Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION:

Substance abuse can simply be defined as a pattern of harmful use of any substance for
mood-altering purposes, Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to a maladaptive
patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or
with methods not condoned by medical professionals. Substance abuse/drug abuse is not
limited to mood-altering or psycho-active drugs. Activity is also considered substance abuse
when inappropriately used (as in steroids for performance enhancement in sports). Therefore,
mood-altering and psychoactive substances are not the only drugs of abuse. Substance abuse
often includes problems with impulse control and impulsivity.

The term "drug abuse" does not exclude dependency, but is otherwise used in a similar
manner in nonmedical contexts. The terms have a huge range of definitions related to taking
a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical
effect. All of these definitions imply a negative judgment of the drug use in question
(compare with the term responsible drug use for alternative views). Some of the drugs most
often associated with this term
include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (particularly temazepam, nimet
azepam, and flunitrazepam),cocaine, methaqualone, and opioids. Use of these drugs may lead
to criminal penalty in addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, both
strongly depending on local jurisdiction. Other definitions of drug abuse fall into four main
categories: public health definitions, mass communication and vernacular usage, medical
definitions, and political and criminal justice definitions. Substance abuse is prevalent with an
estimated 50 million users of hard drugs such as cocaine, heroin and other synthetic drugs.
Substance abuse is a form of substance-related disorder.
Signs and symptoms

Depending on the actual compound, drug abuse including alcohol may lead to health
problems, social problems, morbidity, injuries, unprotected sex,violence, deaths, motor
vehicle accidents, homicides, suicides, physical dependence or psychological addiction.
There is a high rate of suicide in alcoholics and other drug abusers. The reasons believed to
cause the increased risk of suicide include the long-term abuse of alcohol and other drugs
causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry as well as the social isolation. Another
factor is the acute intoxicating effects of the drugs may make suicide more likely to occur.
Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in
adolescents being related to alcohol abuse. In the USA approximately 30 percent of suicides
are related to alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse is also associated with increased risks of
committing criminal offences including child abuse, domestic
violence, rapes, burglaries and assaults.

Drug abuse, including alcohol and prescription drugs can induce symptomatology which
resembles mental illness. This can occur both in the intoxicated state and also during
the withdrawalstate. In some cases these substance induced psychiatric disorders can persist
long after detoxification, such as prolonged psychosis or depression after amphetamine or
cocaine abuse. Aprotracted withdrawal syndrome can also occur with symptoms persisting
for months after cessation of use. Benzodiazepines are the most notable drug for inducing
prolonged withdrawal effects with symptoms sometimes persisting for years after cessation
of use. Abuse of hallucinogens can trigger delusional and other psychotic phenomena long
after cessation of use and cannabis may trigger panic attacks during intoxication and with use
it may cause a state similar to dysthymia. Severe anxiety and depression are commonly
induced by sustained alcohol abuse which in most cases abates with prolonged abstinence.
Even moderate alcohol sustained use may increase anxiety and depression levels in some
individuals. In most cases these drug induced psychiatric disorders fade away with prolonged
abstinence.

Drug abuse makes central nervous system (CNS) effects, which produce changes in mood,
levels of awareness or perceptions and sensations. Most of these drugs also alter systems
other than the CNS. Some of these are often thought of as being abused. Some drugs appear
to be more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than others.
Traditionally, new pharmacotherapies are quickly adopted in primary care settings, however;
drugs for substance abuse treatment have faced many barriers. Naltrexone, a drug originally
marketed under the name "ReVia," and now marketed in intramuscular formulation as
"Vivitrol" or in oral formulation as a generic, is a medication approved for the treatment of
alcohol dependence. This drug has reached very few patients. This may be due to a number of
factors, including resistance by Addiction Medicine specialists and lack of resources.
The ability to recognize the signs of drug use or the symptoms of drug use in family members
by parents and spouses has been affected significantly by the emergence of home drug
testtechnology which helps identify recent use of common street and prescription drugs with
near lab quality accuracy.

History
DSM

The first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (published in 1952) grouped alcohol and drug abuse under Sociopathic
Personality Disturbances, which were thought to be symptoms of deeper psychological
disorders or moral weakness.

