Handbook of Biological Statistics

Drosophila melanogaster

Pgm
Drosophila melanogaster.

Drosophila melanogaster.
 variable X
Armadillidium vulgare,
A. vulgare

AA, Aa, aa
 AA, Aa,
aa

A. vulgare
A. vulgare
Drosophila melanogaster white

Drosophila
 biological
statistical
 exactly
or fewer

IF
after
X Y
Z X Y
 test statistic,

P-
value
 n
k
p
Y k n
or larger than,
Roptrocerus xylophagorum

Cambaroides japonicus

n
n d

n
 Cambaroides japonicus
Pacifastacus leniusculus

Roptrocerus xylophagorum
arbitrarily
p q
p pq q p q

O
E

p
Crassostrea virginica
n d

n
Crassostrea virginica.
p q
p pq q p q
 O
E
O/E O
E O/E
G

p
Crassostrea virginica
Crassostrea virginica.
 Chi-square P-value

Randomization P-value
 Gymnothorax
moringa G. vicinus

G. moringa G. vicinus
Gymnothorax moringa Gymnothorax vicinus
 Gymnothorax
moringa G. vicinus

G. moringa G. vicinus
Gymnothorax moringa Gymnothorax vicinus
Drosophila.
 Ardea herodias
Casmerodius albus
 Adh
Drosophila
 Ardea herodias
Casmerodius albus

Gymnothorax moringa G. vicinus

G. moringa G. vicinus
 G. moringa G.
vicinus
Gymnothorax moringa Gymnothorax vicinus
a n v
a

a
 Lap
Mytilus trossulus

Lap94
94

94 94
94
Lap
 Mytilus
trosulus

direction

Lap
Mytilus trossulus
without
 Lap
Mytilus trossulus M. edulis.
Rhinichthys atratulus,
Mytilus edulis M. trossulus
 not

n
 n n

could

Geochelone nigra hoodensis

n
p n

npq
not
 n a
a na
before looking at the data,
n
not
Mytilus trossulus
Mytilus trossulus
Mytilus
k
must
could
Mytilus trossulus
Mytilus trossulus
a
are
 Platorchestia
platensis Platorchestia platensis.

lentago Enchenopa
g

g
before
Umbra pygmaea
 e

e
e
U H

not
 Bufo americanus,
Rana pipiens, Ambystoma laterale

Crassostrea virginica
Bufo americanus americanus, Rana pipiens,
Ambystoma laterale,

Crassostrea virginica

Crassostrea virginica.
if
 less

Usnea longissima

Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
 Drosophila
melanogaster
MSgroup/MSwithin

MSgroup/MSsubgroup
Usnea longissima
not
Platorchestia platensis
Platorchestia platensis
Euscepes postfasciatus
 array1,
array2, tails, type array1 array2
tails type
mean

smaller
Melagris gallopavo
 Orchestia grillus

Mytilus trossulus
 Orchestia grillus

fast
Mpi Pgm
 both
and
and
causes
does
 Hyla versicolor

Onchomys
leucogaster
a b

n
 r2

intercept

P-value
slope

Hyla versicolor.
Fregata magnificens
Spearman correlation coefficient
P-value
b

a
Passer domesticus
Gopherus polyphemus
j
linear r-sq
quadratic r-sq
 Hyla chrysoscelis,
Hyla versicolor H. chrysoscelis

Hyla chrysoscelis H.
versicolor,

Photinus
ignitus,

Photinus ignitus.
 Alligator
mississipiensis
slope P-value

intercept P-value
Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis
a

standard
d e n
Rhinichthys cataractae
predict
against
Megalorchestia californiana,
Megalorchestia californiana
Campostoma anomalum
P-value
Megalorchestia californiana
if not

one
 m
Q

Crassostrea
virginica
Crassostrea virginica
Journal of Fingernail Science

Science Nature
i
 Y
Ys

e y
Y
 e Y
Y
Y

Y D

A B
 Y

S K
P
S
S

Y
df

assuming you know the population standard deviation.

 Y
df1 df2

X type
type

Y
d tails
not
Ignore
outside
Ignore

outside
not
Mytilus trossulus

Mytilus
trossulus
italics
 practice.sas practice.sas
control

filename

filename

oldname newname
practice.sas practice.lst
oldname
practice.sas
newname
practice.lst

oldname
oldname newname
newname
filename

directoryname

sasfiles sasfiles
directoryname

directoryname
filename.sas
filename
dataset