Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5: FURTHER APPLICATION OF

NEWTON’S LAWS: FRICTION, DRAG, AND
ELASTICITY
5.1 FRICTION
1. A physics major is cooking breakfast when he notices that the frictional force between
his steel spatula and his Teflon frying pan is only 0.200 N. Knowing the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the two materials, he quickly calculates the normal force.
What is it?

Solution f 0 .200 N
f =μk N ⇒ N = = =5 . 00 N
μk 0. 04

2. (a) When rebuilding her car’s engine, a physics major must exert 300 N of force to
insert a dry steel piston into a steel cylinder. What is the normal force between the
piston and cylinder? (b) What force would she have to exert if the steel parts were
oiled?

Solution f 300 N
f =μk N ⇒ N = = =1. 00×103 N
(a) μ k 0 . 03

(b) f =μk N =0 . 03×1000 N=30 . 0 N

3. (a) What is the maximum frictional force in the knee joint of a person who supports
66.0 kg of her mass on that knee? (b) During strenuous exercise it is possible to exert
forces to the joints that are easily ten times greater than the weight being supported.
What is the maximum force of friction under such conditions? The frictional forces in
joints are relatively small in all circumstances except when the joints deteriorate, such
as from injury or arthritis. Increased frictional forces can cause further damage and
pain.

Solution 2
(a) f ≤μk N ⇒ f max =μ s N=0. 016 ( 66 . 0 kg ) ( 9 . 80 m/s ) =10 N
(b) Using information from part (a),
f =μk N =0 . 015 ( 10 )( 66 . 0 kg ) ( 9 . 80 m/s2 )=97 . 0 N

4. Suppose you have a 120-kg wooden crate resting on a wood floor. (a) What maximum
force can you exert horizontally on the crate without moving it? (b) If you continue to
exert this force once the crate starts to slip, what will its acceleration then be?
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution 2
(a) f ≤μk N ⇒ f =μ s mg=0. 5 ( 120 kg ) ( 9 .80 m/s ) =588 N
F=f −ma
f =μk mg=0 .3 ( 120 kg ) ( 9 . 80 m/s2 )=352 .8 N
588 N−352. 8 N
∴ a= =1 . 96 m/s2
(b) 120 kg

5. 3
(a) If half of the weight of a small 1.00×10 kg utility truck is supported by its two
drive wheels, what is the maximum acceleration it can achieve on dry concrete? (b)
Will a metal cabinet lying on the wooden bed of the truck slip if it accelerates at this
rate? (c) Solve both problems assuming the truck has four-wheel drive.

Solution
f max =μs N =μ s (12 m) g=ma
1
a= μ s g=0 .5 ( 1. 0 ) ( 9 . 80 m/s2 )=4 . 9 0 m/s2
(a) 2
(b) f max =μs mg= maximum frictional force .
The cabinet will slip if ma>μs mg , i.e., if a>μ s g

μs g=0 .5 ( 9. 80 m/s2 )=4 . 90 m/s2 =a

The cabinet will not slip.
f max =μk N =μk mg=ma
(c)
∴ a=μ k g=1 . 0 ( 9. 80 m/s 2 )=9. 80 m/s 2
2 2
The cabinet will slip, since a=9 .80 m/s > μ s g where μs g=4 . 90 m/s .

6. A team of eight dogs pulls a sled with waxed wood runners on wet snow (mush!). The
dogs have average masses of 19.0 kg, and the loaded sled with its rider has a mass of
210 kg. (a) Calculate the acceleration starting from rest if each dog exerts an average
force of 185 N backward on the snow. (b) What is the acceleration once the sled starts
to move? (c) For both situations, calculate the force in the coupling between the dogs
and the sled.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution (a) M is the total mass of 362 kg (dogs + sled/rider)

m is the mass of the sled and rider only (210 kg)
N
T T

f w F
F−f =Ma;f =μ s mg
F m 8×185 N 210 kg
M
a=
−μ s g=
M 362 kg
−0 . 14
362 kg
( 9 . 80 m/s2 ) =3 .29 m/s 2 ( )
F m 18×185 N 210 kg
(b)
a= −μk g=
M M 362 kg
−0 .1
362 kg
( 9.80 m/s 2 )=3. 52 m/s2 ( )
(c) Case 1:
T ( 1)=ma+ f =m(a+ μk g )=980 N

Case 2:
T ( 2)=ma+ f =m(a+ μk g )=945 N

7. Consider the 65.0-kg ice skater being pushed by two others shown in Figure 5.21. (a)
Find the direction and magnitude of F tot , the total force exerted on her by the
others, given that the magnitudes F1 and F2 are 26.4 N and 18.6 N, respectively.
(b) What is her initial acceleration if she is initially stationary and wearing steel-
bladed skates that point in the direction of F tot ? (c) What is her acceleration
assuming she is already moving in the direction of F tot ? (Remember that friction
always acts in the direction opposite that of motion or attempted motion between
surfaces in contact.)

