The Material Self
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, you are able to:
Develop understanding about material self.
Describe the basic components of material self.
Discuss the influence of media in material
possessions.
Develop qualities of wise buyer.
According to William James, material self is
“the sum total of all that he can call his, not
only his body and his psychic powers, but his
clothes and his house, his wife and children, his
ancestors and friends, his reputation and works,
his lands, and yacht and bank-account.
In other words, a person’s possessions
like the body, family, clothes, money, house, car,
and other tangible objects make up the material
self.
Another component of the material self
is the clothes that people wear.
-Clothes represent the self. The style and brand
of clothes becomes a symbolic significance,
particularly among adolescents.
Apart from clothes, the material
component of the self can include books, bed,
money, car, house and other things that a
person can call his own possession.
Material Possessions
Regardless of how much or how little
material possessions people have, they are
interested in material possessions.
Possessions can be used as status
symbol.
Ex. Cars, house, gadgets, and clothes are the
most valuable possessions because they are the
most visible in the eyes of others. The more
expensive, the more other people are
impressed.
Material possessions can also be a
reflection of hard work and success.
Material possessions can make people
more motivated to work harder to achieve
them. Owning material possessions becomes a
driving force, using the person to seek high level
of achievement.
Defining the self by material
possessions can also contribute to feelings of
well-being, including a sense of personal growth
and purpose or meaning in life. However, lack
or loss of material possessions can be disruptive
to mental health.
People tend to appraise other people through
their material possessions. Thus, the greater the
material possessions, the more one is likely to
attain acceptance, approval and esteem from
other people.
Desire for material possessions also
have negative effects. Materialism is the
importance people give on material
possessions.
Someone with a high level of
materialism is called materialistic. A
materialistic person is excessively concerned
with the acquisition of material possessions.
The strong desire for material
possessions could lead to psychological
dysfunction or impairment in functioning such
as compulsive buying disorder (CBD) which is
characterized by an obsession with shopping
and buying behaviors that causes adverse
consequences.
1. A person’s possessions like the body,
family, clothes, money, house, car, and
other tangible objects make up the
material self.
2. The components of the material self
include the body, clothes, people and
other things that the person calls his.
3. Materialism is the importance people
could give on material possessions.
4. A materialistic person is excessively
concerned with the acquisition of
material possessions.
5. Compulsive buying disorder (CBD)
which is characterized by an obsession
with shopping and buying behaviors.
Spiritual Self
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, you are able to:
1. Demonstrate understanding of the
spiritual self.
2. Explain the importance of spirituality in
one’s life.
 3. Discuss how spirituality is connected to
religion.
4. Describe how spirituality develops.
5. Identify the different spiritual beliefs of
indigenous people in the Philippines.
The spiritual aspect is the inner
essence, the part of the self that connects the
person to the sacred, the supernatural, and the
universe.
The spiritual self enables the person to
experience a feeling of oneness with God and
the universe and gives a deeper purpose or
meaning of one’s life.
Understanding and nurturing the
spiritual self is important as the other aspects of
the self.
The spiritual self develops through
interaction, observation, and imitation.
The family, school, and church play a
very important role in the child’s spiritual
development. Spirituality begins at an early age
but develops throughout life as people
continuously interact in the environment.
Spirituality
The root meaning of spirituality is taken
from the Latin word spiritus, meaning breath or
life force.
Spirituality can be understood as a
search for the sacred, a process through which
people seek to discover, hold on to, and, when
necessary, transform whatever they hold sacred
in their lives.
Spirituality generally refers to meaning
and purpose in one’s life, a search for
wholeness, and a relationship with a
transcendent being.
The term “spirituality” originally
developed in early Christianity. Christians use
the term “Spirit” to describe the Holy Spirit.
In Christian ethics, it is characterized by
reverence, faith, fear, trust, love and admiration
which is intimately connected to God.
Worship is regarded as an essential act
to realize the ultimate meaning of
transcendence and human life.
Acts of worship may include prayer,
reading the bible, attending sacraments, and
doing sacrifices.
Spirituality is connected with religion.
Religion is an organized system of ideas about
the spiritual sphere or the supernatural along
with associated ceremonial practices by which
people try to interpret and/or influence aspects
of the universe otherwise beyond their control.
All religions recognize the importance
of spirituality in one’s life.
One’s spirituality may be expressed
through religion and participation in religious
rituals and ceremonies.
Spirituality and religion fulfill numerous
social and psychological needs, such as the
need to explain human sufferings and death.
Through the practice of religious activities such
as prayers, people may find comfort, security
and stability in times of sufferings, loss,
insecurities, and uncertainties.
