8.

8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 369

From Fig. 6.11, for m2 5 0.71 and n2 5 0.95, the value of IasH2d is 0.21. Again, for IasH1d,
B 15
m2 5 5 51
H1 15
L 20
n2 5 5 5 1.33
H1 15

From Figure 6.11, IasH1d 5 0.225, so

s21ds0.21d 2 s15ds0.225d
D␴9avsH2/H1d 5 135.2 3 6
5 23.32 kN/m2 4
So, the stress increase below the center of the 30 m 3 40 m area is s4d s23.32d 5
93.28 kN/m2. Thus

s0.28ds6dd 208 1 93.28

Scspd 5
1 1 0.9
log
208 1
5 0.142 m 2
5 142 mm ■

8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations

The structural design of mat foundations can be carried out by two conventional methods:
the conventional rigid method and the approximate flexible method. Finite-difference
and finite-element methods can also be used, but this section covers only the basic con-
cepts of the first two design methods.

Conventional Rigid Method

The conventional rigid method of mat foundation design can be explained step by step
with reference to Figure 8.10:
Step 1. Figure 8.10a shows mat dimensions of L 3 B and column loads of Q1 , Q2 ,
Q3 , Á . Calculate the total column load as
Q 5 Q1 1 Q2 1 Q3 1 Á (8.24)
Step 2. Determine the pressure on the soil, q, below the mat at points A, B, C, D, Á ,
by using the equation
Q Myx Mxy
q5 6 6 (8.25)
A Iy Ix
where
A 5 BL
Ix 5 s1y12dBL3 5 moment of inertia about the x-axis
Iy 5 s1y12dLB3 5 moment of inertia about the y-axis
Mx 5 moment of the column loads about the x { axis 5 Qey
My 5 moment of the column loads about the y { axis 5 Qex

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 370 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

y9 y

B1 B1 B1 B1
A D
B C
Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12
B1

ex

ey B1
E
L J x
Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8

B1
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
x9
I H G F
B
(a)

FQ1 FQ2 FQ3 FQ4

I H G F

B1 ? qav(modified)
unit length

B
(b)

Edge
of mat
L9 L9
d/2 d/2
d/2
d/2 L9
L0 d/2 d/2
Edge of d/2 L0
Edge of d/2 mat
mat L0 d/2
b o 5 2L9 1 L0 b o 5 L9 1 L0
b o 5 2(L9 1 L0)
(c)

Figure 8.10 Conventional rigid mat foundation design

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 371

The load eccentricities, ex and ey , in the x and y directions can be

determined by using sx9, y9d coordinates:

Q1x91 1 Q2x92 1 Q3x93 1 Á

x9 5 (8.26)
Q
and
B
ex 5 x9 2 (8.27)
2
Similarly,
Q1y91 1 Q2y92 1 Q3y93 1 Á
y9 5 (8.28)
Q
and
L
ey 5 y9 2 (8.29)
2
Step 3. Compare the values of the soil pressures determined in Step 2 with the net
allowable soil pressure to determine whether q < qallsnetd .
Step 4. Divide the mat into several strips in the x and y directions. (See
Figure 8.10). Let the width of any strip be B1 .
Step 5. Draw the shear, V, and the moment, M, diagrams for each individual strip
(in the x and y directions). For example, the average soil pressure of the
bottom strip in the x direction of Figure 8.10a is
qI 1 qF
qav < (8.30)
2
where qI and qF 5 soil pressures at points I and F, as determined from Step 2.
The total soil reaction is equal to qavB1B. Now obtain the total column
load on the strip as Q1 1 Q2 1 Q3 1 Q4 . The sum of the column loads on
the strip will not equal qavB1B, because the shear between the adjacent strips
has not been taken into account. For this reason, the soil reaction and the
column loads need to be adjusted, or

qavB1B 1 sQ1 1 Q2 1 Q3 1 Q4d

Average load 5 (8.31)
2
Now, the modified average soil reaction becomes

average load
qavsmodifiedd 5 qav 1 qavB1B 2 (8.32)

and the column load modification factor is

average load
F5 (8.33)
Q1 1 Q2 1 Q3 1 Q4

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 372 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