Solution 
Ftot 
F2


(a) F1
1 /2
[
F tot = ( F 1 ) 2 + ( F 2 ) 2 ]
1/2
F tot =[ ( 26 . 4 N )2 + (18 . 6 N )2 ] =32 . 29 N=32. 3 N
F2
θ=tan−1
( )
F1
=tan −1
18. 6 N
26 . 4 N (
=35 .2 ° )
2
f
(b) s( max )
=μ s mg=0 . 4 (65 .0 kg )(9 .80 m/s )=254 . 8 N, f s( max)≥F tot , therefore
a=0 .
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

F=F tot −μk mg=32. 29 N−0 . 02 ( 65. 0 kg ) ( 9. 80 m/s 2 )

F 19 . 56 N
F=19. 56 N and a= = =0. 301 m/s2 in the direction of 
F tot
(c) m 65. 0 kg

8. Show that the acceleration of any object down a frictionless incline that makes an
angle θ with the horizontal is a=g sinθ . (Note that this acceleration is
independent of mass.)

Solution The component of w down the incline leads to the acceleration:

w x = net F x =ma=mg sin θ so that a=g sin θ

The component of w perpendicular to the incline equals the normal force.

w y = net F y=0=N −mg sinθ

9. Show that the acceleration of any object down an incline where friction behaves
simply (that is, where f k=μ k N ) is a=g (sin θ−μ k cosθ ) . Note that the
acceleration is independent of mass and reduces to the expression found in the
previous problem when friction becomes negligibly small (μ k =0 ).

Solution net F y =N−w y=0⇒ N=w y =mg cos θ

net F x=w x−f =mg sin θ−μ k mg cos θ=ma
mg sinθ−μk mg cos θ
a= =g ( sin θ−μk cos θ )
m

10. Calculate the deceleration of a snow boarder going up a 5.0° slope assuming the
coefficient of friction for waxed wood on wet snow. The result of Exercise 5.9 may be
useful, but be careful to consider the fact that the snow boarder is going uphill.
Explicitly show how you follow the steps in Problem-Solving Strategies.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution

Using the free body diagram:

net F x=w x +f =ma and
net F y =N−w y=0 where w=mg .
Given θ=5 ° andμk =0 . 100 (from Table 5.1). Find: a .

Using trigonometry gives w x =w sin θ . Also, we know f =μk N so that

f =μk mg cos θ .
w x + f ( mgsin θ+ μ k mg cos θ)
a= = =g ( sinθ+ μ k cos θ ) ,
Solving for a gives: m m
2 2
so that a=( 9 . 80 m/s ) ( sin5 °+( 0 . 100)cos5 ° )=1 . 83 m/s

11. (a) Calculate the acceleration of a skier heading down a 10.0° slope, assuming the
coefficient of friction for waxed wood on wet snow. (b) Find the angle of the slope
down which this skier could coast at a constant velocity. You can neglect air resistance
in both parts, and you will find the result of Exercise 5.9 to be useful. Explicitly show
how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies.

Solution

(a) Using the result of Exercise 5.9:

a=g ( sin θ−μ k cos θ ) =( 9. 80 m/s2 ) ( sin10°−0. 100 cos10 ° )=0 . 737 m/s2
a=g ( sin θ−μ k cos θ ) θ a =0.
(b) Since , find such that
sin θ=μk cos θ , or
−1 −1
sin θ/cos θ=μk =tan θ ⇒ θ=tan μk =tan ( 0. 100 )=5 . 71°

12. If an object is to rest on an incline without slipping, then friction must equal the
component of the weight of the object parallel to the incline. This requires greater and
greater friction for steeper slopes. Show that the maximum angle of an incline above
−1
the horizontal for which an object will not slide down is θ=tan μs . You may use
the result of the previous problem. Assume that a=0 and that static friction has
reached its maximum value.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution 
 f
w m


a ll=0 ⇒ F tot ll=0
F tot ll=wll −f =0
w ll=f ⇒mg sin θ=μ s mg cos θ
sin θ=μ s cos θ ⇒ μ s =tan θ
θ=tan−1 ( μ s )

13. Calculate the maximum deceleration of a car that is heading down a 6° slope (one
that makes an angle of 6° with the horizontal) under the following road conditions.
You may assume that the weight of the car is evenly distributed on all four tires and
that the coefficient of static friction is involved—that is, the tires are not allowed to
slip during the deceleration. (Ignore rolling.) Calculate for a car: (a) On dry concrete.
(b) On wet concrete. (c) On ice, assuming that μs =0 . 100 , the same as for shoes on
ice.

