Hypothesis:

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The microscope was first built in 1595 by Hans and Zachanas Janssen (1588-1631). Later it
was perfected in the 17th century in several countries, including by Robert Hooke in England
but notably by a Dutch man, Anton van Leuwenhoek (1632-1723). Some specimen needs to
be stained before putting under the light microscope in order to have a clear observation. The
stain can enter the cell wall and highlight the different parts in a cell and it helps to
differentiate between live and dead cells. There are two fundamentals microscope; light
microscope which uses light radiation and secondly the electron one which uses electron
radiation to view specimen. The different components of the microscope are described as
follows:

Ocular/ Eyepiece

It forms part of the optical system and converts the real enlarged -intermediate - image from
the objective into an enlarged -virtual image.

Lens tube

It holds the eyepiece by connecting to it.

Objective revolver

It contains different objective lenses with a specific magnification such as 4*, 10*, 40*, and
100*

Objective lens

It collects light rays that are reflected from the observed object.

Stand

It is connected with all the components and it holds them together.

Clip

It serves as a holder for the object plate and prevent it to move.

Microscope stage

One can place the object plate with the cover glass on it .By shifting the plate the observer
can choose the part to be viewed.

Fine focus

It regulates the distance between the object and the objective to achieve necessary sharpness.

1
Luminous-field

Can adjust the diameter of the light ray from the light source.

Light source

It illuminates the object evenly.

Base

It guarantees the necessary stability of the microscope.

Figure 1.0: The basic parts of a light microscope.

Microscopy is used by scientists and health care professionals for many purposes, including
diagnosis of infectious diseases, identification of microorganisms in environmental samples
(including food and water), and determination of the effect of pathogenic microbes on human
cells. Cells that have a nucleus and other organelles are eukaryotic; bacterial cells do not have
these intracellular structures—they are prokaryotic. Some types of cells (plants, algae and
some bacteria) are photosynthetic that is they are capable of using light energy to make
organic compounds from inorganic materials. By making proper use of light microscope, all
these different types of cells can be visualised and compared.

1.1 Objectives

1) To understand component parts of the compound microscope and to use it carefully.

2) To be able to use the microscope to observe cellular morphology stained slide

preparations.

2.0 Methodology

2.1 Materials and Apparatus

Prepared slides of microorganisms,
Compound microscope,
Lens paper,
Immersion oil.
Procedures

2.2 Focussing the light microscope to observe the prepared microscope slides.

1) The slide with the specimen was placed on the stage in between stage clip. The objective
lens was first at low power x10.
2) The power objective was adjusted as close to the specimen without touching it.
3) The eyepiece lens was looked through and focused upward until a sharp image was
obtained which was made possible by the use of the fine adjustment knob.
4) The light source was routinely adjusted.
5) Once the specimen was observed at the low power, the slide was then observed under
oil immersion objective.
6) The same procedures were repeated for all the nine remaining slides.
3.0 Observations and Results

Spirogyra conjugation Penicillium

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

Erwinia Amylovora Erwinia tracheiphila

Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4

Erwina carotovora

Figure 1.5

4.0 Discussion

The use of the microscope has allowed to view many bacterial cells which mostly are
pathogenic, the above images which was stained with a specific dye were clearly visible.
Figure 1.1 shows the bacteria spirogyra conjugation which is a green algae, from the
image it can be seen that the cells are long, spiral in shape. The internal structure of the
cell look like spiral ribbon shape. Figure 1.2 shows Penicillium, they produce septate
and look very small, oval shape that are concentrated forming chain. Figure 1.3 shows
Erwina Amylovora which is rod-shaped and filamentous. Figure 1.4 shows Erwinia
tracheiphilia is also rod shaped bacteria, some cells look larger than others. Figure 1.5
shows Erwinia carotovora which is rod shaped, the cells aggregate forming long chains
which are closely packed together. Some cell stained darker than others precisely their
cell wall which absorbed the dye used.

5.0 Conclusion
https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073031216/student_v
iew0/exercise2/the_importance_of_microscopes.html

https://sciencing.com/reason-staining-specimen-microscope-
5366849.html

https://light-microscope.net/en/structure-of-microscopes

Cambridge International AS and A Level BiologyCoursebook.pdf

http://faraamaalina.blogspot.com/2016/03/microscopy.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2695793

http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/Kbase/crop/Type/e_trach.htm

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC385998/figure/
F2/