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Unit VIII - Digestive

Chapter 25

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Co 25
Fig. 25.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Oral cavity

Tongue Parotid
gland
Teeth
Sublingual gland Pharynx

Submandibular
gland Esophagus

Diaphragm

Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Transverse
Bile duct colon

Ascending
colon Descending
colon
Small intestine

Cecum
Appendix Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
Fig. 25.2

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Diaphragm

Esophageal hiatus

Enteric nervous system:

Mucosa: Myenteric plexus


Stratified squamous
epithelium
Submucosal plexus
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Parasympathetic ganglion of
myenteric plexus

Submucosa:
Esophageal gland

Lumen

Muscularis externa:
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
Blood vessels
Serosa
Fig. 25.3

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Greater
omentum
Liver (retracted)

Gallbladder Stomach Transverse


colon
Lesser
omentum
Mesocolon

Greater Descending
omentum colon
Ascending
colon Mesentery
Jejunum

Sigmoid
Small colon
intestine

(a) (b)
Fig. 25.4
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Upper lip

Vestibule Superior
labial
frenulum
Palatoglossal
arch
Hard palate
Palatopharyngeal and palatine
arch rugae

Palatine tonsil

Tongue
Uvula of
soft palate
Lingual frenulum
Salivary duct
orifices:
Sublingual
Submandibular
Inferior labial
frenulum
Lower lip
Fig. 25.5

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Epiglottis
Intrinsic muscles of
the tongue
Lingual Buccinator m.
Root tonsils 1st molar
Palatine Styloglossus m.
tonsil
Terminal
sulcus
Vallate Hyoglossus m.
papillae
Genioglossus m.

Foliate Mandible
papillae
Sublingual gland
Body
Fungiform Submandibular gland
papillae Mylohyoid m.
Hyoid bone

(a) Superior view (b) Frontal section, anterior view


Fig. 25.9
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Parotid
gland
Parotid duct

Tongue
Sublingual
ducts

Masseter
muscle

Submandibular
duct
Lingual
Submandibular frenulum
gland

Sublingual Opening of
gland Mandible submandibular
duct
Fig. 25.10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Mucous acinus Mucous cells

Serous cells

Salivary duct

Serous
Serous demilune
acinus Mixed acinus on mixed
acinus
(a)

Mucous
cells

Serous
demilune
Stroma

Duct

(b)
b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer
Fig. 25.11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1 Oral phase. The tongue forms a food bolus and


pushes it into the laryngopharynx.

2 Pharyngeal phase. The palate, tongue, vocal


cords, and epiglottis block the oral and nasal
cavities and airway while pharyngeal constrictors
push the bolus into the esophagus.

Esophagus

Stomach

3 Esophageal phase. Peristalsis drives the bolus


downward, and relaxation of the lower
esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach.
Fig. 25.12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Diaphragm

Fundic region
Lesser omentum
Cardiac region

Lesser curvature
Body

Pyloric region: Longitudinal


Antrum muscle
Pyloric canal
Circular muscle
Pylorus
Pyloric
sphincter
Oblique muscle

Gastric rugae

Greater curvature

Greater omentum
Duodenum
(a)

Esophagus

Fundus
Lesser curvature Cardiac orifice
Cadiac part

Duodenum
Body
Pyloric part:
Gastric rugae
Pylorus
Pyloric
sphincter
Pyloric
canal
Antrum Greater curvature

(b)

b: ©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray/Don Kincaid, dissections


Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 25.13 Lumen of stomach

Epithelium

Gastric pit

Mucosa

Mucous
neck cell

Mucous cell
Parietal cell
G cell
Lamina Submucosa
propria
Muscularis
mucosae

Chief cell

Lymphatic Lymphatic Artery Vein


vessel nodule
(a) Stomach wall

Mucous neck cell

Parietal cell

Mucous cell

Chief cell

G cell
(d) Gastric pits
(b) Pyloric gland (c) Gastric gland

d: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source


Fig. 25.14

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Blood Parietal cell Lumen of gastric gland