Solution

The positive x-direction is down the slope.

net F x=ma=f + wll
ma=μ s mgcos θ+mg sinθ
a=μs g cos θ+ g sin θ=g ( μs cos θ+sin θ )
2 2
(a) a=( 9 . 80 m/s ) [ ( 1 .0 ) cos6 °+sin6° ]=10. 8 m/s
2 2
(b) a=( 9 . 80 m/s ) [ ( 0 . 7 ) cos6 °+sin6 ° ] =7 . 85 m/s
2 2
(c) a=( 9 . 80 m/s ) [ ( 0 . 1 ) cos6 °+ sin6° ] =2. 00 m/s
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

14. Calculate the maximum acceleration of a car that is heading up a 4° slope (one
that makes an angle of 4° with the horizontal) under the following road conditions.
Assume that only half the weight of the car is supported by the two drive wheels and
that the coefficient of static friction is involved—that is, the tires are not allowed to
slip during the acceleration. (Ignore rolling.) (a) On dry concrete. (b) On wet concrete.
(c) On ice, assuming that μs =0 . 100 , the same as for shoes on ice.

Solution

Take the positive x-direction as up the slope. For max acceleration,

1
net F x=ma=f −w x = μ s mg cosθ−mg sin θ
2
1
So the maximum acceleration is
a=g μs cos θ−sinθ
2 ( )
(a)
μs =1 .00 , a=( 9 . 80 m/s2 ) [ 1
2 ]
(1 . 00 ) cos4 °−sin4° =4 .20 m/s 2

(b)
μs =0 . 700 , a=( 9. 80 m/s2 ) [(
1
2 ]
0 .700 ) cos4 °−sin4 ° = 2. 74 m/s2

μs =0 . 100 , a=( 9. 80 m/s2 )[ (

1
]
0 .100 ) cos4 °−sin4 ° =−0 . 195 m/s 2
(c) 2
The negative sign indicates downwards acceleration, so the car cannot make it up
the grade.

15. Repeat Exercise 5.14 for a car with four-wheel drive.

Solution net F x =ma=f −w x=μ s mg cos θ−mg sin θ , so that a=g ( μ s cos θ−sin θ )
2 2
(a) a=( 9 . 80 m/s ) [ ( 1 .0 ) cos4 °−sin4 ° ] =9. 09 m/s
2 2
(b) a=( 9 . 80 m/s ) [ ( 0 . 7 ) cos4 °−sin4° ]=6 .16 m/s
2 2
(c) a=( 9 . 80 m/s ) [ ( 0 . 1 ) cos4 °−sin4 ° ] =0. 294 m/s
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

16. 5
A freight train consists of two 8 . 00×10 -kg engines and 45 cars with average
5
masses of 5.50×10 kg . (a) What force must each engine exert backward on the
−2 2
track to accelerate the train at a rate of 5.00×10 m/s if the force of friction is
5
7 .50×10 N , assuming the engines exert identical forces? This is not a large
frictional force for such a massive system. Rolling friction for trains is small, and
consequently trains are very energy-efficient transportation systems. (b) What is the
force in the coupling between the 37th and 38th cars (this is the force each exerts on
the other), assuming all cars have the same mass and that friction is evenly
distributed among all of the cars and engines?

Solution (a) The total mass M is M =2 ( 8 . 00×105 kg ) +45 ( 5 . 50×10 5 kg ) =2. 635×107 kg .
net F=Ma=2 F−f
7 2 5
Ma+f ( 2. 635×10 kg )( 5 . 00×10 m/s ) +7 . 50×10 N
−2
F= =
2 2
6
¿ 1. 03×10 N
(b) There are 8 cars from car 38 to the rear, each with mass m . The force between
car 37 and 38 balances friction on the rear cars to give them an acceleration a .
The frictional force on each car is f /47 , so the total frictional force on the 8
cars is 8 f /47 . The net force on the last 8 cars is then
' '
8 ma=F −f
8f
F'=8 ma+
47
8 ( 7 .50×105 N )
F '=8 ( 5 .50×105 kg )( 5. 00×10−2 m/s2 ) + =3. 48×105 N
47

17. Consider the 52.0-kg mountain climber in Figure 5.22. (a) Find the tension in the rope
and the force that the mountain climber must exert with her feet on the vertical rock
face to remain stationary. Assume that the force is exerted parallel to her legs. Also,
assume negligible force exerted by her arms. (b) What is the minimum coefficient of
friction between her shoes and the cliff?

