Introduction to Civil Aviation

(AVM 101)

Dr.Savaş MUTLU
Week-4

1
World Aviation History

2
 Aviation History

From the dawn of history, the human mind has

explored alternative ways to fly.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.1
3
 Aviation History

According to Greek mythology, Daedalus and his

son Icarus created wings of feather-held together
with wax-to fly out of a prison on the Isle of Crete.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.1 4

 Aviation History

During the sixteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci

explored the concept of flapping wings.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.1

5
 Aviation History

In eighteenth-century, 5 June 1783, Annonay/France, the

Montgolfier brothers used the principle of rising smoke to
design and construct the first hot air balloon of 800 cubic-
meters, 10 min.flight, 1500 mt. altitude

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 6

 Aviation History

Aerodynamic balloon of Germany and Kont

Ferdinand Von Zeppelin hydrogen filled guided
ballooon. First Zeppelin L.Z.1 02 July 1900, South
Germany to Switzerland over Constance Lake.
7
 Aviation History

The Hindenburg disaster occured on May 6, 1937, as the

German passenger airship LZ129 Hindenburg caught fire
and 35 of 97 on board died in New Jersey, USA.

Ref:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster
8
 Aviation History

Toward the end of the 1800’s, Otto Lilienthal of Germany

began to construct gliders. He died in a flight in 09 August
1896 falling from 15 meters.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.1
9
 Aviation History

The first succesful controlled, heavier-than-air, power driven

flight by the Wright brothers in 17 December 1903 at Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina (276 kg., 2 propellers, wingspan 13
mt., double-wing, 12 sec. flight, 37 mt. distance, 70
cm.flight altitude. Name of airplane was “Flyer”. 10
Aviation History

11
 Aviation History

Louis Bleriot’s flight accross the English channel

in 1909.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.2
12
 Aviation History

The most meaningful interest in the powered

airplane emerged during World War I, when
governments began to appreciate the value of
airplanes for military purposes.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.2
13
 Aviation History

Charles Lindbergh’s 1927 transatlantic flight from

New York to Paris, 3600 miles, less than 35 hours
greatly accelerated the public’s acceptance of air
travel.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.4
14
 Aviation History
The Paris Convention of 1919 established the
basic international law regarding commercial
aviation-that is, that every nation has complete
and exclusive sovereignty over the space above
its territory- and instituted the International
Commisssion for Air Navigation, which, as the
predecessor of the current International Civil
Aviation Organisation (ICAO).

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.5

15
 Aviation History

In the area of commercial air transportation, six

European nations in 1919 jointly created an
organization called the International Air Traffic
Association (IATA), whose mission as to make
international air transportation convenient and
more acceptable to passengers by standardizing
the international system (e.g. establishment of the
standard airline ticket).
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.5
16
 Aviation History

In 1929, more than sixty countries ratified the

Warsaw Convention, which went into effect in
1933. This convention prescribed that an air
carrier be held liable for damages for death and
injury to passengers and loss or damage to
baggage and goods.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.5

17
 Aviation History

In 1933, The Boeing Airplane Company

introduced Boeing 247, widely considered the
first “modern” transport airplane.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.7

18
 Aviation History

The Boeing 247 was a twin-engine, all metal,

low-wing aircraft, capable of comfortably
transporting ten passengers and 400 pounds of
cargo at a cruising speed of 150 nautical miles
per hour.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.7 19
 Aviation History

Trans World Airlines (TWA) gave Douglas Aircraft

Corporation the contract to build the DC-1
(A twelve passanger, 150 mile-per-hour airplane
with nonstop range of 1000 miles).
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.7 20
 Aviation History

The prototype DC-1 also flew in 1933, just a few

months after the Boeing 247. TWA made a few
changes to the prototype and placed an order for
twenty DC-2’s.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.7 21
 Aviation History

In 1936 the DC-3, with capacity of twenty-one passengers

and a cruise speed of almost 200 nautical miles per hour,
became the first airplane to be operated profitably (due to its
higher productivity-higher speed and higher capacity) by
transporting only passengers.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.7 22
 Aviation History

This airplane was so popular among commercial and

government users that more than ten thousand DC-3’s
were produced, including the version used by the U.S. Air
Force, the “C-47”, and that used by the Royal air Force,
the “Dakota”.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.7 23
 Aviation History

Through the mid-1930’s, substantial progress as

also made by the general aviation industry. The
british firm de Havilland pioneered the private
airplane with the development of de Havilland
Moth in 1925.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.10