The Practice of Animism
Spirituality is often associated with
animism. As the child embodies spiritual beliefs
about God and the sacred; it also includes the
primitive concept about animism.
Animism or the belief that creatures,
objects, and places possess spirits such as
bathala, diwata, duwende, kapre, and aswang.
Some of the indigenous people like the
Mangyans, Ifugaos, and Igorots believe that
spirits influence living things (trees, rocks,
animals) and space in the universe (moutains,
sea, sky).
Despite of all the scientific progress and
technological achievements, existence of
animism still remains.
The practice of animism may also affect
the spiritual self. Among the sources of animism
is ignorance or lack of education especially in
distant and isolated places.
However, one must admit that there
are forces in this world that are unusual and
cannot be explained by science and modern
technology.
Political Self
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, you are able to:
1. Describe the nature, functions, and
origins of political self.
 2. Discuss the role of family, school,
church, peer groups, and media in the
development of political self.
3. Determine the importance of social
interaction in political self.
4. Identify and describe the theoretical
perspectives in the development of
political self.
Politics is a social institution through
which power is acquired and exercised by some
people and groups.
In Aristotle’s work Politics, he describes
the role that politics and the political
community must play in bringing about the
virtuous life in the citizenry.
Citizenship is the most basic
identification with the nation. Citizenship is a
term denoting membership of a citizen in a
political society.
As a citizen, the person enjoys full civil and
political rights, including protection inside and
outside the territory of the State.
Political Self and Identity
The political self is an essential part of
the self because it constitutes knowledge about
the Constitution, government, and governance.
The political self helps in defining the
structure and functions of the government.
One component of the political self is
identity, the person’s understanding of who and
what he or she is. That is, for each person there
must be an understanding of himself or herself.
Origins of Political Self
The family has a hierarchical structure,
which requires that each member performs
their roles.
The family consists of members who
differ in status, obligations, influence, or power.
Traditionally, the father is the most influential
member of the family.
The father acts as the leader and
establishes rules and issue orders to maintain
order in the family.
His role as the leader entails power and
authority. He coordinates with the mother in
helping the children perform certain roles
necessary for a successful family.
From an early age, individuals are
taught to obey and treat parents with respect
and conform to their rules.
The first and foremost duty of the
parents is to educate the children about the
basic values and beliefs. The family directly and
indirectly influence a person’s political
attitudes, views, and beliefs.
The Philippine Constitution thus
recognizes the duty and responsibility of the
parents to educate and train their children to
become good, useful, and worthy citizens of the
country and to prepare them for future
positions, responsibility and leadership.
The Philippine Constitution recognizes
the vital role of schools in indicating among
youth the value of patriotism and nationalism
and encouraging their involvement in public
and civic affairs of the country.
One of the responsibilities of the school
is to teach moral, spiritual, and political values
that will develop the students to become
patriotic and morally upright citizens.
1. Politics is a social institution through
which power is acquired and exercised
by some people and groups.
2. Man is by nature a political animal.
3. The process of learning imbues political
values and beliefs.
4. Politics is a central component of self.
5. In order for governance to work in any
group or society, there must exist a
covenant of mutual trust and respect.
6. According to the social learning theory,
a person can acquire learning through
observation and imitation.
7. 7. Political socialization is viewed as a
lifelong process by which individuals
gain knowledge about politics.
8. 8. The theory of symbolic interaction
suggests that behaviors and products of
communication, meaning, and symbols.
9. 9. Political participation can be defined
as citizens’ actions or activities
influencing politics.
10. 10. Any activity concerning the
government or governance of the state
is an example of political participation.
Digital Self
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, you are able to:
1. Define digital self.
2. Explain the role of mobile phones,
internet, and social networking in
digital self.
3. Identify the Filipino values of social
networking.
4. Explain the role of the government,
school, and church in the prevention of
identity theft, false information, and
fake news.
5. Describe the provisions of Data Privacy
Act of 2012.
The digital self is the aspect of the self
that s expressed or shared to others through
the use of digital technology especially the
internet and social networking.
On networking sites, users normally
disclose personal information such as name,
age, birthdate, address, and contact number.
Some users provide very personal information
about themselves such as likes and dislikes,
hobbies, favorite food, favorite movies, visited
places, relationship status, thoughts and
feelings, and important events in their lives.
Digital Technology
Advancements in computer and
software technologies have reached an
impressive level. These technologies improve
not only very common areas of people’s daily
life, but also areas of education, health, and
production industries.
Forms of technology such as digital
technology includes all types of electronic
equipment and applications that use
information in the form of numeric code.