So the modified column loads are FQ1 , FQ2 , FQ3 , and FQ4 . This
modified loading on the strip under consideration is shown in Figure 8.10b.
The shear and the moment diagram for this strip can now be drawn, and the
procedure is repeated in the x and y directions for all strips.
Step 6. Determine the effective depth d of the mat by checking for diagonal
tension shear near various columns. For the critical section,
Vc $ U (8.34)
where
U 5 factored column load according to ACI Code 318-11 (2011)
Vc 5 shear capacity at the column location
According to ACI Code 318-11 (Section 11.11.2.1) for non-
prestressed slabs and footings, Vc shall be the smallest of (8.35a), (8.35b),
and (8.35c). In US customary units, the equations are
4
Vc 5 2 1 1 ␤ 2
␭Ïfc9 b0 d (8.35a)

␣sd
Vc 5 2 1 1 b0 2
␭Ïfc9 b0 d (8.35b)

Vc 5 4␭Ïfc9 b0 d (8.35c)
where
␤ 5 ratio of long side to short side of the column
␣s 5 40 for interior columns
5 30 for edge columns
5 20 for corner columns
b0 5 perimeter of the critical section for shear
fc9 5 compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)
␭ 5 modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of
lightweight concrete, all relative to normal weight concrete of the
same compressive strength
d 5 effective depth of the mat
The expression for b0 in terms of d, which depends on the location of
the column with respect to the plan of the mat, can be obtained from
Figure 8.10c.
In SI units, the equations for Vc are

1 2
Vc 5 1 2 6
1 1 ␭Ïfc9 b0 d
␤
(8.35d)

1 ␣d
V 5 12 1
b 2
s
c ␭Ïf 9 b d c 0 (8.35e)
12 0
1
Vc 5 ␭Ïfc9 b0 d (8.35f)
3

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 373

Step 7. From the moment diagrams of all strips in one direction (x or y),
obtain the maximum positive and negative moments per unit width (i.e.,
Mu 5 M/B1). Since factored column loads are used in accordance with
ACI Code 318-11 (see Step 6), Mu is the factored moment.
Step 8. Determine the area of steel per unit width for positive and negative rein-
forcement in the x and y directions. We have

a
Mu 5 ␾As fy d 2 1 2 2 (8.36)

and
As fy
a5 (8.37)
0.85fc9b
where
As 5 area of steel per unit width
fy 5 yield stress of reinforcement in tension
Mu 5 factored moment
␾ 5 0.9 5 reduction factor
Examples 8.7 and 8.8 illustrate the use of the conventional rigid method of mat foundation
design.

Approximate Flexible Method

In the conventional rigid method of design, the mat is assumed to be infinitely rigid.
Also, the soil pressure is distributed in a straight line, and the centroid of the soil pressure
is coincident with the line of action of the resultant column loads. (See Figure 8.11a.)
In the approximate flexible method of design, the soil is assumed to be equivalent to an
infinite number of elastic springs, as shown in Figure 8.11b. This assumption is sometimes
referred to as the Winkler foundation. The elastic constant of these assumed springs is
referred to as the coefficient of subgrade reaction, k.
To understand the fundamental concepts behind flexible foundation design, consider
a beam of width B1 having infinite length, as shown in Figure 8.11c. The beam is subjected
to a single concentrated load Q. From the fundamentals of mechanics of materials,

d2z
M 5 EFIF (8.38)
dx2
where
M 5 moment at any section
EF 5 modulus of elasticity of foundation material
1
IF 5 moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam 5 _12 + B1h3 (see Figure 8.11c).
However,

dM
5 shear force 5 V
dx

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 374 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

SQ
Q1 Q2 Q3

Resultant of
soil pressure
(a) Q2
Q1

(b)

Point load
A
B1

h x

Section q
at A 2 A A

z (c)

