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Chapter 25
Oral cavity
Tongue Parotid
gland
Teeth
Sublingual gland Pharynx
Submandibular
gland Esophagus
Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Transverse
Bile duct colon
Ascending
colon Descending
colon
Small intestine
Cecum
Appendix Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
Fig. 25.2
Diaphragm
Esophageal hiatus
Submucosa:
Esophageal gland
Lumen
Muscularis externa:
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
Blood vessels
Serosa
Fig. 25.3
Greater
omentum
Liver (retracted)
Greater Descending
omentum colon
Ascending
colon Mesentery
Jejunum
Sigmoid
Small colon
intestine
(a) (b)
Fig. 25.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Upper lip
Vestibule Superior
labial
frenulum
Palatoglossal
arch
Hard palate
Palatopharyngeal and palatine
arch rugae
Palatine tonsil
Tongue
Uvula of
soft palate
Lingual frenulum
Salivary duct
orifices:
Sublingual
Submandibular
Inferior labial
frenulum
Lower lip
Fig. 25.5
Epiglottis
Intrinsic muscles of
the tongue
Lingual Buccinator m.
Root tonsils 1st molar
Palatine Styloglossus m.
tonsil
Terminal
sulcus
Vallate Hyoglossus m.
papillae
Genioglossus m.
Foliate Mandible
papillae
Sublingual gland
Body
Fungiform Submandibular gland
papillae Mylohyoid m.
Hyoid bone
Parotid
gland
Parotid duct
Tongue
Sublingual
ducts
Masseter
muscle
Submandibular
duct
Lingual
Submandibular frenulum
gland
Sublingual Opening of
gland Mandible submandibular
duct
Fig. 25.10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Serous cells
Salivary duct
Serous
Serous demilune
acinus Mixed acinus on mixed
acinus
(a)
Mucous
cells
Serous
demilune
Stroma
Duct
(b)
b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer
Fig. 25.11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Esophagus
Stomach
Diaphragm
Fundic region
Lesser omentum
Cardiac region
Lesser curvature
Body
Gastric rugae
Greater curvature
Greater omentum
Duodenum
(a)
Esophagus
Fundus
Lesser curvature Cardiac orifice
Cadiac part
Duodenum
Body
Pyloric part:
Gastric rugae
Pylorus
Pyloric
sphincter
Pyloric
canal
Antrum Greater curvature
(b)
Epithelium
Gastric pit
Mucosa
Mucous
neck cell
Mucous cell
Parietal cell
G cell
Lamina Submucosa
propria
Muscularis
mucosae
Chief cell
Parietal cell
Mucous cell
Chief cell
G cell
(d) Gastric pits
(b) Pyloric gland (c) Gastric gland
Alkaline
tide
Cl– Cl–
Stomach
acid
K+
HCO3– HCO3– H+
H+–K+ ATPase
HCl
Pepsin
(active enzyme)
Gastric gland
Table 25.1
Fig. 25.17
–
Sympathetic nerve
+
Intestinal gastrin + 0
+ +
Histamine Secretin – –
Gastrin
and CCK
+
Short Enterogastric
(myenteric) reflex
reflex
Dietary protein
Food in stomach
Pepsin Pepsinogen
Pepsin digests dietary protein HCl
Parietal cell
Oligopeptides (source of HCl)
directly stimulate
G cells
Chief cell
Food and (source of
partially digested pepsinogen)
protein buffer pH rises
stomach acid (HCl)
Sternum
5th rib
Liver
Left lobe
Falciform
ligament
Round ligament
Porta hepatis:
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper
Bile duct
Anterior
Quadrate lobe
Gallbladder Right lobe
(b) Anterior view (c) Inferior view
Fig. 25.20 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hepatocytes
Bile
canaliculi
Stroma
Central vein
(a)
Stroma
Central vein
Hepatic
Hepatic macrophage
lobule
Branch of
hepatic Hepatocyte
portal vein
Bile ductule
Lymphatic
vessel
Branch Erythrocytes
of hepatic in sinusoid
artery proper
(b) 0.5 mm Endothelial
cells
Fenestration
Sinusoid
Blood flow
(c)
Gallbladder:
Hepatic ducts
Neck
Body
Head
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Bile duct
Duodenum
Acinar cells
Zymogen
granules
(a)
Stroma
Ducts
Exocrine
acinar cells
Vein
(b) 50 µm
b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer
Fig. 25.23
Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin
Trypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase
Trypsin
Enteropeptidase
Table 25.2
Fig. 25.24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Duodenum
Large intestine
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal valve
Fig. 25.25 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Villi
Absorptive cell
Brush border
of microvilli
Capillary network
Goblet cell
Lacteal
Intestinal crypts
(a)
Venule
Arteriole
Lymphaticvessel
Paneth cell
Villi
(c)
Intestinal
crypts
Muscularis
mucosae
Duodenal
glands
Muscularis
externa
Serosa
(b) 0.5 mm
Starch
Pancreatic
amylase
Maltose and
oligosaccharides
Glucose
Contact digestion
Maltase, dextrinase,
and glucoamylase Absorption
Fig. 25.28
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Epithelial cell of
Core of villus small intestine Lumen of small intestine
Tight junction
Na+ Na+
K+ Glucose
H2O, glucose
Key
Leakage through Facilitated diffusion
tight junction
Symports (SGLT)
Solvent
drag Antiport
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 25.32
Greater
Right colic omentum
flexure (retracted)
Left colic
flexure
Transverse
colon
Ascending Descending
colon colon
Ileocecal Omental
valve appendages
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Anal canal
External anal
sphincter
(a) Gross anatomy
Rectum
Rectal valve
Anal canal
Levator ani
muscle
Hemorrhoidal
veins
Internal anal
sphincter
External anal
sphincter
Sensory
fibers
Parasympathetic
motor fibers
1
Stretch
receptors
Voluntary
motor
fibers
Sigmoid
colon
2
Stretch
receptors
Rectum
Anal canal
Internal anal
sphincter
3 External anal
sphincter
4
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Liver disease can cause the
Intestinal fluid absorption supports
skin discoloration of jaundice;
blood volume; the liver degrades the
excess dietary fat is deposited
heme from dead erythrocytes; the liver
in dermal and subcutaneous
synthesizes the albumin, most blood-
adipose tissue.
clotting factors, and other plasma
proteins; the liver stabilizes blood
glucose level; the liver and intestinal
epithelium store iron and release it as
needed for hemoglobin synthesis; the
SKELETAL SYSTEM liver secretes erythropoietin, which
Bone deposition and stimulates RBC production.
maintenance depend on
calcium and phosphate LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM
The small intestine is the source
absorption by small
intestine. of lipids transported by lymphatic
vessels; the intestinal mucosa is a
major source of lymphocytes;
acid, enzymes, and lysozyme
provide nonspecific defense
against ingested pathogens;
infants acquire passive immunity
MUSCULAR SYSTEM by intestinal absorption of IgA
The liver promotes recovery from breast milk.
from muscle fatigue by
metabolizing lactic acid RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
generated by the muscles; Contraction of the
the liver and intestinal abdominal muscles
epithelium store iron and pushes the stomach
release it as needed for against the diaphragm
myoglobin synthesis. and aids in forced
expiration.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Digestion provides nutrients
The liver degrades hormones for fetal growth; certain
and limits their action; many aspects of egg fertilization
hormones are produced by depend on calcium absorbed
endocrine cells of the stomach, by the small intestine.
intestines, pancreas, and liver.
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