The third edition, published in 1980, was the first to recognize substance abuse (including
drug abuse) and substance dependence as conditions separate from substance abuse alone,
bringing in social and cultural factors. The definition of dependence emphasised tolerance to
drugs, and withdrawal from them as key components to diagnosis, whereas abuse was
defined as "problematic use with social or occupational impairment" but without withdrawal
or tolerance.

In 1987, the DSM-IIIR category "psychoactive substance abuse," which includes former
concepts of drug abuse is defined as "a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by...continued
use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological
or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by the use (or by) recurrent use in situations
in which it is physically hazardous." It is a residual category, with dependence taking
precedence when applicable. It was the first definition to give equal weight to behavioural
and physiological factors in diagnosis.
By 1988, the DSM-IV defines substance dependence as "a syndrome involving compulsive
use, with or without tolerance and withdrawal"; whereas substance abuse is "problematic use
without compulsive use, significant tolerance, or withdrawal." Substance abuse can be
harmful to your health and may even be deadly in certain scenarios

By 1994, The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM-IV-TR, defines
substance dependence as "when an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite
problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed." followed
by criteria for the diagnose
DSM-IV-TR defines substance abuse as:
 A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant
impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring
within a 12-month period:
1. Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations
at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance
related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or
expulsions from school; neglect of children or household)
2. Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g.,
driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance
use)
3. Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related
disorderly conduct)
4. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or
interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance
(e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical
fights)
 B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for
this class of substance.

The fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5), planned for release in 2013, is likely to have this
terminology revisited yet again. Under consideration is a transition from the
abuse/dependence terminology. At the moment, abuse is seen as an early form or less
 hazardous form of the disease characterized with the dependence criteria. However, the
APA's 'dependence' term, as noted above, does not mean that physiologic dependence is
present but rather means that a disease state is present, one that most would likely refer to
as an addicted state. Many involved recognize that the terminology has often led to
confusion, both within the medical community and with the general public. The
American Psychiatric Association requests input as to how the terminology of this illness
should be altered as it moves forward with DSM-5 discussion.

Substance abuse among college students:

As we know that the college students are mostly young youths who are passionate to
experience new things out of curiosity .The substances users are found mostly among the
young youths and most of the college goer’s fall in this category. The majority fraction of
this habit is being in the students where they comply with it as so the indefinite reasons,
some for recreational, peer pressure, while some others as the new gen lifestyle. The
booming media has also influence the college students which have made them using of the
substances as a new gen lifestyle and some parental influence.

Most of the college students fall into use of substances mainly due to their relationship
problems, personal matters, family problems, exam pressure etc. Among the few studies
from universities and colleges in Kenya, Odek-Ogunde et al reported high rates of
substance use among students at a Kenyan private university, with rates as high as 84% for
alcohol use and 54.7% for tobacco use. According to Nichter SM, Nichter M, Sickle
DV.1999 survey Tobacco use among male college students in Karnataka 36% had ever
tried smoking and 18% had ever tried chewing gutkha. A quarter of those who had ever
tried cigarettes were daily smokers and another quarter were occasional smokers. The rest
had either quit or only experimented a few times. Among youth who smoked 5-6 cigarettes
per day, about half of these cigarettes were smoked alone. The mean age of initiation for
smoking cigarettes and chewing gutkha among college students was about 17 years. Over
80% believed that cigarette smoking was increasing among boys. Students thought that
smoking could relieve tension and boredom and give a kick.
According to "Global youth tobacco" survey, about 30 to 40 percent of tobacco consumption
in India is in smokeless form. Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in students varies
between 6 percent in Goa to 68 percent in Bihar. Overall 4.2 percent of students in India
currently smoke cigarettes and 13.6 percent currently use tobacco products. As per W.H.O.
report (2002) tobacco and alcohol related disorder accounted for 4% each of the global
burden of disease. 6
Substance abuse is associated with other problem. Behaviours such as criminality and
sexual promiscuity. It provides the teenager a maladaptive way to escape frustration,
disappointment, boredom and emptiness. Teen who abuse drug and alcohol are at higher risk
of physical health problem, depression, suicide and accident.