Figure 8.11 (a) Principles of design by conventional rigid method; (b) principles of approximate
flexible method; (c) derivation of Eq. (8.42) for beams on elastic foundation

and
dV
5 q 5 soil reaction
dx
Hence,
d2M
5q (8.39)
dx2
Combining Eqs. (8.38) and (8.39) yields
d 4z
EF IF 5q (8.40)
dx4

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 375

However, the soil reaction is

q 5 2zk9

where
z 5 deflection
k9 5 kB1
k 5 coefficient of subgrade reaction skN/m3 or lb/in3d
So,
d 4z
EF IF 5 2z kB1 (8.41)
dx 4
Solving Eq. (8.41) yields
z 5 e2␣xsA9 cos ␤x 1 A0 sin ␤xd (8.42)

where A9 and A0 are constants and

␤5 Î 4
B1k
4EFIF
(8.43)

The unit of the term ␤, as defined by the preceding equation, is slengthd21.

This parameter is very important in determining whether a mat foundation should
be designed by the conventional rigid method or the approximate flexible method.
According to the American Concrete Institute Committee 336 (1988), mats should be
designed by the conventional rigid method if the spacing of columns in a strip is less
than 1.75y␤. If the spacing of columns is larger than 1.75y␤, the approximate flexible
method may be used.
To perform the analysis for the structural design of a flexible mat, one must know
the principles involved in evaluating the coefficient of subgrade reaction, k. Before pro-
ceeding with the discussion of the approximate flexible design method, let us discuss this
coefficient in more detail.
If a foundation of width B (see Figure 8.12) is subjected to a load per unit area of q, it
will undergo a settlement D. The coefficient of subgrade reaction can be defined as

q
k5 (8.44)
D

D Figure 8.12 Definition of

coefficient of subgrade reaction, k

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 376 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

The unit of k is kN/m3 sor lb/in3d. The value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction is
not a constant for a given soil, but rather depends on several factors, such as the length
L and width B of the foundation and also the depth of embedment of the foundation. A
comprehensive study by Terzaghi (1955) of the parameters affecting the coefficient of
subgrade reaction indicated that the value of the coefficient decreases with the width of the
foundation. In the field, load tests can be carried out by means of square plates measuring
0.3 m 3 0.3 m s1 ft 3 1 ftd, and values of k can be calculated. The value of k can be related
to large foundations measuring B 3 B in the following ways:

Foundations on Sandy Soils

For foundations on sandy soils,

B 1 0.3 2
k 5 k0.3 1 2B 2 (8.45)

where k 0.3 and k 5 coefficients of subgrade reaction of foundations measuring 0.3 m 3 0.3 m
and B smd 3 B smd, respectively (unit is kN/m3).
In English units, Eq. (8.45) may be expressed as

B11 2
k 5 k1
2B 1 2 (8.46)

where k1 and k 5 coefficients of subgrade reaction of foundations measuring 1 ft 3 1 ft

and B sftd 3 B sftd, respectively (unit is lb/in3).

Foundations on Clays
For foundations on clays,

0.3 smd
kskN/m3d 5 k0.3 skN/m3d 3 B smd 4 (8.47a)

The definitions of k and k0.3 in Eq. (8.47a) are the same as in Eq. (8.45).
In English units,

1 sftd
kslb/in3d 5 k1 slb/in3d 3 B sftd 4 (8.47b)

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 377

The definitions of k and k1 are the same as in Eq. (8.46).

For rectangular foundations having dimensions of B 3 L (for similar soil and q),

B
1
ksB3Bd 1 1 0.5
L 2
k5 (8.48)
1.5

where
k 5 coefficient of subgrade reaction of the rectangular foundation sL 3 Bd
ksB3Bd 5 coefficient of subgrade reaction of a square foundation having dimension
of B 3 B
Equation (8.48) indicates that the value of k for a very long foundation with a width B is
approximately 0.67ksB3Bd.
The modulus of elasticity of granular soils increases with depth. Because the settle-
ment of a foundation depends on the modulus of elasticity, the value of k increases with
the depth of the foundation.
Table 8.2 provides typical ranges of values for the coefficient of subgrade reaction,
k0.3 sk1 d, for sandy and clayey soils.
For long beams, Vesic (1961) proposed an equation for estimating subgrade reaction,
namely,

k9 5 Bk 5 0.65 Î 12
EsB4 Es
EFIF 1 2 ␮2s

Table 8.2 Typical Subgrade Reaction Values, k0.3sk1d

k0.3(k1)
3
Soil type MN/m lb/in.3

Dry or moist sand:

Loose 8–25 30–90
Medium 25–125 90–450
Dense 125–375 450–1350
Saturated sand:
Loose 10–15 35–55
Medium 35–40 125–145
Dense 130–150 475–550
Clay:
Stiff 10–25 40–90
Very stiff 25–50 90–185
Hard .50 .185

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 378 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

or

k 5 0.65 Î 12
Es B4 Es
EF IF Bs1 2 ␮2s d
(8.49)

where
Es 5 modulus of elasticity of soil
B 5 foundation width
EF 5 modulus of elasticity of foundation material
IF 5 moment of inertia of the cross section of the foundation
␮s 5 Poisson’s ratio of soil

For most practical purposes, Eq. (8.49) can be approximated as

Es
k5 (8.50)
Bs1 2 ␮2s d

Now that we have discussed the coefficient of subgrade reaction, we will proceed
with the discussion of the approximate flexible method of designing mat foundations.
This method, as proposed by the American Concrete Institute Committee 336 (1988), is
described step by step. The use of the design procedure, which is based primarily on the
theory of plates, allows the effects (i.e., moment, shear, and deflection) of a concentrated
column load in the area surrounding it to be evaluated. If the zones of influence of two or
more columns overlap, superposition can be employed to obtain the net moment, shear,
and deflection at any point. The method is as follows:
Step 1. Assume a thickness h for the mat, according to Step 6 of the conventional
rigid method. (Note: h is the total thickness of the mat.)
Step 2. Determine the flexural ridigity R of the mat as given by the formula

EFh3
R5 (8.51)
12s1 2 ␮2Fd

where
EF 5 modulus of elasticity of foundation material
␮F 5 Poisson’s ratio of foundation material
Step 3. Determine the radius of effective stiffness—that is,

L9 5 Î 4
R
k
(8.52)

where k 5 coefficient of subgrade reaction. The zone of influence of any

column load will be on the order of 3 to 4 L9.

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 379

Step 4. Determine the moment (in polar coordinates at a point) caused by a column
load (see Figure 8.13a). The formulas to use are

Q s1 2 ␮Fd A2
Mr 5 radial moment 5 2
4
3
A1 2
r
L9
4 (8.53)

and

Q s1 2 ␮Fd A2
Mt 5 tangential moment 5 2
4
3
␮FA1 1
r
L9
4 (8.54)

where
r 5 radial distance from the column load
Q 5 column load
A1 , A2 5 functions of r/L9
The variations of A1 and A2 with r/L9 are shown in Figure 8.13b. (For details
see Hetenyi, 1946.)
In the Cartesian coordinate system (see Figure 8.13a),
Mx 5 Mt sin2 ␣ 1 Mr cos2 ␣ (8.55)
and
My 5 Mt cos2 ␣ 1 Mr sin2 ␣ (8.56)

5
y
My
Mr
Mt 4

Mx r
r 3
␣ L9
x A2
A4
2
A1
(a) A3
1

0
–0.4 –0.3 –0.2 –0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
A1, A2, A3, A4
(b)

Figure 8.13 Approximate flexible method of mat design

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 380 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

Step 5. For the unit width of the mat, determine the shear force V caused by a
column load:
Q
V5 A3 (8.57)
4L9
The variation of A3 with r/L9 is shown in Figure 8.13b.
Step 6. If the edge of the mat is located in the zone of influence of a column, deter-
mine the moment and shear along the edge. (Assume that the mat is continu-
ous.) Moment and shear opposite in sign to those determined are applied at
the edges to satisfy the known conditions.
Step 7. The deflection at any point is given by
QL92
␦5 A4 (8.58)
4R
The variation of A4 is presented in Figure 8.13b.

