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infectous disease K
-Disease caused by a vius, bacterium,
fungus, or protest that is spread from an kidney bean
infected organism ot the environment to
another organism.
- shaped urinary system organ that is made lymph node
up of about 1 million nephrons and filters - Bean-shaped organ found throughout the
blood, producing urine. body that filters out microorganisms and
Kingdom foreign materials taken up by the
- First and largest category in the scientific lymphocytes.
classification system of groups: phylum, lymphatic system
class, order, family, genus, and species. - Carries lymph through a network of lymph
capillaries and vessels and drains it into
L large veins near the heart; helps fight
Larynx infections and diseases.
- Airway to which the vocal cords are Lymphocyte
attached - A type of white blood cell that fights
law infection.
- A scientific statement about how things
happen in nature and that seems to be true
at all times. M
Lichen Mammals
- Organism made up of a fungus and a - Endothermic vertebrates that have hair,
green alga or a cyanobacterium. teeth specialized for eating certain foods,
Ligament and whose females have mammary glands
- Tough band of tissue that holds bones that produce milk for feeding their young.
together at joints. mammary glands
limiting factor - Milk-producing glands of female
- Anything that can restrict the size of a mammals used to feed their young.
population, including living and nonliving Mantle
features of an ecosystem, such as predators - Thin layer of tissue that covers a mollusk's
or drought. body organs; secretes the shell or protects
long day plant the body of mollusks without shells.
- Plant that generally requires short nights-- marsupial
less than ten to 12 hours of darkness--to - A mammal with an external pouch for the
begin the flowering process. development of its immature young.
mechanical digestion
- Breakdown of food through chewing,
Lymph mixing, and churning.
- Tissue fluid that has diffused into the Medusa
capillaries.
- Cnidarian body type that is bell-shaped - Disease, such as cancer, diabetes, or
and freeswimming. asthma, that is not spread from one person
meiosis to another.
- Reproductive process that produces four nonrenewable resources
haploid sex cells from one diploid cell and - Natural resources, such as petroleum,
ensures offspring will have the same minerals, and metals, that are used more
number of chromosomes as the parent quickly than they can be replaced by natural
organisms. processes.
melanin Nonvascular plant
- Pigment produced by the epidermis that - Plant that absorbs water and other
protects skin from sun damage and gives substances directly through its cell walls
skin and eyes their color. instead of through tubelike structures.
menstrual cycle notochord
- Hormone-controlled suited to their - Firm but flexible structure that extends
environment are more likely to survive and along the upper part of a chordate's body.
reproduce; includes concepts of variation, nuclear energy
overproduction, and competition. - Energy produced from the splitting apart
of billions of uranium nuclei by a nuclear
N fission reaction.
nervecord Nucleus
– Tubelike structure above the notochord - Organelle that controls all the activities of
that in most chordates develops into the a cell and contains hereditary material
brain and spinal cord. made of proteins and DNA.
Neuron Nutrients
- Tiny filtering unit of the kidney. - Substances in foods-- proteins,
Niche carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and
- In an ecosystem, refers to the unique water--that provide energy and materials
ways an organism survives, obtains food for cell development, growth, and repair.
and shelter, and avoids danger.
nitrogen cycle O
- Model describing how olfactory cell
nitrogen fixing bacteria - Nasal nerve cell that becomes stimulated
- Bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air by molecules in the air and sends impulses
into forms that can be used by plants and to the brain for interpretation of odors.
animals. omnivore
noninfectious disease
- Animal that eats plants and animals or - Monthly process in which an egg is
animal flesh. released from an ovary and enters the
open circulatory system oviduct, where it can become fertilized by
- Blood circulation system in which blood sperm.
moves through vessels and into open Ovule
spaces around the body organs. - In gymnosperms, the female reproductive
Organ part that produces eggs and food-storage
- Structure, such as the heart, made up of tissues.
different types of tissues that all work ozone depletion
together. - Thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by
Organelles chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) leaking into the
- Structure in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic air and reacting chemically with ozone,
cell that can act as a storage site, process breaking the ozone molecules apart.
energy, move materials, or manufacture P
substances. Parasitism
organic compounds - A type of symbiotic relationship in which
- Compounds that always contain hydrogen one organism benefits and the other
and carbon; include carbohydrates, lipids, organism is harmed.
proteins, and nucleic acids.
organism passive immunity
- Any living thing; uses energy, is made of - Immunity that results when antibodies
cells, reproduces, responds, grows, and produced in one animal are introduced into
develops. another's body; does not last as long as
osmosis active immunity.
