry’ ’submitted by Muhammad Jaisal P P to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological
University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Civil Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work carried out by
him under my guidance and supervision. This report in any form has not been submitted to
any other University or Institute for any purpose.

Internal Supervisor Project Coordinator Head of the Dept.

AKHILA RAMANUJAN ABEY E THOMAS JISHA BALAKRISHNAN

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Department of Civil Department of Civil

Engineering Engineering Engineering

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is always a pleasure to remind the fine people in the College of Engineering Aranmula for
their sincere guidance. First of all, thanks to my parent for giving encouragement, enthusiasm and
invaluable assistance to me. Without all this, I might not be able to complete this subject properly.
It is my privilege to express gratitude to Dr. Sajeev V, Principal, College of Engineering Aranmula
for providing all the technical facilities in the campus. I also extend my sincere thanks to Ms.Jisha
Balakrishnan, Asst. Professor, Head of the Department, Civil Engineering, for giving constant
encouragement and valuable support. Second, I would like to thanks to the Airport authorities of
India for giving us the opportunity to undergo industrial training. The executives also gave me their
guidance and support. Thirdly, I also want to express my deepest thanks to our class tutor Abey E
Thomas as industry training advisory for Civil Department. She had supported to me by showing
different method of information collection about the University. She helped all time when we
needed and she gave right direction toward completion of internship. Finally I apologize all other
unnamed who helped me in various ways to have a good training.

MUHAMMAD JAISAL P P

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 ABSTRACT
There is a growing awareness in all over the world about extensive damage being caused to the
environment due to accumulation of waste materials from industrial plants, power houses,
colliery pits and demolition sites and it has become one of the major environmental, economic
and social issues.

Waste material is the material unused, unwanted and rejected as worthless into the environment
in our society as whole. Waste materials coming out of industry nowadays is posing a great
environmental problem in disposing them into the air, water and on the land. But, with proper
utilization of these materials in construction industry as well as in making road pavements will
greatly help the society to have a better and pleasant environment. Waste can be used in the
construction industry in two ways: by reusing and recycling. Substitution of waste materials will
conserve dwindling resources and will avoid the environmental and ecological damages caused by
quarrying and exploitation of the raw materials for making cement. These waste materials can
partly be used, or processed, to produce materials suitable as aggregates or fillers in concrete.
Use of waste products is not only a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems and
it significantly improves the microstructure, and consequently the properties of concrete. The
output of these waste materials in India Itself are more than double the production of cement
and other construction material used in all the civil engineering activities.

So, use of waste materials not only to make the construction less expensive, but to provide a
large opportunity to reduce waste materials and also reduce the cost of construction. This paper
outlines regarding the optimum utilization of waste materials in construction activities which
ultimately reduces the environmental pollution and cost of construction.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title
No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

DECLARATION 2

CERTIFICATE 3

CONTENTS 6

ABSTRACT 5

LIST OF FIGURES 7

LIST OF TABLES 8

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 9

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF REPORT 10

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 11

1.4 METHODOLOGY 12

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 13

CHAPTER 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 14

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION 16

CHAPTER 5 REFERANCE 17

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NUMBER NUMBER

2.1 TIME Vs CURRENT OF MILD 6

STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

2.2 ANODIC POLARISATION STUDY 6

ON MILD STEEL AND STAINLESS
STEEL REBARS

2.3 POTENTIAL TIME BEHAVIOUR 7

OF MILD STEEL AND STAINLESS
STEEL REBAR WITH AND
WITHOUT CHLORIDE

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NUMBER TITLE PAGE NUMBER

MILD STEEL,STAINLESS
1.4.1 STEEL,CARBON STEEL AND 4
ITS ELEMENTS
COMPOSITION

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 CHAPTER 1

.1 1 INTRODUCTION

Construction builds the basic framework and infrastructure of a country, which stimulates further
economic, commercial and industrial activities. Premature deterioration of concrete buildings and
infrastructure due to corrosion of reinforcement is a severe challenge, both technically and
economically in building construction role of steel is same as that of bones in a living being.
Reinforced concrete has been used successfully in the construction industry since the beginning of
this Century. One of the products traditionally used to reinforce concrete is plain carbon steel. At
present a large number of reinforced commercial buildings, domestic dwellings, marine structures,
bridges, etc., are starting to show serious signs of deterioration, particularly those over30years of
age. This deterioration is mainly caused by corrosion of the reinforcement. This carbon steel has
low strength and poor resistance to corrosion. Hence, carbon steel corrodes fast and reduces the
load bearing capacity of the structure resulting in reduced life and collapse of the structure in
extreme case. This necessitates costly and time consuming repairs and maintenance of the structure
Carbon steel reinforcement embedded in concrete will not normally corrode due to the formation
of a protective ion-oxide film ,which passivates the steel in the strong alkaline conditions of the
concrete pore water. However, this passivity may be destroyed by chlorides penetrating through
the concrete ,or due to carbonation, reaching the surface of the reinforcement. Corrosion, which is
an electrochemical process involving establishment of corroding and passive sites on the steel
surface, may then be initiated .As a result of corrosion reaction, rust forms and occupies a volume
of up to 6-7 times that of the original metal, hence generating bursting forces. These forces might
exceed the tensile strength of concrete, causing cracking and spalling of the concrete leading to
further corrosion and loss of bond between the concrete and the steel. Hazardous situations might
occur when pieces of spalled concrete fall and threatent user or passer-by, or when the structural
member looses cross-sectional area and thereby experiences increased stress section, which
potentially could lead to structural failure.