Alkaline
tide

Cl– Cl–

Stomach
acid
K+
HCO3– HCO3– H+
H+–K+ ATPase

CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3


Fig. 25.15

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Parietal cell Removed Dietary


peptide proteins

HCl

Pepsin
(active enzyme)

Chief cell Pepsinogen


(zymogen)
Partially digested
protein

Gastric gland
Table 25.1
Fig. 25.17

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Sensory and Long (vagovagal) reflex:


mental input Sensory fibers
Motor fibers

Vagus nerve Vagus nerve Vagus nerve


Sympathetic nerve
+
Intestinal gastrin + 0
+ +
Histamine Secretin – –
Gastrin
and CCK

+
Short Enterogastric
(myenteric) reflex
reflex

1 Cephalic phase 2 Gastric phase 3 Intestinal phase


Vagus nerve stimulates Food stretches the stomach and Intestinal gastrin briefly stimulates the
gastric secretion even activates myenteric and vagovagal stomach, but then secretin, CCK, and the
before food is swallowed. reflexes. These reflexes stimulate enterogastric reflex inhibit gastric secretion
gastric secretion. Histamine and and motility while the duodenum processes
Key gastrin also stimulate acid and the chyme already in it. Sympathetic nerve
+ Stimulation enzyme secretion. fibers suppress gastric activity, while vagal
– Inhibition (parasympathetic) stimulation of the stomach
is now inhibited.
0 Reduced or no effect
Fig. 25.18
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Dietary protein
Food in stomach
Pepsin Pepsinogen
Pepsin digests dietary protein HCl

Partially digested protein


(oligopeptides and amino acids)
Mucous cell

Parietal cell
Oligopeptides (source of HCl)
directly stimulate
G cells

Chief cell
Food and (source of
partially digested pepsinogen)
protein buffer pH rises
stomach acid (HCl)

G cells secrete gastrin;


Elevated pH gastrin stimulates chief
Stimulates cells and parietal cells
G cells G cell
G cell

Pyloric gland Gastric gland


Fig. 25.19

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sternum

5th rib
Liver

(a) Location Inferior vena cava


Bare area
Caudate lobe Posterior
Right lobe

Left lobe
Falciform
ligament

Round ligament
Porta hepatis:
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper
Bile duct
Anterior

Quadrate lobe
Gallbladder Right lobe
(b) Anterior view (c) Inferior view
Fig. 25.20 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hepatocytes

Bile
canaliculi
Stroma

Central vein

Hepatic triad: Hepatic


Branch of sinusoid
hepatic
portal vein
Branch of
hepatic artery Stroma
proper
Bile ductule

(a)

Stroma
Central vein
Hepatic
Hepatic macrophage
lobule
Branch of
hepatic Hepatocyte
portal vein
Bile ductule
Lymphatic
vessel
Branch Erythrocytes
of hepatic in sinusoid
artery proper
(b) 0.5 mm Endothelial
cells

Fenestration

Sinusoid

Blood flow

(c)

b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer


Fig. 25.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Gallbladder:
Hepatic ducts
Neck
Body
Head
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Bile duct

Accessory Pancreatic duct


pancreatic duct

Duodenum

Minor duodenal Pancreas:


papilla Tail
Body
Circular folds Head
Hepatopancreatic Duodenojejunal
sphincter flexure
Major duodenal
papilla
Jejunum
Hepatopancreatic
ampulla
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Fig. 25.22

Acinar cells

Zymogen
granules

(a)

Stroma

Ducts

Exocrine
acinar cells

Vein

(b) 50 µm
b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer
Fig. 25.23

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin
Trypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase

Trypsin
Enteropeptidase
Table 25.2
Fig. 25.24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Duodenum

Large intestine

Jejunum

Ileum

Ileocecal valve
Fig. 25.25 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Villi

Absorptive cell

Brush border
of microvilli
Capillary network

Goblet cell

Lacteal

Intestinal crypts

(a)
Venule
Arteriole
Lymphaticvessel

Paneth cell

Villi

(c)

Intestinal
crypts
Muscularis
mucosae

Duodenal
glands

Muscularis
externa

Serosa

(b) 0.5 mm

a: © Meckes/Ottawa/Science Source; b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer


Fig. 25.26

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(a) Segmentation (b) Peristalsis


Fig. 25.27
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Starch

Pancreatic
amylase

Maltose and
oligosaccharides
Glucose
Contact digestion
Maltase, dextrinase,
and glucoamylase Absorption
Fig. 25.28
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Epithelial cell of
Core of villus small intestine Lumen of small intestine

Tight junction

Na+ Na+

K+ Glucose

Glucose Fructose Fructose


Fructose Galactose
Galactose Na+

H2O, glucose

Key
Leakage through Facilitated diffusion
tight junction
Symports (SGLT)
Solvent
drag Antiport
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Fig. 25.32
Greater
Right colic omentum
flexure (retracted)

Left colic
flexure
Transverse
colon

Superior Taeniae coli


mesenteric
artery
Mesocolon
Haustrum

Ascending Descending
colon colon

Ileocecal Omental
valve appendages

Ileum

Cecum

Appendix
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum

Anal canal
External anal
sphincter
(a) Gross anatomy

Rectum

Rectal valve

Anal canal

Levator ani
muscle

Hemorrhoidal
veins
Internal anal
sphincter

External anal
sphincter

Anus Anal columns


Anal sinuses

(b) Anal canal


Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 25.33
Impulses from
cerebral cortex

Sensory
fibers

Parasympathetic
motor fibers

1
Stretch
receptors

Voluntary
motor
fibers
Sigmoid
colon
2

Stretch
receptors

Rectum
Anal canal

Internal anal
sphincter
3 External anal
sphincter
4

1 Feces stretch the rectum and stimulate stretch


receptors, which transmit signals to the spinal cord.
2 A spinal reflex stimulates contraction of the rectum.

3 The spinal reflex also relaxes the internal anal sphincter.

4 Impulses from the brain prevent untimely defecation


by keeping the external anal sphincter contracted.
Defecation occurs only if this sphincter also relaxes.
Table 25.3
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Page 987
ALL SYSTEMS
Digestion provides all systems with nutrients in a form usable for cellular metabolism and tissue growth and maintenance.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Liver disease can cause the
Intestinal fluid absorption supports
skin discoloration of jaundice;
blood volume; the liver degrades the
excess dietary fat is deposited
heme from dead erythrocytes; the liver
in dermal and subcutaneous
synthesizes the albumin, most blood-
adipose tissue.
clotting factors, and other plasma
proteins; the liver stabilizes blood
glucose level; the liver and intestinal
epithelium store iron and release it as
needed for hemoglobin synthesis; the
SKELETAL SYSTEM liver secretes erythropoietin, which
Bone deposition and stimulates RBC production.
maintenance depend on
calcium and phosphate LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM
The small intestine is the source
absorption by small
intestine. of lipids transported by lymphatic
vessels; the intestinal mucosa is a
major source of lymphocytes;
acid, enzymes, and lysozyme
provide nonspecific defense
against ingested pathogens;
infants acquire passive immunity
MUSCULAR SYSTEM by intestinal absorption of IgA
The liver promotes recovery from breast milk.
from muscle fatigue by
metabolizing lactic acid RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
generated by the muscles; Contraction of the
the liver and intestinal abdominal muscles
epithelium store iron and pushes the stomach
release it as needed for against the diaphragm
myoglobin synthesis. and aids in forced
expiration.

NERVOUS SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM


Gut–brain peptides produced in The liver synthesizes the urea
the stomach and small intestine excreted by the kidneys; this
stimulate appetite-controlling urea also contributes to the
centers in the brain; chronic osmotic gradient that enables
vomiting or diarrhea can cause the kidneys to concentrate
electrolyte and pH imbalances urine; intestines complement the
that lead to nervous system kidneys in water and electrolyte
dysfunction. reabsorption.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Digestion provides nutrients
The liver degrades hormones for fetal growth; certain
and limits their action; many aspects of egg fertilization
hormones are produced by depend on calcium absorbed
endocrine cells of the stomach, by the small intestine.
intestines, pancreas, and liver.

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