Example 8.7
The plan of a mat foundation is shown in Figure 8.14. Calculate the soil pressure at
points A, B, C, D, E, and F. (Note: All column sections are planned to be 0.5 m 3 0.5 m.)
All loads shown are factored loads according to ACI 381-11 (2011).
Solution
Q My x Mx y
Eq. (8.25): q 5 6 6
A Iy Ix
A 5 (20.5)(27.5) 5 563.75 m2
1 1
Ix 5 BL3 5 s20.5ds27.5d3 5 35,528 m4
12 12
1 1
Iy 5 LB3 5 s27.5ds20.5d3 5 19,743 m4
12 12
Q 5 470 1 (2)(550) 1 600 1 (2)(660) 1 (2)(1600) 1 (4)(2000) 5 14,690 kN
B
My 5 Qex; ex 5 x9 2
2
Q1x91 1 Q2x92 1 Q3x93 1 Á
x9 5
Q

s10.25ds660 1 2000 1 2000 1 660d

5
1
14,690 3
1 s20.25ds470 1 1600 1 1600 1 600d
1 s0.25ds550 1 2000 1 2000 1 550d 4 5 9.686 m

B
ex 5 x9 2 5 9.686 2 10.25 5 20.565 m < 20.57 m
2

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 381

y9 y

A G B I C
0.25 m
550 kN 660 kN 600 kN

9m

2000 kN 2000 kN 1600 kN

5.25 m 10 m 5.25 m
9m
x

2000 kN 2000 kN 1600 kN

9m

550 kN 660 kN 470 kN

0.25 m x9
F H E J D
10 m 10 m
0.25 m 0.25 m

Figure 8.14 Plan of a mat foundation

Hence, the resultant line of action is located to the left of the center of the mat. So
My 5 (14,690)(0.57) 5 8373 kN-m. Similarly
L
Mx 5 Qey; ey 5 y9 2
2
Q1y91 1 Q2y92 1 Q3y93 1 Á
y9 5
Q
1 s0.25ds550 1 660 1 470d 1 s9.25ds2000 1 2000 1 1600d
5 3
14,690 1s18.25ds2000 1 2000 1 1600d 1 s27.25ds550 1 660 1 600d 4
5 13.86 m
L
ey 5 y9 2 5 13.86 2 13.75 5 0.11 m
2

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 382 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

y9 y

A G B I C
0.25 m
550 kN 660 kN 600 kN

9m

2000 kN 2000 kN 1600 kN

5.25 m 10 m 5.25
0.57 m m
9m
0.11 m
x

2000 kN 2000 kN 1600 kN

9m

550 kN 660 kN 470 kN

0.25 m x9
F H E J D
10 m 10 m
0.25 m 0.25 m Figure 8.15

The location of the line of action of the resultant column loads is shown in Figure 8.15.
Mx 5 (14,690)(0.11) 5 1616 kN-m. So
14,690 8373x 1616y
q5 6 6 5 26.0 6 0.42x 6 0.05y skN/m2d
563.75 19743 35,528
Therefore,
At A: q 5 26 1 (0.42) (10.25) 1 (0.05) (13.75) 5 31.0 kN/m2
At B: q 5 26 1 (0.42) (0) 1 (0.05) (13.75) 5 26.68 kN/m2
At C: q 5 26 2 (0.42) (10.25) 1 (0.05) (13.75) 5 22.38 kN/m2
At D: q 5 26 2 (0.42) (10.25) 2 (0.05) (13.75) 5 21.0 kN/m2
At E: q 5 26 1 (0.42) (0) 2 (0.05) (13.75) 5 25.31 kN/m2
At F: q 5 26 1 (0.42) (10.25) 2 (0.05) (13.75) 5 29.61 kN/m2 ■

Example 8.8
Divide the mat shown in Figure 8.14 into three strips, such as AGHF (B1 5 5.25 m),
GIJH (B1 5 10 m), and ICDJ sB1 5 5.25 md. Use the result of Example 8.7, and
determine the reinforcement requirements in the y direction. Here, fc9 5 20.7 MN/m2,
fy 5 413.7 MN/m2. Note: All column loads are factored loads.