Solution
(a)
T cos 31 °+ F legs sin 15°= mg and T sin 31°=F legs cos15 °⇒T =1 . 88 F legs
mg ( 52. 0 kg ) ( 9 . 80 m/s2 )
F legs= = =272 N
1 . 88 cos 31°+sin 15 ° 1. 88cos31 °+sin15°
T =1. 88 F legs=1 . 88×272 N=512 N
(b)
μs N ≥F legs sin 15° ⇒ μ s F legs cos15°≥F legs sin 15°
Therefore μs ≥tan15 °=0 . 268
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

18. A contestant in a winter sporting event pushes a 45.0-kg block of ice across a frozen
lake as shown in Figure 5.23(a). (a) Calculate the minimum force F he must exert
to get the block moving. (b) What is its acceleration once it starts to move, if that
force is maintained?

Solution (a) f s =μs N =μs ( mg+ F sin θ )=F cos θ

F ( cos θ−μ s sin θ ) =μs mg
, so that

μs mg ( 0 . 1 ) ( 45 .0 kg ) ( 9 .80 m/s 2 )
F= = =51 . 0 N
( cos θ−μ s sin θ ) cos25 °−( 0 . 1 ) sin25 °
(b) net F=ma =F cos θ−μk N =F cos θ−μk ( mg+ F sin θ ) , so that
F ( cosθ−μ k sinθ )−μ k mg
a=
m
51. 04 N ( cos25 °−0 . 03sin25° )−0. 03 ( 45. 0 kg ) ( 9. 80 m/s2 )
a=
45 . 0 kg
¿ 0 .7196 m/s 2=0. 720 m/s2

19. Repeat Exercise 5.18 with the contestant pulling the block of ice with a rope over his
shoulder at the same angle above the horizontal as shown in Figure 5.23(b).

Solution f s =μs N =μs ( mg−F sin θ )=F cos θ

F ( cos θ+ μs sin θ )=μ s mg
μs mg ( 0 . 1 ) ( 45 .0 kg ) ( 9 .80 m/s 2 )
F= = =46 . 49 N=46 .5 N
(a) ( cos θ+ μ s sin θ ) cos25 °+ ( 0. 1 ) sin25°

(b) net F=ma=F cos θ−μk N =F cos θ−μk ( mg−F sin θ ) , so that
F ( cos θ + μk sin θ ) −μk mg
a=
m
46 . 49 N ( cos25 °−0 . 03sin25° ) −0 .03 ( 45. 0 kg ) ( 9. 80 m/s 2 )
¿ =0 .629 m/s 2
45 . 0 kg

5.2 DRAG FORCES

20. The terminal velocity of a person falling in air depends upon the weight and the area
of the person facing the fluid. Find the terminal velocity (in meters per second and
kilometers per hour) of an 80.0-kg skydiver falling in a pike (headfirst) position with a
2
surface area of 0.140 m .
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution Terminal velocity occurs when force of gravity equals the drag force. Use

vt=
√ 2mg
.
ρ CA Assume frontal area for head first =0.14 m2 . Drag coefficient for
head first is 0.70. Therefore,

vt=
√
2×80 . 0 kg×9 . 80 m/s 2
3
1. 21 kg/m ×0. 7×0 .14 m 2
=115 m/s=115 m/s×
1km
×
3600 s
1000 m 1 hr
=414 km/h

21. A 60-kg and a 90-kg skydiver jump from an airplane at an altitude of 6000 m, both
falling in the pike position. Make some assumption on their frontal areas and calculate
their terminal velocities. How long will it take for each skydiver to reach the ground
(assuming the time to reach terminal velocity is small)? Assume all values are
accurate to three significant digits.

Solution We can use the work of the previous problem, with the same frontal area of
2 2
0 .14 m . Make changes in the mass: v 1 =(60/80 )0 .5 (115 ) = 1 . 00×10 m/s ;
v 2 = (90/80 )0 .5(115) = 122 m/s . The time to hit the ground falling from 6000m:
2 1
t = d/v = 6000/ 1. 00×10 m/s=6. 00×10 m/s and 6000/ 122=49 . 2 s .

22. 2
A 560-g squirrel with a surface area of 930 cm falls from a 5.0-m tree to the
ground. Estimate its terminal velocity. (Use a drag coefficient for a horizontal
skydiver.) What will be the velocity of a 56-kg person hitting the ground, assuming no
drag contribution in such a short distance?