About naga community:

The Naga community comprises of more than 30 tribes scattered in north east India.
The tribes have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority ethnic group in the
Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam , Manipur and Nagaland, Some of the prominent
Naga tribes are Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang,
Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha,Pochury, Phom, Poumai, Rengma, Sangtam, Sema (Sumi),
Mao (Memai), Tangkhul, Yimchunger, Zeliang (Zeme and Liangmai). There are 16
officially recognized tribes in the Nagaland state of India. The other Naga tribes can be
found in the contiguous adjoining states of Manipur, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh and across
the border in Burma. Some of these tribes are: Zeme, Liangmai, Mao (Memai), Nocte,
Phom, Pochuri, Poumai Naga, Rongmei, Tangkhul, Tangsa, Tutsa, and Wancho. the present
official language of the Nagaland state is 'English' with which a majority of the urban
people are fluent but rarely spoken in the rural areas where Nagamese is popularly used to
communicate between villagers of different tribal districts .The most important landmark
in the history of the Naga people with considerable social, cultural and political
ramifications is the arrival of missionaries and the spread of Christianity among the Naga
tribes. Today, more than 95% of Naga people claim to be Christians.

Chewing betel nuts with the leaves of the betel plants and lime paste, smoking and drinking
home – brewed rice beer constitute the most common traditional forms of substances use in
Nagaland. According to MILLS(1973) describe the chronological shifts in the drug use
pattern in Nagaland .among the Rengma Nagas, the consumption of the rice beer was part of
their culture .its daily use did not cause any changes in their active life style. Among the Ao
nagas, rice beer was consumed regularly. However, a shift in religious practices from
animism to Christianity in some of these tribes saw a reduction in the use of alcohol .As
Nagaland share a common international border with Myanmar ,the world’s second largest
illicit opium producing country . Following the introduction of heroin in the early 1970’s
drug use among the local youth in northeast India particularly the states closer to Myanmar
took a new turn. within ten years’time, heroin smoking a non –traditional from a opiate use
replaced the age-old tradition of cannabis and opium use to a great extent in some of these
states in the sub-region. Injecting heroin (locally known as “white sugar” or “number 4”)
soon took over.

Drug abuse in Nagaland first began with opium and marijuana, which was followed by heroin
and brown sugar. Thereafter, there was a kind of lull and drug abusers, mostly youths, turned
to over-the-counter (OTC) drugs like Phensedyl and Spasmoproxyvon. But now, turning full
circle, hard drugs are making a comeback in Nagaland ,much to the chagrin of both the
citizens and government agencies. What increasing with new users joining the bandwagon
and old ones returning to brown sugar and heroin. Though substantial data has been collected
on the issues of drug abuse , a scientific study by any organisation is yet to be conducted. A
base-line study remains to be done despite a direct link with the Central AIDS control
programme

It has been noted that drug abuse has been largely operational in certain communities of the
Indian population. And the majority fraction of this habit is being in the students where they
comply with it as so the indefinite reasons, some for recreational, peer pressure, while some
others as the new gen lifestyle. Bangalore, one of the Indian cities which show a proportional
high living style is also a hubbub for collective community. The Nagas which comes from the
North Eastern part of India share some part of the population where the majority is the
college goers.

As the north-east India has a poor economy and Nagaland is basically an agriculture economy
and the prevailing political situation in the states has let to lack of development in many
fields like education. So most of the north-eastern students come over for studies in cities like
Bangalore where a majority of the people are from north eastern states and among those Naga
communities share a major part of population .The Nagas community in Bangalore have a
student union called NSUB(Naga student union Bangalore) these student union look after the
students who come to Bangalore for their studies, help them out to find college and acts as an
guardian as most of the students are away from home. Bangalore is one of the cities where
majority of the students are more prone to indulging in some kind of drug abuse where the
drug abuse is explained. Several studies show the census of this indulgence. Some of the part
of this population being entirely dependent. Most of the substances that are used among the
naga community are alcohols, tobacco and heroin.
Thus, substance abuse is a world-wide problem, which has direct impact on health, indirectly
causes violence, crime, accident and legal problems. But the youths, unaware of these
problems became the victims of the various substance abuses.
 Chapter 2

Review of the literature

In this chapter an attempt has been made to take cognizance of studies, which has relevance
to the present problem. The review is intended to provide a background to the study that
follows and it is thought that such an attempt will be of great help for the formation of
problem statement. Highlighted here, are studies that have focused on various factors such as
the causes and effects of the substances abuse among the college students . stress among the
students; influence of variables which lead them to substances,

