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Contents.
3 Introduction
4 Hydrogen
9 Process feature
11 Process options
Introduction.
Hydrogen.
The demand of hydrogen grew as the world´s Amongst all hydrogen technology suppliers, These technologies are basically:
consumption of refinery products increased by Linde is the outstanding contractor for complete
the ever growing industrialization. hydrogen plants and the only company who – Steam reforming technology for light HC-feed-
owns all technologies inhouse, covering the stock combined with Linde´s own PSA systems
The demand for better and more abundant complete range of petrochemical feedstocks for hydrogen purification.
automotive fuels called for better yields from from natural gas through LPG, refinery off-gases
the limited feedstock crude oil. In turn the and naphtha up to heavy fuel oil, asphalt and – Partial oxidation technology for heavy HC-
demand for hydrogen import grew to balance coal. feedstock followed by a sequence of various
the hydrogen refining catalytic refinery process integrated process steps to shift, desulfurize
steps. and purify the raw hydrogen. The pure oxygen
for the gasification is produced with a Linde air
separation unit.
The specific Linde know-how in all these fields Proven know-how in design and construction Combining the know-how of the Engineering
are the essential advantage for a successful of furnaces, steam reformers and heaters has Division – and the Gases Division – the company
integration and complete inhouse optimization been completed with the acquisition of Selas of is in the unique position to build, own and oper-
of all process sections. The results are highly America, which is now Selas Fluid Processing Co. ate complete hydrogen plants for continuous
efficient and reliably operating hydrogen in the USA and SELAS-LINDE GmbH in Germany. supply of hydrogen over the fence to large re-
plants. Linde together with Selas have developed their fineries and chemical companies. The extensive
own proprietary top fired reformer design. feedback of operating data and information
Since the early 70´s Linde favoured and promo- on process and equipment performance in op-
ted with innovative improvements the now well The take-over of Hydro-Chem, USA has strenghten- erating plants provides Linde with substantial
established steam reforming/pressure swing ed Linde´s position in prefabricated and skid- background for the yet more efficient design of
adsorption technology for the production of mounted steam reforming based hydrogen future plants.
pure and ultrapure hydrogen preferably from plants in the capacity range up to 6,000 Nm3/h
light hydrocarbon feedstock. per single train. More than 200 new hydrogen plants have
been built all over the world, for clients in the
refining, chemical and fertilizer industry, with
capacities ranging from below 1,000 Nm3/h to
well above 100,000 Nm3/h, and for processing
of all types of feedstock. Most of these plants
have been built on a lump-sum turn-key basis.
6
Production of hydrogen
from light hydrocarbons.
Linde has a well-proven technology for
hydrogen manufacture by catalytic steam
reforming of light hydrocarbons in combi-
nation with Linde´s highly efficient pressure
swing adsorption process.
A typical flowsheet for a Linde designed large The basic process steps
capacity hydrogen plant is shown in figure 1.
1. Hydrodesulfurization of feed stock
2. Steam reforming
3. Heat recovery from reformed and from
combustion flue gas to produce process
and export steam
4. Single stage adiabatic high temperature
CO-shift conversion
5. Final hydrogen purification by pressure
swing adsorption
Figure 1
Demin water
Export steam
Waste heat
recovery
Steam Process
H2-recycle
Fuel
Purgegas
Steam reformer 7
8
Process features.
Process design and optimization for every
process step and in particular the optimized
linking of operating parameters between the
two essential process steps: reforming furnace
and pressure swing adsorption unit are based
exclusively on Linde´s own process and opera-
ting know-how.
Fuel
HP steam
Hydrogen
Combustion air
Feed
LP steam
Demin water
9
Reformer furnace
Design export steam production T/1,000 Nm³ H2 0.5 - 1.2 0.4 - 1.2 0.4 - 1.2 0.4 - 1.1
flexibility fuel consumption GJ/1,000 Nm³ H2 0.9 - 3.5 1.8 - 4.3 1.9 - 4.4 0.7 - 2.9
9
10
Mixed feed
gas and steam
Primary reformer
Pre-reformer
Reformed gas
Process options.
Pre-reforming
Pre-reforming is the term applied to the low The advantages provided through the inclusion In its most common application today the main
temperature steam reforming of hydrocarbons of a pre-reforming unit may often be plant benefit comes from the ability to effectively
in a simple adiabatic reactor using highly active, specific. Some or all of the following advantages transfer reforming heat load from the radiant
nickel based catalyst, which promotes the steam may apply to a specific case section of a reformer to its convection section.
reforming reaction at low temperatures. This
process was developed in the 1960´s for town – Fuel savings over stand alone primary
gas and synthetic natural gas (SNG) production. reformer
– Reduced capital cost of reformer
Feedstock - ranging from natural gas to naphtha – Higher primary reformer preheat
is converted by the steam reforming reaction temperatures
to give an equilibrium mixture containing – Increased feedstock flexibility
hydrogen, carbon oxides, methane and steam. – Lower involuntary steam production
Depending on the feedstock, the temperature – Lower overall steam/carbon ratios
profile can be either endothermic or exothermic. – Provides protection for the main reformer
11
MT-shift Steam
Apart from the conventional adiabatic MT-shift,
Linde developed and successfully installed the
isothermal Medium Temperature shift reactor,
a fixed bed reactor suitable for exothermic and Circulating water
endothermic catalyst reactions, with an inte- Boiler feed water
grated helically coiled tube heat exchanger for
cooling or heating of the catalyst. Gas entry
Syngas
Linde´s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how in the planning,
project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants.
More than 3,800 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in international plant construction.
H2/1.1.e/09
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