- A type of passive transport that occurs Pasteurization
when water diffuses through a cell - Process in which a liquid is heated to a
membrane. temperature that kills most bacteria.
ovary passive transport
- Female reproductive organ that produces - Movement of substances through a cell
eggs and is located in the lower part of the membrane without the use of cellular
body. energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and
ovary facilitated diffusion.
- Female reproductive organ that produces pathogen
eggs and is located in the lower part of the - Disease-producing organism.
body. Periosteum
Ovulation
- Tough, tight-fitting membrane that covers - Food-making process by which plants and
a bone's surface and contains blood vessels many other producers use light energy to
that transport nutrients to the bone. produce glucose and oxygen from carbon
peripheral nervous system dioxide and water.
- Division of the nervous system, made up phylogeny
of all the nerves outside the CNS; connects - Evolutionary history of an organism; used
the brain and spinal cord to other body by scientists to group organisms into
parts. kingdoms.
Peristalsis pioneer species
- Waves of muscular contractions that move - First organisms to grow in a new or
food through the digestive tract. disturbed area; break down rock and build
petroleum soil.
– Nonrenewable resource formed over pistil
hundreds of millions of years, mostly from - Female reproductive organ inside the
the remains of microscopic marine flower of an angiosperm; consists of a sticky
organisms buried in Earth’s crust. stigma, where pollen grains land, and an
pharynx ovary.
– Tube-like passageway for food, liquid, and placenta
air. - A saclike organ in which a placental
embryo develops and that absorbs food and
Phenotype oxygen from the mother's blood.
- Outward physical appearance and placental
behavior of an organism. - A mammal whose offspring develop inside
pheromone a placenta in the female's uterus.
- Powerful chemical produced by an animal Plasma
to influence the behavior of another animal - Liquid part of blood, made mostly of
of the same species. water, in which oxygen, nutrients, and
Phloem minerals are dissolved.
- Vascular tissue that forms tubes that platelet
transport dissolved sugar throughout a - Irregularly shaped cell fragment that helps
plant. clot blood and releases chemicals that help
photoperiodism form fibrin.
- A plant's response to the lengths of pollen grain
daylight and darkness each day. - Small structure produced by the male
Photosynthesis reproductive organs of a seed plant; has a
water-resistant coat, can develop from a
spore, and contains gametophyte parts that Producer
will produce sperm. - Organism, such as a green plant or alga,
Pollination that uses an outside source of energy like
- Transfer of pollen grains to the female the Sun to create energy-rich food
part of a seed plant by agents such as molecules.
gravity, water, wind, and animals. protein
pollutant - Nutrient made up of amino acids that is
- Substance that contaminates any part of used by the body for growth and for
the environment. replacement and repair of body cells.
polygenic inheritance prothallus
- Occurs when a group of gene pairs acts - Small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte
together and produces a specific trait, such plant form of a fern that can make its own
as human eye color, skin color, or height. food and absorb water and nutrients from
Polyp the soil.
- Cnidarian body type that is vaseshaped Protest
and is usually sessile. - One- or many-celled eukaryotic organism
Population that can be plantlike, animallike, or
- All the organisms that belong to the same funguslike.
species living in a community. Protozoan
postanal tail - One-celled, animal-like protist that can live
– Muscular structure at the end of a in water, soil, and living and dead
developing chordate. organisms.
preening Pseudopods
- Process in which a bird rubs oil from an oil - Temporary cytoplasmic extensions used
gland over its feathers to condition them by some protists to move about and trap
and make them water repellent. food.
pregnancy pulmonary circulation
- Period of development-- usually about 38 - Flow of blood through the heart to the
or 39 weeks in humans- -from fertilized egg lungs and back to the heart.
until birth. punctuated equilibrium
- Model describing the rapid evolution that
Primates occurs when mutation of a few genes
results in a species suddenly changing into a
- Group of mammals including humans,
new species.
monkeys, and apes that share
characteristics such as opposable thumbs, punnett square
binocular vision, and flexible shoulders.