Literature related to Knowledge towards substance abuse

This section presents the studies related to student’s knowledge about the substance
abuse. Sharma R.R. (2001) conducted a study on the 'knowledge of psychoactive substance
use disorder' among college student. The finding reveals that the female students have higher
knowledge score than male - 2.27%. The older students have higher knowledge about
psychoactive substance. The older students had higher score than younger students and the
student expose to higher mass media has more knowledge than lower mass media.
Syed masud ahmed et. Al (2002) conducted a study on knowledge, attitude and
perception of school going Bangaladeshi adolescents on substance abuse. A self administered
questionnaire was used to collect information from 4035 students of class 10 th aged 15 to
16years. A finding revealed a fair level of knowledge on different aspects of substance abuse
among study participants of both sexes. Seventy (70%) percentage of them knew the additive
properties of tobacco, alcohol and drugs commonly available, 40% had the knowledge about
the harmful effect of additive substances on the body and society. The study participants were
quite knowledgeable about sources of additive drugs as well as routs of intake. Mass media
TV. (74%), newspaper (63%) emerged as major source of acquiring the prevalent knowledge
on additive of text books (67%) and peer new work (40%) could not be ignored.8
Ram Ray Sharma (2001) conducted a comparative descriptive research study on 50
male and 50 female college students on knowledge of psychoactive substance use disorders.
The major findings of study revealed that female student had higher knowledge score than
male students.( t= 2.27)and middle class family income group students had higher
knowledge. The following conclusions were drawn, students of lower age group, lower
family income and with lower father’s education need health education regarding psycho
active substance used disorder.
Wright J. D.and Pearl L.(200)conducted a study among students aged 14 and 15 using
a questionnaire to monitor young people experience and knowledge of drugs between 1969
and 1999at intervals of 5 years and they found over 30 years the proportion of students who
new some one taking drugs more than quadruplet from 15% in 1969 to 65% in 1994 and
decreased to 58% in 1999. television remained the main source of information closely
followed by friends in school . the knowledge of the names of the drugs has steadily
increased, knowledge of the effects has remained limited social and group pre assumes
remained the main perceived reason for taking drugs and many saw drugs as a way of coping
with stress.

Prevalence of substance use among college students

Nischith N conducted a survey between September 2008 and January 2009 among 1,200 PU
students in 19 Pre university colleges by the institute of the public health, estimates that PU
students in Karnataka spend Rs 5.6crore on tobacco every year. The more the pocket money,
the more they are likely to spend on cigarettes .students who go addicted to tobacco with
lesser pocket money bought guthka . students who took to smoking daily spend an average of
Rs19 on tobacco. Students in the science streams smoke more than their art and commerce
peers in that order, half of all tobacco users also used alcohol . As many as 21.7% of main
students surveyed had tried tobacco , while the figure for girl was 11.4% however, regular
users were 5.3 and 1.9% respectively. The average age of those who took to tobacco , which
include smoking and chewing ,was 15.
Parents and teachers influence on substances uses Of those the survey more than 30 %
had seen their teachers used tobacco and atleast 50% had a parent or a family member who
use tobacco, the biggest culprit was the peer groups nearly 56% had close friend who smoke
or chew tobacco ,making peer pressure the single most important reason for students to
smoking. More than 90% of all tobacco user among PU students smokes cigarette .the survey
was supported by the department of pre university education ,Sri Ratan Tata Trust and the
instituted of social and economic change .

Evans M Ogot 28 February 2011 and his team made a study on the prevalence of
substances use among the college students in western Kenya (Eldoret).
In this study, the main objective was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with
substance use among students in tertiary institutions in Eldoret Municipality in Kenya, as
well as to document any effects attributed to the use of various substances. Substance use
among college and university students predicts substance related problems in later life. Few
studies on this phenomenon have been carried out in low income countries, and most focus
on primary and secondary school students. This study therefore aimed to establish the
prevalence and factors associated with drug use among university and college students in a
low income country.
Methods use were A descriptive cross-sectional survey using the Self-Administered WHO
Model Core Questionnaire to collect information on use of various drugs among students in
colleges and university campuses within Eldoret Municipality in Western
Kenya. Setting: Four tertiary learning institutions in Eldoret Municipality were randomly
selected for inclusion in the study- three tertiary level non-university institutions and one
university campus. Subjects: Five hundred students who gave consent to participate in the
study, 125 from each of the four participating institutions. The mean age was 22.9 years (18-
32, s.d. 2.5), and males made up 52.2% of the sample.