24
 Aviation History

In the U.S. the Travel Air Manufacturing

Company- started by Walter Beech and Clyde
Cessna-as producing %25 of all commercial
airplanes toward the end of 1920’s.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.10

25
 Aviation History

End of 1920’s William Piper introduced the J-3

Piper Cub, a single-engine, high wing aircraft that
became the most widely accepted airplane for
training pilots.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.10 26
 Aviation History

Wiley Post, made an around-the-world, 16.000

miles solo flight in 1933 in a Lockheed Vega
monoplane, the Winnie Mae, in 115 hours.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.10 27
 Aviation History

When one of the first airports opened at Croydon,

England, in 1920, the first air traffic controller as a
man using flags at the end of runways. This
rudimentary system was replaced in due course
by light guns, and in 1930 the first radio-equipped
control tower was established at the Cleveland
airport in the United States.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.10

28
 Aviation History

The Second World War was responsible for the

rapid advancement in airplane technology and in
the aviation infrastructure.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.12
29
 Aviation History

The most radical technological breakthrough as the

introduction of jet engine.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.12 30

 Aviation History

The war effort also led to technical refinements in

other areas of aviation, including radio
communications, navigational aids, instrument flying
and airport facilities.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.13 31

 Aviation History
After the war, some major changes occured in the
air transportation industry:
• The development of helicopters,
• Better general aviation airplanes,
• Larger, longer-range, and faster commercial
airplanes,
• The large-scale development of airports,
• The expansion of existing national airlines.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.13

32
 Aviation History

The first turbojet airplane is “Heinkel 178” in 1939

and the first turboprop airplane is “Vickers
Viscount”.
33
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.37
 Aviation History

In september 1939, Igor Sikorsky, under the

sponsorship of United Aircraft Corporation,
developed and flew the VS-300.
34
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.16
 Aviation History

In 1944, fifty-four nations sent representatives to

the Chicago Conference to establish an
international convention whose objective as to set
out general rules under which international air
transport services could be operated.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.16

35
 Aviation History

Towards the end of WWII, 52 states attended the

Chicago Conference to discuss the future
development of civil aviation and to promote co-
operation between nations.

Ref: EASA JAR Studies, Air Law & ATC Procedures, p.1-3
36
 Aviation History

In 1945, the International Air Transport

Association (IATA) was formally established by
the airlines.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.17

37
 Aviation History

In 1958, American jet airplane-the Boeing 707-

started to commercial service, and later the DC-8.
Year 1958 is referred as the year of jet revolution.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.19

38
 Aviation History

After 1958, corporate executives began to enjoy

the benefits of company-owned business jets.
Grumman Aircraft introduced the Gulfstream 1.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21

39
 Aviation History

Gulfstream 1 is powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart

turboprops and had a capacity of nineteen
passengers, a range exceeding 2500 miles, and a
cruise speed of 350 miles per hour.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21 40
 Aviation History

Lockheed introduced its JetStar, powered by four

turbojet engines.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21
41
 Aviation History

William Lear, introduced the prototype Learjet in

1963.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21
42
 Aviation History

British Aerospace introduced the eight-passanger

BAe-125 jet.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21
43
 Aviation History

French manufacturer Dassault-Breguet brought

out the Falcon-20.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21

44
 Aviation History

The introduction of jets did, however, present

new challenges for airports and airlines.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21

45
 Aviation History
First, airports found themselves with inadequate
facilities to accommodate jets, particularly larger
ones.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21

46
 Aviation History

The length of runways, the width of taxiways, and

the capacity of fuel storage systems were
insufficient to meet the requirements of many jet
operations.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21 47
 Aviation History

Second, inasmuch as the earlier jets were noisy,

people living near airports complained bitterly
about the sudden intrusion of roaring engines.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.21
48
 Aviation History

In 1962, France and Britain signed an

aggreement to jointly develop the Concorde
airplane capable of cruising at an altitude of
50.000 feet and a speed of Mach 2.2 (Twice the
speed of sound-supersonic), or almost 1.500
miles per hour with 125 pax onboard.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, P.22 49
 Aviation History

The Soviets were developing a similar plane, The

Tupolev TU-144, the protype of which made its
first flight on December 31, 1968, and became
the first SuperSonic Transport (SST) to fly in
commercially scheduled service.
50
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.22
 Aviation History

The Concorde made it through the certification

process and entered into scheduled service, but not
until 1976 (First flight March 2, 1969). The lenghty
delay stemmed primarly from environmental protests
over the airplane’s excessively noisy engines (i.e
high noise footprint).
51
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.22
 Aviation History