- A tool to predict the probability of certain - Light-sensitive tissue at the back of the
traits in offspring that shows the different eye; contains rods and cones.
ways alleles can combine. Rhizoids
R - Threadlike structures that anchor
radial symmetry nonvascular plants to the ground.
- Body parts arranged in a circle around a Rhizome
central point. - Underground stem of a fern.
radioactive element ribosome
- Element that gives off a steady amount of - Small structure on which cells make their
radiation as it slowly changes into a own proteins.
nonradioactive element. RNA
radula - Ribonucleic acid, which carries codes for
- In gastropods, the tonguelike organ with making proteins from the nucleus to the
rows of teeth used to scrape and tear food. ribosomes.
Recessive S
- Describes a trait that is covered over, or
dominated, by another form of that trait Saprophyte
and seems to disappear. - Organism that feeds on dead or decaying
recycling tissues of other organisms.
- Conservatio that is a form of reuse and
requires changing or reprocessing an item Scales
or natural resource
- Hard, thin plates that cover a fish's skin
reflex and protect its body.
- Simple innate behavior, such as sources scientific method
yawning or blinking, that is an automatic - Problem-solving techniques used to
response and does not involve a message to investigate observations that can be made
the brain. about living and nonliving things.
renewable re sedimentary rock
- Natural resources, such as water, sunlight,
- A type of rock, such as limestone, that is
and crops, that are constantly being most likely to contain fossils; formed when
recycled or replaced by nature.
layers of sand, silt, clay, or mud are
Respiration cemented together or minerals are
- Series of chemical reactions used to deposited from a solution.
release energy stored in food molecules. Semen
retina
- Mixture of sperm and a fluid that helps organs, moves bones, forms blood cells, and
sperm move and supplies them with an stores certain minerals.
energy source. smooth muscle
Sessile - Involuntary, nonstriated muscle that
- Describes an organism that remains controls movement of internal organs.
attached to one place during its lifetime. social behavior
Setae - Interactions among members of the same
- Bristlelike structures on the outside of species, including courtship and mating,
each body segment that help segmented getting food, caring for young, and
worms move. protecting each other.
sex linked gene society
- An allele inherited on a sex chromosome; - A group of animals of the same species
can cause human genetic disorders such as that live and work together in an organized
color blindness and hemophilia. way, with each member doing a specific
sexual reproduction job.
- A type of reproduction in which two sex Soil
cells, usually an egg and a sperm, join to – Mixture of mineral and rock particles, the
form a zygote, which will develop into a remains of dead organisms, air, and water
new organism with a unique identity. that forms the topmost layer of Earth’s
Sexually transmitted disease crust and supports plant growth.
- Infectious disease, such as chlamydia, Sori
AIDS, or genital herpes, that is passed from - Fern structures in which spores are
one person to another during sexual produced.
contact. species
short day plant - Group of organisms that share imilar
- Plant that generally requires long nights-- characteristics and can reproduce among
12 or more hours of darkness--to begin the themselves.
flowering process. sperm
skeletal muscle - Haploid sex cells formed in the male
- Voluntary, striated muscle that moves reproductive organs.
bones, works in pairs, and is attached to Spiracles
bones by tendons. - Openings in the abdomen and thorax of
skeletal system insects through which air enters and waste
- All the bones in the body; forms an gases leave.
internal, living framework that provides Spores
shape and support, protects internal
- Haploid cells produced in the synapse
gametophyte stage of a plant that can - Small space across which an impulse
divide by mitosis and form structures or an moves from an axon to the dendrites or cell
entire new plant or can develop into sex body of another neuron.
cells. systemic circulation
spontaneous generation - Largest part of the circulatory system in
- Theory that living things can come from which oxygenrich blood flows to all organs
nonliving things. and body tissues, except the heart and
lungs, and oxygen-poor blood is returned to
sporangium the heart.
- Round spore case of a zygote fungus. T
spore taiga
- Waterproof reproductive cell of a fungus. -World's largest biome located south of the
sporophyte stage tundra between 50 and 60 degrees N
- Plant life cycle stage that begins when an latitude; has long, cold winters,
egg is fertilized by a sperm. precipitation of 35-100 cm each year, cone-
bearing evergreen trees, and dense forests.
