Definition of thermodynamics

It is identified with the name of thermodynamics to the branch of physics that focuses on the study of the links
between heat and other energy varieties. Analyze, therefore, the effects that have macroscopic changes in
temperature, pressure, density, mass and volume in each system.

It is important to emphasize that there is a series of basic concepts that it is fundamental to know beforehand
how to understand the process of thermodynamics. In this sense one of them is what is called a state of
equilibrium that can be defined as that dynamic process that takes place in a system when both what is the
volume and the temperature and pressure do not change.

In the same way there is what is known as the internal energy of the system. This is understood as the sum of
what are the energies of each and every one of the particles that make up that one. In this case, it is important to
emphasize that these energies only depend on what the temperature is.

The third concept that is fundamental that we know before knowing what the process of thermodynamics is is the
equation of state. A terminology with which comes to express the relationship that exists between what is
pressure, temperature and volume.

The basis of thermodynamics is everything that is related to the passage of energy, a phenomenon capable of
causing movement in various bodies. The first law of thermodynamics, which is known as the principle of
conservation of energy, states that if one system makes an exchange of heat with another, its own internal energy
will be transformed. The heat, in this sense, constitutes the energy that a system has to permute if it needs to
compensate the contrasts that arise when comparing the effort and the inner energy.

The second law of thermodynamics involves different restrictions for energy transfers that, in hypothesis, could be
carried out if the first law is taken into account. The second principle serves as a regulator of the direction in
which the thermodynamic processes are carried out and imposes the impossibility of developing them in the
opposite direction. It should be noted that this second law is supported by entropy, a physical quantity
responsible for measuring the quantity of unusable energy to generate work.

The third law contemplated by thermodynamics, finally, stresses that it is not possible to achieve a thermal mark
that reaches absolute zero through a finite amount of physical procedures.
Among the thermodynamic processes, the isothermal ones stand out (the temperature does not change), the
isócoros (the volume does not change), the isobarics (the pressure does not change) and the adiabatic ones (there
is no heat transfer).

Definition by 3 authors

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, considered to be the "father of thermodynamics", was the first to establish the bases
on which the laws of thermodynamics were formulated afterwards. Author: Louis-Leopold Boilly (1813).

The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws (or principles) of thermodynamics, which
postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems in the form of heat or work. It also postulates
the existence of a magnitude called entropy, which can be defined for any system. Three classic laws are
recognized (defined throughout the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th) and a fourth law, called the zero
law, which was developed in the 30s of the 20th century but establishes the bases on which the other three stand
. It is important to note that the principles of thermodynamics are valid as long as they are applied in macroscopic
systems, but inapplicable at the microscopic level.

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First Law of Thermodynamics:

The first principle of thermodynamics, also known as the first law of thermodynamics, states that "energy is not
created or destroyed, it only transforms." This means that if work is done on one system or it exchanges heat with
another, the internal energy of the system will change.

More formally, this principle breaks down into two parts:

The "principle of adiabatic accessibility" (in thermodynamics, adiabatic means that it does not exchange heat with
its environment), which says that "the set of equilibrium states that can be accessed by a closed thermodynamic
system is, adiabatically, a set simply connected. "

The "principle of conservation of energy", which states that "the work of the adiabatic connection between two
equilibrium states of a closed system depends exclusively on both connected states".

Seen in another way, the first law of thermodynamics allows to define heat as the necessary energy that the
system must exchange to compensate for the differences between work and internal energy. It was proposed by
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824, in his work "Reflections on the motive power of fire and on the appropriate
machines to develop this power", in which he exposed the first two principles of thermodynamics. This work was
misunderstood by the scientists of his time, and was later used by Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (first
Baron Kelvin, better known as Lord Kelvin) to formulate, in a mathematical way, the foundations of
thermodynamics.

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), one of the great impellers of thermodynamics, who among other findings
calculated for the first time the absolute zero value (-273.15 ° C). Unknown author.

Heat, work and internal energy:

The first law of thermodynamics is formally defined the concept of thermodynamic work and known that
thermodynamic systems can only interact in three different ways (mass interaction, mechanical interaction and
thermal interaction). In general, work is a physical quantity that is not a state variable of the system, since it
depends on the process followed by that system. This experimental fact, on the contrary, shows that for closed
adiabatic systems, the work will not depend on the process, but only on the initial and final stages. Consequently,
it can be identified with the variation of a new state variable of said systems, defined as internal energy.