Solution For the squirrel, assume frontal area = 0. 0144 m 2 and m = 0. 5 kg . Therefore

vt =
√ 2×0. 560 kg×9. 80 m/s 2
1. 21 kg/m 3×1. 0×0. 0144 m2
=25 .1 m/s
.

For a person falling from 5 m with no drag, use

v 2 = √2 ax = √ 2(9 . 8 m/s2 )(5 m) = 9 . 90 m/s .

As we see for a person falling, the squirrel never reaches its terminal velocity before
hitting the ground.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

23. To maintain a constant speed, the force provided by a car’s engine must equal the
drag force plus the force of friction of the road (the rolling resistance). (a) What are
the drag forces at 70 km/h and 100 km/h for a Toyota Camry? (Drag area is
0.70 m 2 ) (b) What is the drag force at 70 km/h and 100 km/h for a Hummer H2?
2
(Drag area is 2. 44 m ) Assume all values are accurate to three significant digits.

Solution 1
F D= Cρ Av 2
(a) 2
For a Camry,
1
F D= ×0 .28×1 .21 kg/m3 ×0 . 7 m2×(19. 44 m/s)2 =44 .8 N and
2
1
F D= ×0 .28×1 .21 kg/m3 ×0 . 7 m2×(27.78 m/s)2 =91 .5 N
2
(b) For a Hummer,
1
F D= ×0 . 64×1. 21 kg/m 3×2 . 44 m2 ×(19 . 44 m/s )2=357 N and
2
1
F D= ×0 . 64×2. 44 kg/m 3×0. 7 m2 ×(27 . 78 m/s)2 =729 N
2
EPA Testing results for these two vehicles at 60 mph show highway gas mileages of
35 mpg and 10 mpg, respectively – comparable to our drag force calculations.

24. By what factor does the drag force on a car increase as it goes from 65 to 110 km/h?

Solution Drag force depends on the square of the velocity, so we should use square terms in
the percentage increase formula. Between 60 km/h and 100 km/h , then:
(final value)2 −( original value)2
% increase=
(original value )2
(100 km/h )2−(60 km/h)2
¿ ≈1 . 04 .
(60 km/h )2

25. Calculate the velocity a spherical rain drop would achieve falling from 5.00 km (a) in
the absence of air drag (b) with air drag. Take the size across of the drop to be 4 mm,
3 3 2
the density to be 1.00×10 kg/m , and the surface area to be πr .
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution (a) Rain drops with no drag arrive at the ground with
v = √2ax= √2(9.80 m/s2 )(5000 m)= 313 m/s .
(b) With drag, use
3 -3 3 -5
m =ρ( water )V = 1000 kg/m ×( 4/3)π (2 × 10 m ) = 3 .351 × 10 kg . Given
2
A=πr , where r = 0. 002 m , the terminal velocity for the raindrops is

√ √
-5 2
2 mg 2 (3. 351 × 10 kg )(9 . 8 m/s )
vt= = =6 .57 m/s
ρ CA (1. 21 kg/m3 )(1. 0 )π (0 . 002 m)2

26. Using Stokes’ law, verify that the units for viscosity are kilograms per meter per
second.

Solution Fs
η=
Stokes’ Law is F s=6 π rηv . Solving for the viscosity, 6 π rv .

[ Fs ] kg⋅m/s2 kg
[ η]= = = .
Considering only the units, this becomes [ r ] [ v ] m⋅m/s m⋅s

27. Find the terminal velocity of a spherical bacterium (diameter 2.00 μm ) falling in
water. You will first need to note that the drag force is equal to the weight at terminal
3 3
velocity. Take the density of the bacterium to be 1. 10×10 kg/m .

Solution Using Stokes’ law, we can find the terminal velocity by equating the drag force and the
weight of the bacterium. Solving for velocity, we obtain:
mg ρbac (4/3 ) πr 3 g 2 ρ bac r 2 g
v= = =
6 π rη 6 π rη 9η
2(1100 kg/m )(1×10 m)2 (9 . 8 m/s2 )
3 −6
¿ −3
=2. 38×10−6 m/s
9(1 .005×10 kg/m⋅s)

28. Stokes’ law describes sedimentation of particles in liquids and can be used to measure
viscosity. Particles in liquids achieve terminal velocity quickly. One can measure the
time it takes for a particle to fall a certain distance and then use Stokes’ law to
calculate the viscosity of the liquid. Suppose a steel ball bearing (density
3 3
7.8×10 kg/m , diameter 3.0 mm ) is dropped in a container of motor oil. It takes
12 s to fall a distance of 0.60 m. Calculate the viscosity of the oil.
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution The terminal velocity of the steel ball is 0.60 m/12 s = 0 .050 m/s . Its mass is
m = ρ = (7800 kg/m3 )(4/3 π )(1. 5×10 -3 m )3 ) = 1 .10 x 10-4 kg . Therefore, its viscosity

is η= mg /6 π Rv = (9.8)(1.10 × 10 -4 kg) /6 π(1.5 × 10 -3 m)(0.050 m/s) = 0.76 kg/m⋅s

(For heavy machine oil, see Table 12.1.)