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 383

Solution
Determination of Shear and Moment Diagrams for Strips:
Strip AGHF:
31 1 29.61
Average soil pressure 5 qav 5 qsat Ad 1 qsat Fd 5 5 30.305 kN/m2
2
Total soil reaction 5 qav B1L 5 (30.305) (5.25) (27.5) 5 4375 kN

load due to soil reaction 1 column loads

Average load 5
2
4375 1 5100
5 5 4737.5 kN
2
So, modified average soil pressure,

4737.5 4737.5
qavsmodifiedd 5 qav 1 4375 2
5 s30.305d
4375
5 32.81 kN/m2 1 2
The column loads can be modified in a similar manner by multiplying factor
4737.5
F5 5 0.929
5100
Figure 8.16 shows the loading on the strip and corresponding shear and moment
diagrams. Note that the column loads shown in this figure have been multiplied by

511 kN 1858 kN 1858 kN 511 kN

0.25 m 0.25 m

A F

172.25 kN/m

1082.31 775.69 467.94

43.06
Shear (kN)
43.06

467.94
775.69

1082.31

2770.53 2770.53 2771

5.38 5.38
1025.22
Moment (kN-m) Figure 8.16 Load, shear,
and moment diagrams for
630.08 630.08 strip AGHF

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 384 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

F 5 0.929. Also the load per unit length of the beam is equal to B1qav(modified) 5
(5.25)(32.81) 5 172.25 kN/m.
Strip GIJH: In a similar manner,

qsat Bd 1 qsat Ed 26.68 1 25.31

qav 5 5 5 26.0 kN/m2
2 2
Total soil reaction 5 (26)(10)(27.5) 5 7150 kN
Total column load 5 5320 kN

7150 1 5320
Average load 5 5 6235 kN
2
6235
qavsmodifiedd 5 s26d 171502 5 22.67 kN/m 2

6235
F5 5 1.17
5320

The load, shear, and moment diagrams are shown in Figure 8.17.
Strip ICDJ: Figure 8.18 shows the load, shear, and moment diagrams for this strip.

772 kN 2340 kN 2340 kN 772 kN

0.25 m 0.25 m

B E
226.7 kN/m

1325
1015 715.33

56.67
Shear (kN)
56.67

715.33
1015 990.17

2756 2756

472.3
7.08 7.08
Moment (kN-m)

1119.56 1119.56

Figure 8.17 Load, shear, and moment diagrams for strip GIJH

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 385

519.6 kN 1385.6 kN 1385.6 kN 407 kN

0.25 m 0.25 m

C D
134.55 kN/m

725 550.35
375.7
33.63
Shear (kN)
31.3
485.96
660.6
835.25

1080.91
586.06
4.2
Moment (kN-m)
539.4 **See note below
872.95 2003.2 2003

Figure 8.18 Load, shear, and moment diagrams for strip ICDJ
**Note: In view of the assumption of uniform soil reaction to non-symmetric loading, there is a discrepancy
in the moment values at the right column. As a result, the moment diagram will not “close”. This is ignored
since it is not the governing design moment

Determination of the Thickness of the Mat

For this problem, the critical section for diagonal tension shear will be at the
column carrying 2000 kN of load at the edge of the mat [Figure 8.19]. So

U 5 2000 kN 5 2 MN
d d
b0 5 0.5 11 2 2 1
1 0.5 1
2 2
1 s0.5 1 dd 5 1.5 1 2d

Equations (8.34), (8.35d), (8.35e), and (8.35f) are used to calculate the effective
depth, d, given that: fc9 5 20.7 MN/m2; ␭ 5 1 snormal weight concreted; ␤ 5 1 (square
columns); and ␣s 5 30 sedge columnd. Note that the maximum value of d is selected
as the design value and it corresponds to the minimum value of Vc obtained from
equations (8.35d), (8.35e), and (8.35f).