Internal energy is then defined as a state variable whose variation in an adiabatic process is the work exchanged
by the system with its environment:

where U is the internal energy and W the work exchanged.

When the closed system evolves from the initial state A to the final state B but by a non-adiabatic process, the
variation of the energy must be the same, however, now, the work exchanged will be different from the previous
adiabatic work. The difference between both jobs must have been made through a thermal interaction. The
amount of heat energy exchanged, heat (Q), is then defined as:

where U is the internal energy, Q the heat and W the work. By agreement, Q is positive if the system wins (if it
goes from the environment to the system) or negative if the system has lost it; and W is positive if the
environment is against the system and negative if it is carried out by the system.
This definition is usually identified with the law of energy conservation and, in turn, identifies heat as an energy
transfer. That is why the law of conservation of energy is used, primarily for simplicity, as one of the statements of
the first law of thermodynamics: "the variation of energy of a closed thermodynamic system is equal to the
difference between the amount of heat and the amount of work exchanged

Definition of Energy

Science E - Definista

Energy is the ability of a body to perform an action or work, or produce a change or transformation, and is
manifested when it passes from one body to another. A matter possesses energy as a result of its movement or its
position in relation to the forces acting on it.

Various natural resources or phenomena of nature are able to supply and provide energy in any of its forms, so
they are considered natural sources of energy or energy resources. There are two types, renewable sources,
which when used do not run out, such as sunlight, wind, rain, river currents, etc .; and non-renewable sources,
which are depleted when used, such as oil, natural gas or coal.

The energy manifests continuously around us, and occurs in nature in many forms; kinetic energy (energy that has
a body in motion), potential energy (energy that has a body originated by its position in space), electrical energy
(able to light a bulb or run an engine), chemical energy (contained in batteries) and batteries, in fuels or food),
thermal, nuclear, wind, hydraulic, mechanical, radiant or electromagnetic energy, among others.

One of the properties that energy presents is that it is transferred; for example, when an object heats up, it does
so because another body, which has a higher temperature, transfers energy to it in the form of heat, this
undergoes a change, so in the process some kind of work is done.

Energy is not created or destroyed, it simply transforms; This is the law of conservation of energy. All forms of
energy can be converted into other forms by appropriate processes; that is, the energy can take the appearance
of electric current, light, heat, sound and movement.
ENERGY IN TRANSIT

It is the energy that flows, that is, it is transferred.

Heat is energy in transit, that is, energy that always flows from a zone of higher temperature to another of lower
temperature, which raises the temperature of the second and reduces that of the first. For example, water or
soda (higher temperature) yield energy to ice (lower temperature). The consequence is that the water or the soft
drink lower its temperature. "In everyday language" we say that water "cools".

Conversely, the Sun, in the other example, (higher temperature) transfers energy to the sea water (lower
temperature) and water increases its temperature or, as they say, "warms up".

On the other hand, many modern authors dedicated to thermodynamic issues consider work and heat as forms of
transmission of energy, and work is defined as energy in transit. If you combine the criteria "energy = capacity to
do work" and "work = energy in transit" it would be that energy is something like "your ability to transmit".

Energía almacenada

The storage of energy includes the methods that humanity has to preserve as much as possible a certain amount
in any form, to use it when required in the same way in which it was collected or in a different one. The forms of
energy can be potential energy (gravitational, chemical, elastic, etc.) or kinetic energy. Many mechanical systems
work by storing energy and consuming it slowly: an example is the mechanical clock that stores energy in the dock
to be consumed via a regulator. In a computer the existing capacitors in a chip store enough energy so that when
they come back on they have the memory of some of the previous functions. Even food is a way that nature has to
store energy from the Sun.

Sistema termodinamico

Thermodynamic system is called to the region of the Universe separated from the rest (the environment) by a
closed surface, real or imaginary, through which is related by exchanges of matter or energy.

Thus, the Universe is formed by thermodynamic effects by the system and its environment.

System

Image 2. Own elaboration

The surface that separates the system and its environment is usually called a wall, and depending on its
characteristics, thermodynamic systems can be classified into different types, depending on whether or not they
allow the passage of some type of energy or matter:

Open systems: allow the exchange of both matter and energy with the environment.