In 1964, Boeing delivered its 130 passenger 727,

a three-engine, three-flight deck crew (Pilot, co-
pilot and flight engineer) airplane.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.24
52
 Aviation History

As was the case earlier with DC-3, the Boeing

727’s economics and versatility made it extremely
popular with the airlines.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.24 53
 Aviation History

In 1965, Douglas delivered its 90-passenger DC-9

airplane with two engines and a two-person flight
deck crew. The MD-80 family of airplanes are
descendants of the original DC-9 design.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.24
54
 Aviation History

In 1968, Boeing delivered its 115-pax, twin-engine,

two flight-deck crew, initially a short-range airplane.
More advanced versions of the Boeing 737 are still
being produced.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.24 55
 Aviation History

Next came the wide-body airplanes, so called

because of their twin aisles and up-to-ten abreast
seating in the coach section.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.25 56
 Aviation History

Boeing’s product as Boeing 747, four engine, long-

range airplane with a capacity of 365 passengers in
mixed-class seating.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.25 57
 Aviation History

Douglas and Lockheed designed the three-engine,

wide-body DC-10 and L-1011 to meet the needs of
domestic carriers.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.25 58
 Aviation History

In the late 1960’s Airbus Industrie formed by

England, France and Germany and launched the
A-310 to compete with the Boeing 767/757.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.25 59
 Aviation History

In 1970, the Boeing 747 was introduced on the

New York-London route, and in 1971 the DC-10
began service on the Chicago-Los Angeles route.
The L-1011 as placed in scheduled service the
following year.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.25

60
 Aviation History

In Europe, Airbus Industrie introduced the A-300,

a twin-engine, 250 passanger, wide-body airplane.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.25
61
 Aviation History

In 1978 Airline Deregulation Act (ADA) has

passed in United States of America.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.28

62
 Aviation History

Lockheed stopped producing commercial jet

airplanes in 1981. With the fuel crisis,
manufacturers focused on fuel efficient airplanes.
They have also been striving to build airplanes
that are more comfortable, that alleviate noise
problems, and that have greater range.

Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.31

63
 Aviation History

It is estimated that the start-up cost for a new-

generation commercial jet airplane can exceed
$3 billion, engine development costs alone are
almost $2 billion.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.32 64
 Aviation History

Consequently, the large investment and the

inherent risks have led manufacturers to stretch
production runs of popular models as the Boeing
737.
Ref: Taneja, 1989, p.32 65
 Boeing 737-600/700/800 Specifications

Number of Seats: 123 / 141 / 189

Max Take-Off Weight (MTOW): 59.9 / 69.4 / 79 tons
Length : 31.2 / 33.6 / 39.5 mt.
Wingspan : 34.3 / 35.8 / 35.8 mt.
Cruising Speed : 840 km per hour (530 mph)
Range : 2400 /4400 / 4200 km.
Fuel Consumption : 0.038 / 0.032 / 0.028 liters per
seat / km.
Ref: Scandinaviantraveller.com/August 2017 66
 Aviation History

A320 first flight on 22 Feb 1987. First airliner to fly

with full digital, computer-driven fly-by-wire controls
and side-stick controller.
Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 67
 Airbus A319 / A320 / A321 Specifications

Number of Seats: 141 / 168 / 198

Max Take-Off Weight (MTOW): 66 / 75.5 / 89 tons
Length : 33.8 / 37.6 / 44.5 mt.
Wingspan : 34.1 mt.
Cruising Speed : 840 km per hour (530 mph)
Range : 3100 / 3900 / 3800 km.
Fuel Consumption : 0.033 / 0.029 / 0.029 liters per
seat / km.
Ref: Scandinaviantraveller.com/August 2017 68
 Aviation History

Antonov AN-225 “Mriya”, MTOW 640.000 kg,

6 engine, 6 crew, had first flight on 21 December
1988.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 69

 Aviation History

Boeing 737 becomes the world’s best-selling

jetliner in 28 March 1990.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 70

 Aviation History

First flight of Airbus A 340 in 25 October 1991.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 71

 Airbus A 340 Specifications

Number of Seats: 247

Max Take-Off Weight (MTOW): 275 tons
Length : 63.7 mt.
Wingspan : 60.3 mt.
Cruising Speed : 875 km per hour (545 mph)
Range : 12800 km.
Fuel Consumption : 0.039 liters per seat / km.