Digital technology includes the use of
devices that process and use digital information
such as computers and mobile phones.
Forms of digital technology include the
use of mobile phones.
The rise of mobile phones has resulted
in the use of widespread use of internet and
social networking. Internet is a global computer
network in which the users can send and receive
all kinds of information and communication
such as text, graphics, video, and related other
facilities.
Social networking is the use of websites such as
facebook and twitter to interact with other
users. Iqbal, Khan, and Malik suggest that
mobile phones are even more becoming part of
daily life of today’s youth. Digital technology
allows the users to keep in touch, connect with
people, and be updated on the activities and
whereabouts of others.
However, the use of technology limits
the face to face interaction the use of digital
technology limits the use face to face
interaction with others and drawn people away
from meaningful and intimate communication
with families and friends.
Social Networking in the Philippines
Majority of the Filipinos use the
internet primarily for social networking. The
Filipino youth are the biggest users of social
networking in the past few years.
Hechanova and Ortega- Go found that
the use of internet has both positive and
negative outcomes.
The use of social networking can be an
important facility for debates on current issues
in the country such as political issues. It can also
be a facility to express the opinions, needs, and
concerns of the people.
However, it is also through social networking
that identity theft, false information, and fake
news circulate.
The Church, schools, and government in
the Philippines make efforts to prevent and
effectively manage the spread of identity theft,
false information, and fake news in the country.
1. The digital self is the aspect of the self that is
expressed or shared to others through the use
of internet and social networking.
2. The use of technology is essential for
individual survival and for communication with
other people.
3. Forms of technology such as digital
technology includes all types of electronic
equipment and applications that use
information in the form of numeric code.
4. The Philippines has the fastest growing
internet population in the Southeast Asia.
5. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to
cyberbullying, gossips, and talking.
6. To protect the people from invasion of
privacy, Republic Act 10173,, otherwise known
as the Data Privacy Act of 2012 was created.
-One of the objectives of this chapter is to
ascertain what is required for students to have
a deeper understanding of the learning process
and the factors that contribute to learning.
- John Flavell suggests that students
should develop awareness of one’s
thinking and the strategies one is using
to learn. This kind of thinking is called
Metacognition.
3 Ways to Manage and care for the Self
1. Setting goals for success involves
recognizing the factors and developing
strategies that students can doo to
achieve their goals and reach success.
2. Taking charge of one’s health involves
recognizing the factors that cause stress
and developing strategies that students
can do to reduce the effects of stress.
3. Learning to be a better student involves
recognizing the factors and developing
strategies that contribute to learning
such as metacognition and self-
regulation.
Learning to a Better Student
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, you are able to:
1. Explain learning and explain how it
works in humans.
2. Identify the parts of the brain involved
in learning.
3. Describe the importance of
neuroplasticity and its implications to
learning.
4. Discuss the influence of metacognition
and self-regulation in learning.
5. Choose and apply strategies to improve
learning.
-Humans have the capacity to learn new skills
and adapt to new environments.
-Development and learning are powerful agents
of change across the lifespan that induce
structural and functional plasticity in the neural
systems of the brain.
- The ability of the brain to change
happens in two ways. It could be
through an increase in number of
synapses between neurons or a change
in the function and structure of the
neurons.
- -Neurons are the building blocks of the
nervous system that transmit impulses
or messages.
- -Every neuron is made of a cell body
(soma), dendrites, and axon.
- -Neurotransmitters are the
electrochemicals that connect and
allow the transmission of impulses from
one neuron to another neuron.
- The process of neuroplasticity
or changes in the structure and
functions of the neurons in the brain
usually happen in the cerebral cortex
which is the wrinkled layer of the brain.
- The cerebral cortex plays a key
role in human learning, thought,
memory, and language. Although the
brain continues to grow and develop,
the overall number of neurons and
synapses decline with age.
- -Dr. Michael Merzenich suggests that
learning new knowledge and skills
everyday keeps the structures of the
brain changing and increase its ability to
learn.
- Metacognition and Self- Regulated
Learning
- Metacognition is the awareness
of one’s thinking and the strategies one
is using to learn. The ‘meta’ in cognition
refers to higher-order cognition about
cognition.
- Psychologist John Flavell identified two
components of metacognition:
metacognitive knowledge and
metacognitive regulation.
- Metacognitive knowledge includes
knowledge of one’s own cognitive
abilities, knowledge of cognitive tasks,
and knowledge of the strategies to
complete the cognitive tasks.
- Metacognitive regulation refers to how
the individual monitors and control
one’s cognitive process.