Closed systems: allow the exchange of energy with the environment, but not the matter.

Isolated systems: they do not allow the exchange of matter or energy with the environment.

Adiabatic systems: they do not allow the exchange of matter with the environment or the exchange of energy in
the form of heat with the environment, but they do allow energy to be exchanged with the environment in the
form of work.

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS

Any transformation in a system, from one equilibrium state to another, is known as a process. In other words, it is
the change of state of a substance or a system, from initial conditions (initial state) to final conditions (final state)
along a defined trajectory. Therefore, to fully describe a process requires the initial and final equilibrium states, as
well as the path or interactions of the system with its environment during the process.

NB: Remember that each process is carried out under certain conditions of pressure, temperature, volume or
heat, so it must be kept in mind before solving any problema

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

1. Definition:
It is defined as the field of physics that describes and relates the physical properties of macroscopic systems of matter and
energy. The principles of thermodynamics are of fundamental importance for all branches of science and engineering.
2. Types of thermodynamic processes:
Isothermal Process:
Isothermal process or isothermal process is referred to reversible temperature change in a thermodynamic system, said
temperature change being constant throughout the system.

The compression or expansion of an ideal gas in permanent contact with a thermostat is an example of an isothermal process,
and can be carried out by placing the gas in thermal contact with another system of very large heat capacity and at the same
temperature as the gas; This other system is known as hot focus. In this way, heat is transferred very slowly, allowing the gas to
expand by performing work. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on the temperature and it remains constant
in the isothermal expansion, heat taken from the focus is equal to the work done by the gas: Q = W .
Examples of this type of process are water evaporation and ice melting. For these have a temperature change, which is
constant, so it can be called, isothermal process.
Isobaric process:
An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process that occurs at constant pressure. In it, the heat transferred at constant
pressure is related to the rest of the variables.
In a P - V diagram , an isobaric process appears as a horizontal line. If the pressure does not change during a process, it is said
that it is isobaric.

An example of an isobaric process: It is the boiling of water in an open container. As the container is open, the process is
carried out at constant atmospheric pressure. At the boiling point, the temperature of the water does not increase with the
addition of heat, instead of this, there is a phase change from water to steam.
Isochoric Process:
An isochoric process, also called isometric or isovolumic process is a thermodynamic process in which the volume remains
constant; ΔV = 0. This implies that the process does not perform pressure-volume work, since it is defined as: Z =
PΔV ; where P is the pressure (the work is positive, since it is exercised by the system).
Applying the first law of thermodynamics, we can deduce that Q , the change of the internal energy of the system is: Q =
.DELTA.u for an isochoric process, ie, all the heat we transfer the system will be on your internal energy, U . If the amount of gas
remains constant, then the increase in energy will be proportional to the increase in temperature, in a PV diagram, an isochoric
process appears as a vertical line.

From the point of view of thermodynamics, these transformations must proceed from a state of initial equilibrium
to a final one; that is to say, that the magnitudes that undergo a variation when passing from one state to another
must be perfectly defined in said initial and final states . In this way the thermodynamic processes can be
interpreted as the result of the interaction of one system with another after being eliminated some ligature between
them, so that finally the systems are in balance (mechanical, thermal and / or material) among themselves. In a less
abstract way, a thermodynamic process can be seen as the changes of a system, from some initial conditions to
others final conditions, due to the destabilization of the system.
Adiabatic process:
Thermodynamic process, which occurs without heat exchange with the exterior.
 Does not allow heat exchange
 It is thermally insulated
 It is totally isolated from the outside
The volume or pressure variations of a body without increasing or decreasing heat, that is, it does not exchange heat with its
surroundings. An adiabatic process that is also reversible is known as an isotropic process.

Adiabatic heating and cooling are processes that commonly occur due to the change in the pressure of a gas. This can be
quantified using the law of ideal gases. A gas, when expanding adiabatically, cools, because the amount of heat it contains is
distributed in a larger volume; on the contrary, the adiabatic compression of said gas has the effect of increasing its temperature.
In air conditioning the processes of humidification (contribution of water vapor) are adiabatic, since there is no heat transfer,
although the air temperature and its relative humidity can be varied.