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1.2 OBJECTIVE OF REPORT

a) To study different organic corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel, stainless steel and mild steel in
detail for controlling th In the present work, an attempt will be made to achieve following the
objectives;
e corrosion of different metallic alloys in different acidic medium.

b) Weight loss technique and metallurgical research microscopy techniques will be employed to
carry out the experiments and the results will be discussed in detail for all the mechanism of action
of different investigated corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel, stainless steel and mild steel.

c) An attempt will also be made to study synergistic effect present between different organic
surfactants as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel, carbon steel and stainless steel with potassium
iodide.

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1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Reinforcement corrosion remains the most serious cause of deterioration of concrete structures,
and thus reduced service life. The scope of this Guide is to increase the durability and service
life of concrete structures exposed to corrosive environments by focusing on two issues:
• Eliminating reinforcement corrosion by examining the core of the problem, i.e. the
reinforcement itself
• Overcoming the technical knowledge gap for application of stainless steel
reinforcement in concrete structures
The report aims to give some basic information regarding choice of stainless steel
reinforcements. In addition, the report provides the basis to understand the state-of-the-art
methodologies for service life design of reinforced concrete structures and how stainless steel
reinforcements should be applied within this concept.

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1.4 METHADOLOGY

For this, different metallic alloys will be procured from local market. After cutting the samples
from the metal sheet, samples will be mechanically polished with the help of Emery paper of
different grades. After washing the samples with double distilled water, they were dried and stored
in a dessicator.
Carbon steel, mild steel and stainless steel used for investigations will be in the form of sheet (0.25
mm thick) and had the following compositions

Elem C Si Mn S P Ni Cu Cr Fe
ent
Weig
ht
%age
(w/w)
Carbo 0.54 0.05 0.32 0.05 0.20 0.03 0.01 0.01 Balan
n ce
Steel
Stainl 1.8 0.08 0.58 0.07 0.51 0.05 0.03 0.04 Balan
ess ce
Steel
Mild 0.21 0.03 0.27 0.06 0.34 0.07 0.01 0.11 Balan
Steel ce

Fig:1.4.1

Different acidic solution will be prepared in triple distilled water using AR grades inorganic acids.
Different corrosion inhibitors will be procured from the different suppliers of chemicals and will be
tested for carbon steel, stainless steel and mild steel in different acidic solution by weight loss and
electrochemical polarization techniques.
Metal specimens of 3.0 cm × 1.5 cm size will be cut from the metal sheet whereas for
electrochemical polarization investigations specimens of size 5.0 cm × 1.5 cm will be used. All the
specimens will be mechanically polished successively with the help of emery papers of grades 150,
300 and 600 microns and then thoroughly washed with double distilled water and then with
acetone. The specimens will be dried over hot air blower and stored in a desiccator over silica gel.
The acidic solutions which will be used will be of AR grade Hydrochloric acid. 1.0 M
concentration of acid will be prepared using double distilled water.

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 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
In this study simulated concrete environment as cement extract and cement extract + NaCl were
prepared. Triplicate specimens of mild steel and stainless steel rebars were used. The diameter of
the rebar is 10mm. Three different tests were adopted to ensure the corrosion performance of rebar.
They are Impressed voltage test, Anodic polarization study and Potential Time study. Before
conducting the experiments, rebars were pickled. For impressed voltage test, 7% NaCl solution is
prepared. For the other two studies simulated concrete environment with and without chloride were
made

. 2.1 Preparation of cement extract Simulated concrete test solution as cement extract was
prepared with PPC. At first 100 grams of PPC was weighed using digital balance and transferred to
the conical flask. Then 200ml distilled water was measured using measuring flask, added to the
cement and thoroughly mixed. Then the conical flasks were placed on the electronic shaker. It was
allowed to run about one hour. Then the mixed solutions were filtered using filter paper. This
filtered solution is said to be cement extract. The pH of the cement extract is 12.40. This cement
extract was used throughout the studies. Similarly known amount of NaCl is added to cement
extract to create cement extract + NaCl simulated environment.