Stamen
Taste bud
- Male reproductive organ inside the flower
of an angiosperm; consists of an anther, - Major sensory receptor on the tongue;
where pollen grains form, and a filament. contains taste hairs that send impulses to
the brain for interpretation of tastes.
stomata
temperate rain forest
- Small openings in the surface of most
plant leaves that allow carbon dioxide, – Biome with 200-400 cm of precipitation
water, and oxygen to enter and exit. each year, average temperatures between
stinging cells 9-12 degrees C, and forest dominated by
trees with needle-like leaves.
– Capsules with coiled trigger-like
tendon
structures that help cnidarians capture
food. - Thick band of tissue that attaches bones to
muscles.
Succession
Tentacles
– natural gradual changes in the types of
species that live in an area: can be primary – Arm-like structures that have stinging
or secondary. cells and surround the mouths of most
cnidarians.
Symbiosis
Testis
- Any close relationship between species,
including mutualism, commensalism, and - Male organ that produces sperm and
parasitism. testosterone.
theory
- An explanation of events or things based to the embryo and removes the embryo's
on scientific knowledge resulting from waste products.
repeated observations and tests. ureter
Tissue - Tube that carries urine from urethra -
- Group of similar cells that work together Tube that carries urine from the bladder to
to do one job. the outside of the body.
Toxin Urine
- Poisonous substance produced by some - Wastewater that contains excess water,
pathogens. salts, and other wastes that are not
trachea reabsorbed by the body.
- Air-conducting tube that connects the urinary system
larynx with the bronchi, is lined with - System of excretory organs that rids the
mucous membranes and cilia, and contains blood of wastes, controls blood volume by
strong cartilage rings. removing excess water, and balances
tropical rain forest concentrations of salts and water.
- Most biologically diverse biome; has an Uterus
average temperature of 25 degrees C and - Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ
receives 200-600 cm of precipitation each where a fertilized egg develops into a baby.
year.
Tropism V
- Positive or negative plant response to an vaccination
external stimulus such as touch, light, or -Process of giving a vaccine by mouth or by
gravity. injection to provide active immunity against
tube feet a disease.
- Hydraulic, hollow, thinwalled tubes that vaccine
end in suction cups and enable - Preparation made from killed bacteria or
echinoderms to move. tundra - Cold, dry, damaged particles from bacterial cell walls
treeless biome with less than 25 cm of that can prevent some bacterial diseases.
precipitation each year, a short growing Vaccine
season, permafrost, and winters that can be - A solution made from damaged virus or
six to nine months long.
bacteria particles or from killed or
weakened viruses or bacteria; can prevent,
U but not cure, many viral and bacterial
umbilical cord diseases.
- Connects the embryo to the placenta; Vagina
moves food and oxygen from the placenta
-Muscular tube that connects the lower - Fingerlike projections covering the wall of
end of the uterus to the outside of the the small intestine that increase the surface
body; the birth canal through which a baby area for food absorption.
travels when being born. virus
variable - Extremely tiny piece of genetic material
- In an experiment, the one thing that can that infects and multiplies in host cells;
change. surrounded by a protein coating.
Variation Vitamin
- Inherited trait that makes an individual - Water-soluble or fat-soluble organic
different from other members of the same nutrient needed in small quantities for
species and results from a mutation in the growth, for preventing some diseases, and
organism's genes. for regulating body functions.
vascular plant voluntary muscle
- Plant with tubelike structures that move - Muscle, such as a leg or arm muscle, that
minerals, water, and other substances can be consciously controlled.
throughout the plant.
Vein W
- Blood vessel that carries blood back to the water cycle
heart and has one-way valves that keep - Model describing how water moves from
blood moving toward the heart. Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back
ventricles Two lower to the surface again through evaporation,
-chambers of the heart that contract at the condensation, and precipitation.
same time during a heartbeat. water vascular system
Vertebrae - Network of water-filled canals that allows
– backbones that are joined by flexible echinoderms to move, capture food, give
cartilage and protect a vertabrate’s spinal off wastes, and exchange carbon dioxide
nerve cord. and oxygen.
vertebrate wetland
- Animal with a backbone. – A region that is wet most or all of the
vestigial structure year.
- Structure, such as the human appendix, X
that doesn't seem to have a function and Xylem
may once have functioned in the body of an - Vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels
ancestor. that transport substances, other than sugar,
villi throughout a plant.
Z
zygote
- New diploid cell formed when a sperm
fertilizes an egg; will divide by mitosis and
develop into a new organism.