1 2
Vc 5
6 1
11
␤
␭Ïfc9 b0 d 2 (8.35d)

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 386 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

2000 kN
Column load

Edge
of mat

0.5 1 d

0.5 1 d
2 Figure 8.19 Critical perimeter column

1 2
25
6 1 2
1 1 s1dÏ20.7s1.5 1 2ddsdd
1
2d 1 1.5d 2 0.8793 5 0
2

So, d 5 0.387 m.
1 ␣sd
Vc 5
12
21 1
b0
␭Ïfc9 b0 d 2 (8.35e)

1 s30dsdd
25
12 1
21
1.5 1 2sdd 2
s1dÏ20.7s1.5 1 2ddsdd

34d 2 1 3d 2 5.275 5 0
So, d 5 0.352 m.
1
Vc 5 ␭Ïfc9 b0 d (8.35f)
3
1
2 5 s1dÏ20.7s1.5 1 2ddsdd
3
2d 2 1 1.5d 2 1.318 5 0
So, d 5 0.519 m.
Therefore, the design mat thickness, d 5 0.519 m (ø 20.5 in.)
Assuming a minimum cover of 76 mm over the steel reinforcement and also assuming
that the steel bars to be used are 25 mm in diameter, the total thickness of the slab is
h 5 0.52 1 0.076 1 0.0125 5 0.609 m ø 0.61 m

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 8.8 Structural Design of Mat Foundations 387

The thickness of this mat will satisfy the wide beam shear condition across the three
strips under consideration.
Determination of Reinforcement
From the moment diagram shown in Figures 8.16, 8.17, and 8.18, it can be seen that the
maximum positive moment is located in strip AGHF, and its magnitude is

2771 2771
Mu 5 5 5 527.8 kN { m/m
B1 5.25

Similarly, the maximum negative moment is located in strip ICDJ and its magnitude is

2003 2003
Mu 5 5 5 381.52 kN { m/m
B1 5.25

a
From Eq. (8.36), Mu 5 ␾As fy d 2 1 2
.2
For the positive moment,
a
Mu 5 527.8 5 s␾dsAsd (413.7 3 1000) 0.61 2 1 2 2
␾ 5 0.9. Also, from Eq. (8.37),

As fy
sAsds413.7d
a5 5 23.51As; or As 5 0.0425a
5
0.85fc9b s0.85ds20.7ds1d
a
527.8 5 s0.9d s0.0425ads413,700d 0.61 2 ; or a < 0.0573 m
2 1 2
So, As 5 s0.0425ds0.0573d 5 0.002435 m2/m 5 2435 mm2/m.

Use 25-mm diameter bars at 200 mm center-to-center:

1000
3A provided 5 s491d1 200 2 5 2455 mm /m4
s
2

Similarly, for negative reinforcement,

a
Mu 5 381.52 5 s␾dsAsd s413.7 3 1000d 0.61 2 1 2 2
␾ 5 0.9, As 5 0.0425a

So
a
381.52 5 (0.9) (0.0425a) (413.7 3 1000) 0.61 2 1 2 2
; or a ø 0.0409 m

So, As 5 (0.0409) (0.0425) 5 0.001738 m2/m 5 1738 mm2/m.

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 388 Chapter 8: Mat Foundations

Top steel Bottom steel Top steel

Additional top steel

in strip ICDJ

Figure 8.20 General arrangement of reinforcement

Use 25-mm diameter bars at 255 mm center-to-center:

[As provided 5 1925 mm2]

Because negative moment occurs at midbay of strip ICDJ, reinforcement should be

provided. This moment is

539.4
Mu 5 5 102.74 kN { m/m
5.25

Hence,

a
Mu 5 102.74 5 s0.9ds0.0425ads413.7 3 1000d 0.61 2 1 2 2
;

or a ø 0.0107 m, and
As 5 (0.0107) (0.0425) 5 0.0004547 m2/m 5 455 mm2/m

Provide 16-mm diameter bars at 400 mm center-to-center:

[As provided 5 502 mm2 ]

For general arrangement of the reinforcement, see Figure 8.20. ■

Problems
8.1 Determine the net ultimate bearing capacity of mat foundations with the following
characteristics:

cu 5 2500 lb/ft2, ␾ 5 0, B 5 20 ft, L 5 30 ft, Df 5 6.2 ft

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.