2.2 Impressed voltage test Impressed voltage test is to assess the corrosion activity of the mild
steel and stainless steel rebars by providing the constant voltage of 2V and observing the current
variations under sea water condition i.e. 7% NaCl solution. Respective identical rebars were used
as anode and cathode

. 2.3 Anodic polarization study This study is to identify the tolerable limit of mild steel and
stainless steel rebars by impressing constant current and observing the potential under simulated
condition of with and without chloride. In this test a constant current density of 290μA/cm2 has
been applied. Rebars were used as the working electrodes. Saturated calomel electrode and
platinum foil were used as the reference electrode and auxiliary electrode respectively.

2.4 Potential study Potential study is to analyze the potential time behavior of mild steel and
stainless steel rebars under simulated concrete environment in the presence and absence of
chloride. Saturated calomel electrode was used as the reference electrode. Rebars were used as the
working electrode. In this test 10000 ppm of chloride solution was taken as the simulated
environment

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 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of corrosion behaviour of mild steel and stainless steel rebars were shown below.
The results obtained from impressed voltage test are described in Figure-1. Uniform corrosion
was observed in the mild steel rebar at the end of the test period and found an average current
value of 6.1A. Moreover pitting corrosion was observed in the stainless steel rebar at the end of
the test with the constant current of 1.9A was observed throughout the test period.

Figure-2.1: Time Vs Current of mild steel and stainless steel rebars.

In anodic polarization test the results are given in Figure-2 It can be seen that mild steel rebar can
tolerate only 50ppm whereas stainless steel rebar tolerate 4000ppm of chloride. Figure-2(a)
shows the variation in potential with time during the study. Figure-2(b) gives the tolerable limit
of chloride for each rebar. From figures it can be seen that mild steel rebar has high potential
values than stainless steel rebar.

Figure 2.2: Anodic polarisation study on mild steel and stainless steel rebars

Potential time behaviour of mild steel and stainless steel rebars are shown in Figure-3. Figure
3(a) shows the potential time behaviour of mild steel and stainless steel rebars in the cement
extract without chloride. It can be seen from the figure that potential values have increased up to
7 days and after slight fluctuation with time the potential values again increased from 23rd day.

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After 30 days the potential values again got increased. The potential lies between -400 mV to -
740 mV. The potential values of Stainless steel rebar in the cement extract alone have decreased
up to 23 days and after that the values got increased. The potential values vary between -15 mV
to - 200mV. Fig 3(b) shows the potential time behaviour of mild steel and stainless steel rebars in
the cement extract with chloride. In this condition the potential values of mild steel rebar got
increased up to 7 days and then decreased up to 20 days of exposure. Later it got fluctuated over
time. Their potential values lies between -490 mV to -700 mV. Whereas in the stainless steel
rebar, even though there is a fluctuation in potential values with they vary between -100Mv to -
280Mv only.

Figure- 2.3: Potential Time behaviour of mild steel and stainless steel rebar with and without
chloride

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 CONCLUSION

[1] From impressed voltage test, it is concluded that stainless steel rebar has more resistance than
the mild steel rebar since the current value is less in stainless steel rebar comparing the mild steel
rebar.
[2] Anodic polarisation study concludes that tolerance value of mild steel is very less comparing
the stainless steel rebar. Hence, stainless steel rebar is better tolerant comparing the mild steel.
[3] Potential time behaviour of mild steel rebar and stainless steel rebar concludes that more
negative values were observed in mild steel rebar compared to stainless steel rebar.
[4] From the test results it is inferred that irrespective of chloride condition stainless steel rebar
exhibit very low potential values than the mild steel rebar.
[5] From the overall studies it is concluded that stainless steel rebar performs better when
compared to mild steel rebar.

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 REFERANCE

[1] M.G Fontana and N.D Greene, Corrosion Engineering. McGraw Hill, N, 1965.

[2] A.J. Ujam, S.O Egbuna and S. Idogwu “Performance Characteristics of various Corrugated
Roofing Sheets in Nigeria”, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research,
volume 4, 2014, pp. 27-39.

[3] H.R Soleymani and M.E. Ismail, “Comparing corrosion measurement methods to assess the
corrosion activity of laboratory OPC and HPC concrete specimens” Cement and Concrete
Research, vol 34, 2004, pp. 2037–2044.

[4] M.F. Montemor, A.M.P Simoes and M.G.S Ferreira Chloride-induced corrosion on reinforcing
steel: from the fundamentals to the monitoring techniques. Cem. Concr. Compos., vol 25, 2003,
pp. 491–502.

[5] ASTM C876 - 91(1999) Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated
Reinforcing Steel in Concrete.

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