5.3 ELASTICITY: STRESS AND STRAIN

29. During a circus act, one performer swings upside down hanging from a trapeze
holding another, also upside-down, performer by the legs. If the upward force on the
lower performer is three times her weight, how much do the bones (the femurs) in her
upper legs stretch? You may assume each is equivalent to a uniform rod 35.0 cm long
and 1.80 cm in radius. Her mass is 60.0 kg.

Solution 1F
ΔL= L
Use the equation Y A 0 , where Y =1 . 6×1010 N/m2 (from Table 5.3),
L0 =0 .350 m , A=π r 2 =π ( 0. 0180 m )2 =1. 018×10−3 m 2 , and
F tot =3 w=3 ( 60 .0 kg ) ( 9 .80 m/s 2 ) =1764 N , so that the force on each leg is
F leg=F tot /2=882 N. Substituting in the value gives:
1 ( 882 N )
ΔL= 10 2 -3 2
( 0 .350 m )=1. 90×10−5 m .
1 . 6×10 N/m ( 1 .018×10 m )
−3
So each leg is stretched by 1.90×10 cm.

30. During a wrestling match, a 150 kg wrestler briefly stands on one hand during a
maneuver designed to perplex his already moribund adversary. By how much does
the upper arm bone shorten in length? The bone can be represented by a uniform rod
38.0 cm in length and 2.10 cm in radius.

Solution 1 ( 150 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )

ΔL= 9 2 2
( 0.380 m )=4.5×10−5 m .
( 9×10 N/m ) π ( 0 .0210 m )
31. (a) The “lead” in pencils is a graphite composition with a Young’s modulus of about
1×109 N /m2 . Calculate the change in length of the lead in an automatic pencil if
you tap it straight into the pencil with a force of 4.0 N. The lead is 0.50 mm in
diameter and 60 mm long. (b) Is the answer reasonable? That is, does it seem to be
consistent with what you have observed when using pencils?
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution 1F 1 4 .0 N
ΔL= L0 = 6. 0×10-2 m=1. 22×10−3 m=1 mm
Y A 9 2
1×10 N/m π ( 2. 5×10 -4 m )2
(a)
(b) This does seem reasonable, since the lead does seem to shrink a little when you
push on it.

32. TV broadcast antennas are the tallest artificial structures on Earth. In 1987, a 72.0-kg
physicist placed himself and 400 kg of equipment at the top of one 610-m high
antenna to perform gravity experiments. By how much was the antenna compressed,
if we consider it to be equivalent to a steel cylinder 0.150 m in radius?

Solution F=w=mg=( 72 . 0 kg + 400 kg ) ( 9 . 80 m/s2 )=4626 N = 4630 N

L0 =610 m; Y =2. 10×10 11 N/m 2
A=π ( 0 . 150 m )2 =0 . 07069 m 2
L0 F ( 610 m )( 4626 N )
∴ ΔL= = =0000190 m=0 . 190 mm
YA ( 2. 10×10 11 N/m 2 )( 0 .07069 m 2 )
33. (a) By how much does a 65.0-kg mountain climber stretch her 0.800-cm diameter
nylon rope when she hangs 35.0 m below a rock outcropping? (b) Does the answer
seem to be consistent with what you have observed for nylon ropes? Would it make
sense if the rope were actually a bungee cord?

Solution 1F 1 ( 65 . 0 N ) ( 9 .80 m/s 2 )

ΔL= L0 = 9 2 2
35 . 0 m=8. 87× 10−2 m.=9 cm
Y A 5×10 N/m π ( 4 .00×10-3 m )
(a)
(b) This seems reasonable for nylon climbing rope, since it is not supposed to stretch
that much. For a bungee cord, we would expect a much larger stretch when a
person hangs from it.