- Zimmerman defines self-
regulated learning as the process in
which students systematically direct
their thoughts, feelings, and actions
toward the attainment of their
academic goals.
- Self-regulated learning is a
process of taking control and evaluating
one’s own learning.
General Benefits of Metacognition and Self-
Regulation in Learning:
1. Increase students’ knowledge and
understanding of the subject-matters.
2. Help students to understand the kinds
of information they need to successfully
solve a problem in school.
3. Help students to choose the most
appropriate and useful learning
strategies to improve their learning
capabilities.
4. Help students to organize daily tasks in
school.
5. 5. Help students identify strengths and
weaknesses in their academic
performance.
6. 6. Allows students to learn ideas from
others such as their teachers and
students.
7. 7. Allows students to give and receive
feedback in their own thinking and
performance.
8. 8. Develops autonomy and control
among students.
9. 9. Improve academic performance and
success.
10. 10. Develops high sense of self-efficacy
and self-esteem.
How to develop Metacognitive and Self-
Regulated Learning Behaviors:
1. Set your short-term and long-term
academic goals in your studies. Identify
the negative outcomes if you don’t
achieve your goals as well as the
positive outcomes when you achieve
them.
2. Make a self-help plan to achieve your
academic goals. Think and select
strategies on how to achieve your goals,
which include focusing your attention,
avoiding distractions, and developing
skills to manage your time efficiently.
3. 3. Monitor your academic performance
and progress. Use a chart monitor your
work outcomes. When faced with
difficult tasks, seek social support when
you need it. Look for inspiration to keep
you motivated in achieving your
academic goals. When confronted with
difficulties, always think and keep
working toward your goals and the
future.
4. 4. Reflect on what you have learned
and accomplished. Reflection help you
to develop your strengths and improve
your weaknesses.
Setting Goals for Success
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, you are able to:
1. Know the types of motivation.
2. Identify your short-term and long-term
goals.
3. Understand the importance of goal-
setting.
4. Apply the ways on how to achieve your
goals.
Motivation directs a person’s behavior
toward a particular goal.
-A goal is the object toward which the behavior
is directed, usually within a specified period of
time.
- Goals motivate people to develop
strategies that will enable them to
perform better.
Goals can be classified into two
categories:
- Shot-term goals- goals that can be
achieved in a day, week, or year.
- Long-term goals- Goals that can be
achieved over a year or more.
The Motivational Impact of Self- Efficacy and
Mindset
-Albert Bandura defined self-efficacy as the
people’s belief that they can successfully
perform behaviors that will produce desired
effects.
According to Carol Dweck, there are
two categories of mindset:
1. Fixed Mindset- people believe that
their basic qualities, like their
intelligence or talents, are simply fixed
traits.
Ex. Students worry about making mistakes.
2. Growth Mindset- people believe that their
most basic abilities can be developed through
dedication and hard work.
Students with a growth mindset
understand that mistakes and effort are critical
to learning. They welcome challenges and seek
critical feedback to help them learn.
The Rules of Goal- Setting
1. Set your goals that motivate you. When
you set your goals, it is important that
they are personally important to you.
2. Set SMART(specific, measurable,
attainable, relevant, and time-bound)
goals. Your goals must be clear and well
defined so that you can measure the
degree of your success. Be sure that
your goals are attainable and personally
relevant to you. Your goals must also
have a time frame.
stressful that particular stressor
becomes.
4. 4. People cope up with stress through
problem-focused coping and emotion-
focused coping.
5. 5. People who are high in self-
compassion treat themselves with
kindness, care, and understanding
when they experience stressful events
or situations.

3. Write your goals. Make a chart and

write a list of all the goals you want to
achieve. Prioritize the items on the list,
discard those important, and make
space to all the important and urgent
activities you want to do such as
studying your lessons.
4. Develop an Action Plan for your
future. Write the steps to attain your
life goals.
5. Start working for your life goals.

Taking Charge of One’s Health

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, you are able
to:
1. Understand and explain stress.
2. Discuss the dimensions of stress.
3. Explain how stress affects health.
4. Identify strategies to control stress.
5. Develop your own self-care plan.

1. Stress refers to events that are

perceived as challenging, damaging, or
threatening to one’s physical or
psychological well-being.
2. In order to deal with frustrations,
conflicts, and stress, people sometimes
use unconscious strategies called
defense mechanisms in order to cope
up with pain and deal with stress.
3. Hans Selye suggested that the body
goes through three stages of
phsyiological reactions during stressful
events: alarm, resistance, and
exhaustion. Cognitive psychologist
Richard Lazarus suggest that the way
people think about and appraise a
stressor is am major factor in how