Ref: Scandinaviantraveller.com/August 2017 72

 Aviation History

Airbus A 330-300 the world’s largest twin-engine

widebody airplane flies for the first time in 02
November 1992.
Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 73
 Airbus A 330 Specifications

Number of Seats: 266

Max Take-Off Weight (MTOW): 242 tons
Length : 63.7 mt.
Wingspan : 60.3 mt.
Cruising Speed : 875 km per hour (545 mph)
Range : 10400 km.
Fuel Consumption : 0.032 liters per seat / km.

Ref: Scandinaviantraveller.com/August 2017 74

 Aviation History

First flight of Boeing 777 twinjet on 12 June 1994.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 75
 Aviation History

Concorde round the world flight record 31 hours 27

minutes on 16 August 1995.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 76

 Aviation History

Boeing 737-800 makes its first flight on 31 July

1997.
Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 77
 Aviation History

McDonnell Douglas and Boeing merger on August

1997.

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas#1990.E2.80931997 78
 Aviation History

Terrorist attacks in United States of America on 11

September 2001.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 79

 Aviation History

Concorde made its last commercial flight on

October 24, 2003 Londra to New York.

Ref: İnger, Erk, 2016, Eğlenceli Bilim Dergisi 80

 Aviation History

Although outside air temperature is -56o C at flight

altitude (18.200 mt.), titanium airframe temperature
reaches up to 92o C at the body and 130o C at
nose. So, 63 mt. length of airplane expand 15-25
cm. because of heat.
Ref: İnger, Erk, 2016, Eğlenceli Bilim Dergisi 81
 Aviation History

Embraer E190 first flight on 12 March 2004.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 82

 Aviation History

Embraer E195 first flight on 07 December 2004.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 83

 Aviation History

Airbus A380, double deck, wide body, 4 engine, all

economy-853, 3 class-525 passenger aircraft, first
flight on 27 April 2005.
Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 84
 Aviation History

Airbus A380 one hour flight cost is 29.000 USD

(Fuel 17.467 USD). Commanding Officer’s salary is
about 300.000 USD/year (80 hours flight/ Month).
Ref: http://m.airkule.com/default.asp?page=yazar&yaziid=1217 85
 Aviation History

First Airbus A380 delivery to Singapore Airlines on

15 October 2007.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 86

 Aviation History

Boeing 787 Dreamliner, twin engine, widebody,

3 class-242/335 passenger airplane makes its first
flight on 09 December 2009.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 87

 Aviation History

All Nippon Airways (ANA) first over passenger

flight of Boeing 787 on 27 October 2011.

Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 88

 Aviation History

Airbus A 350, twin engine, wide body, 280-366

passenger airplane (Fuel efficient and rival for
B787 and B777) entered service in Qatar Airways
on 15 January 2015.
Ref: Iatrou, 2014, 100 years of Commercial Aviation 89
 Airbus A 350 Specifications

Number of Seats: 300

Max Take-Off Weight (MTOW): 268 tons
Length : 66.9 mt.
Wingspan : 64.8 mt.
Cruising Speed : 910 km per hour (570 mph)
Range : 13800 km.
Fuel Consumption : 0.027 liters per seat / km.

Ref: Scandinaviantraveller.com/August 2017 90

 Aviation History

The first Airbus A 320 NEO (New Engine Option)

was delivered to Lufthansa January 2016. A 320
NEO per-seat fuel burn saving 20 %, additional
range, reduced engine noise and lower emissions.
Ref: www.airbus.com/aircraftfamilies/passengeraircraft/a320family/spotlight-on-a320neo/
91
 Airbus A 320 Neo Specifications

Number of Seats: 174

Max Take-Off Weight (MTOW): 77 tons
Length : 37.6 mt.
Wingspan : 35.8 mt.
Cruising Speed : 840 km per hour (530 mph)
Range : 4600 km.
Fuel Consumption : 0.024 liters per seat / km.

Ref: Scandinaviantraveller.com/August 2017 92

 Aviation History

Boeing 737 MAX delivers % 8 lower operating

costs than main competitor. Split tip winglets
increases fuel efficiency % 1.8. Reduces carbon
emission, it has % 40 smaller noise footprint than
today’s single-aisle airplanes.

Ref: www.boeing.com/commercial/737max/ 93
94
95
 REFERENCES

Iatrou, Kostas, 2014, “100 Years of Commercial

Aviation”, Hermes Air Transport Club.

Taneja, Nawal K.,1989, Introduction to Civil Aviation,

Lexington Books, USA.

İnger, Erk, 2016, Eğlenceli Bilim Dergisi, Sayı 21,

Ekim 2016, Atılım Üniversitesi Yayını, Ankara.

EASA JAR Studies, Air Law & ATC Procedures

Scandinaviantraveller.com/August 2017 96