34. A 20.0-m tall hollow aluminum flagpole is equivalent in strength to a solid cylinder
4.00 cm in diameter. A strong wind bends the pole much as a horizontal force of 900
N exerted at the top would. How far to the side does the top of the pole flex?
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution

L0 =20.0 m
−2 2 −3 2
A=π ( 2 . 00×10 m ) =1 .257×10 m
F w =900 N
S=2 . 5×1010 N/m 2
1 Fw 1 900 N
Δx= L0 = 10 2
× × 20. 0 m
SA 2. 5×10 N/m 1 .257×10−3 m2
¿5 .73×10−4 m=0 .57 mm
35. As an oil well is drilled, each new section of drill pipe supports its own weight and that
of the pipe and drill bit beneath it. Calculate the stretch in a new 6.00 m length of
steel pipe that supports 3.00 km of pipe having a mass of 20.0 kg/m and a 100-kg drill
bit. The pipe is equivalent in strength to a solid cylinder 5.00 cm in diameter.

Solution 1 F
ΔL= L0 , L0 =6 . 00 m, Y =1. 6×1010 N/m 2
Y A
m=m p +m3 km +mbit
¿ ( 6 . 00 m )( 20 . 0 kg/m ) + ( 3 . 00×10 3 m ) (20 . 0 kg/m ) +100 kg=6 . 022×10 4 kg
The force on the pipe is:
F=w=mg=( 6. 022×104 kg )( 9 . 80 m/s2 ) =5 .902×105 N
0 . 0500 m 2
A=π r 2 =π
2 ( )
=1 . 963×10−3 m 2 ,
5
1 ( 5 .902×10 N )
ΔL= 11 2 -3 2
( 6 . 00 m )=8 . 59×10−3 m =8 . 59 mm
2. 10×10 N/m ( 1. 963×10 m )

36. Calculate the force a piano tuner applies to stretch a steel piano wire 8.00 mm, if the
wire is originally 0.850 mm in diameter and 1.35 m long.

Solution L0 =1. 35 m; d =0 .850 mm=8 . 50×10-4 m

ΔL=8 . 00 mm=8 . 00×10-3 m; Y =2. 10×1011 N/m 2
2
ΔLYA ( 8 .00×10-3 m )( 2. 10×10 11 N/m 2 ) π ( 4 .25×10-4 m )
∴ F= = =706 N
L0 1 . 35 m
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

37. A vertebra is subjected to a shearing force of 500 N. Find the shear deformation,
taking the vertebra to be a cylinder 3.00 cm high and 4.00 cm in diameter.

Solution 1F 1 500 N
Δx= L= 0 . 0300 m=1 . 49×10−7 m
S A 0 ( 8 . 0×1010 N/m 2 ) π ( 0 . 0200 m )2

38. A disk between vertebrae in the spine is subjected to a shearing force of 600 N. Find
9 2
its shear deformation, taking it to have the shear modulus of 1×10 N/m . The disk
is equivalent to a solid cylinder 0.700 cm high and 4.00 cm in diameter.

Solution 1F 1 600 N
Δx= L0= 0 . 00700 m=3 .34×10 -6 m
S A 9 2
( 1×10 N/m ) π ( 0 . 0200 m )2

39. When using a pencil eraser, you exert a vertical force of 6.00 N at a distance of 2.00
cm from the hardwood-eraser joint. The pencil is 6.00 mm in diameter and is held at
an angle of 20.0° to the horizontal. (a) By how much does the wood flex
perpendicular to its length? (b) How much is it compressed lengthwise?

Solution

F¿ =F cos 20°= ( 6. 00 N ) cos 20 °=5 .64 N

L0 =2. 00 cm=2. 00×10−2 m;
2
A=π ( 3 . 00×10−3 m ) =2 . 83×10−5 m2
S=1 . 00×1010 N/m 2
(a) Δx= flex of wood
1 F¿ 1 5. 64 N
Δx= L0 = 10 2
× 2
×2. 00×10−2 m=3 .99×10−7 m
S A 1. 00×10 N/m 2 .83×10 m −5

F ll=F sin20 °= ( 6 . 00 N ) sin20°= 2 .05 N

L0 F ll ( 2 .00×10−2 m ) ( 2. 05 N )
ΔL= = =9 .67×10−8 m
(b)
Y A ( 1. 50×1010 N/m 2 ) ( 2. 83×10−5 m 2 )

40. To consider the effect of wires hung on poles, we take data from Example 4.8, in
which tensions in wires supporting a traffic light were calculated. The lef wire made
an angle 30.0° below the horizontal with the top of its pole and carried a tension of
108 N. The 12.0 m tall hollow aluminum pole is equivalent in strength to a 4.50 cm
diameter solid cylinder. (a) How far is it bent to the side? (b) By how much is it
compressed?
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution

4 . 50 cm
L0 =12. 0 m ,r= =2. 25×10−2 m
2
S=2.5×1010 N/m 2
F¿ =T cos30°= (108 N ) cos30°=93 .53 N
1F 1 93.53 N
Δx= ¿ L0 = 10 2
× 2
12 . 0 m=2.9×10-5 m
SA 2 .5×10 N/m π ( 2.25×10−2 m )
(a)
Y =7 . 0×1010 N/m 2 ; F ll=T sin 30 °°=54 . 0 N
1 F ll 1 ( 54 . 0 N )
ΔL= L 0= ( 12 . 0 m )=5 .8×10−6 m
γ A 10 2
( 7. 0×10 N/m ) π ( 2 . 25×10 m )
-2 2
(b)

41. A farmer making grape juice fills a glass bottle to the brim and caps it tightly. The
juice expands more than the glass when it warms up, in such a way that the volume
−3
increases by 0.2% (that is, ΔV /V 0=2×10 ) relative to the space available.
Calculate the force exerted by the juice per square centimeter if its bulk modulus is
9 2
1. 8×10 N/m , assuming the bottle does not break. In view of your answer, do you
think the bottle will survive?

Solution 1F
ΔV = V
Using the equation B A 0 gives:
F ΔV
=B =( 1. 8×109 N/m 2 )( 2×10−3 )
A V0
¿ 3 .6×106 N/m 2 =4×106 N/m 2 =4×102 N/cm 2
5 2
Since 1 atm = 1. 013 × 10 N/m , the pressure is about 36 atmospheres, far greater
than the average jar is designed to withstand.

42. −2
(a) When water freezes, its volume increases by 9.05% (that is, ΔV /V 0=9 .05×10
). What force per unit area is water capable of exerting on a container when it
freezes? (It is acceptable to use the bulk modulus of water in this problem.) (b) Is it
surprising that such forces can fracture engine blocks, boulders, and the like?
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

Solution ΔV
=9 . 05×10−2
V0
F ΔV
=B× =( 2 . 2×109 N/m 2 )( 9 . 05×10−2 )
A V0
(a) ¿ 1. 99× 108 N/m 2 =2. 0×104 N/cm 2 .
(b) It is not surprising, given this large value, that the volume expansion of freezing
water can do major damage to solids such as engine blocks and boulders.

43. This problem returns to the tightrope walker studied in Example 4.6, who created a
3
tension of 3.94×10 N . in a wire making an angle 5.0° below the horizontal
with each supporting pole. Calculate how much this tension stretches the steel wire if
it was originally 15 m long and 0.50 cm in diameter.

Solution

F¿ =F cos 20°= ( 6. 00 N ) cos20°=5 .64 N

2
L0 =15 m; A=π ( 2 . 50×10−3 m ) = 1 . 96×10−5 m 2
L0 T ( 15 .0 m ) ( 3 . 94×103 N )
ΔL= = =0 . 0144 m=1 . 44 cm
YA ( 2 . 10×1011 N/m 2) ( 1 . 96×10−5 m 2)
(Note: We can calculate over the entire length of wire because the results from the
two half-lengths add.)

44. The pole in Figure 5.24 is at a 90.0° bend in a power line and is therefore subjected
to more shear force than poles in straight parts of the line. The tension in each line is
4
4 . 00×10 N , at the angles shown. The pole is 15.0 m tall, has an 18.0 cm diameter,
and can be considered to have half the strength of hardwood. (a) Calculate the
compression of the pole. (b) Find how much it bends and in what direction. (c) Find
the tension in a guy wire used to keep the pole straight if it is attached to the top of
the pole at an angle of 30.0° with the vertical. (Clearly, the guy wire must be in the
opposite direction of the bend.)

Solution L0 F ll
ΔL= ; F ll = FV = T cos80 °;
YA
T= 4 .00 × 10 4 N
(a)
∴F ll = 6946 N ;
Openstax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 5

2
A=π ( 9 . 0 × 10−2 m ) = 0. 02545 m 2
( 15 . 0 m ) ( 6946 N )×2
∴ ΔL= =0 . 456 mm × 2 = 1. 1 mm
( 7 . 5×109 N/m 2) ( 0. 02545 m 2)

(b)
F¿ =2×T cos80 °×cos45 °= 1 .393 T=5.57×104 N
1 F¿ 1 5.57×10 4 N
Δx= L0 = × × 15 . 0 m
S A 5. 0×109 N/m 2 0. 02545 m 2
¿6 .6 mm ( to the right )
T gw sin 30°=5.57 × 10 4 N
(c) ∴T gw =( 5.57×10 4 N ) × 2 =1.11 × 105 N

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