Where they found out lifetime prevalence rate of any substance use was 69.8%, and none of
the socio-demographic factors was significantly associated with this. Lifetime prevalence rate
of alcohol use was 51.9%, and 97.6% of alcohol users had consumed alcohol in the week
prior to the study. The prevalence rate of cigarette use was 42.8%, with males having
statistically significantly higher rates than females (p < 0.05). Other substances used were
cannabis (2%) and cocaine (0.6%). Among those who admitted to using substances, 75.1%
were introduced by a friend while 23.5% were introduced by a relative other than a member
of the nuclear family. Majority of those using substances wanted to relax (62.2%) or relieve
stress (60.8%). Problems associated with alcohol use included quarrelling and fights, loss and
damage to property, problems with parents, medical problems and unplanned unprotected
sex.

In the study by Saunders et al which was carried out in a primary health care setting, the
mean daily number of drinks taken by the 'drinking population' was 9.6, while those
classified as alcoholics were taking a mean of 23.4 drinks. Another study in a general
population setting had found a mean weekly drink rate of 9.9 drinks among Kenyan regular
alcohol users, many of whom displayed a binge-drinking pattern of alcohol use.
In this study, the mean age at first alcoholic drink was 17.5 years, with the youngest reported
age being 11 years. There was no statistically significant difference in male and female age of
onset of alcohol use. Otieno and Ofulla similarly found the highest prevalence of alcohol use
among young people aged 16-18 years. Several other studies have reported early age of onset
of alcohol use among adolescents and the associated psychological problems in later life
Despite the fact that the legal drinking age in Kenya has been set at 18 years for a long time,
it is clear that alcohol is available for sale even to underage drinkers. As has been observed
before, failure of enforcement may be part of the problem, as well as the domination of the
alcohol market by small-scale often illicit producers and sellers. Partanen suggests that 80-
90% of total alcohol consumed in Kenya comes from 'small-scale production within the
informal sector, licit or illicit, using traditional African methods of brewing and local skills of
distilling'.
Among some of the problems associated with early age of onset of alcohol use is increased
risk of later alcohol abuse and dependence as well as associated social and occupational
difficulties. In one study, Grant and Dawson showed that the odds for dependence decreased
by 14% while those for abuse decreased by 8% with each increasing year of onset of use .
The implication of the high rate of alcohol use and early age of onset in this study is that a
large proportion of the respondents are at a high risk of developing alcohol-related disorders
as adults.
In the present study, negative effects attributed to alcohol use by the respondents included
quarrels and fights, loss and damage to property, regretted sex, unprotected sex, and medical
problems. As indicated earlier, most of these problems could be attributed to a binge-drinking
pattern of behaviour, rather than regular light use of alcohol. The high risk sexual behaviour
is particularly ominous due to the high prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted
infections in Kenya.
In 2007, Chersich et al reported an association between binge-drinking and unsafe sex,
sexual violence and sexually transmitted infections among Kenyan female sex workers, and
the students in the present study are clearly exposed to the same risks. It is clear that unless
substance use among adolescents and young adults is addressed, interventions targeting
HIV/AIDS, violence and accidents will achieve less than optimal results.
The lifetime prevalence rate of cigarette smoking in this sample was 42.8%, which is higher
than what has been reported elsewhere. However, most of these prior reports focused on
adolescents in high school, once again raising the possibility that the rates of cigarette use
increase with age and academic progression.
In this study, there was a statistically significant difference in the lifetime cigarette use
prevalence rates between males and females, with males having a higher rate than females.
This is consistent with what has been found in other studies, and may reflect a more tolerant
social attitude to male than to female smoking .
The mean age at first cigarette use in this study was 15.7 years, and the youngest reported age
was 10 years. Males had a significantly lower mean age of onset of cigarette use than
females. The Kenyan Tobacco Control Act (2007) prescribes the minimum smoking age to be
18 years, yet tobacco products appear to be available to people as young as 10 years old. The
same regulatory problems identified in relation to alcohol use are probably also operational
with regard to tobacco use in Kenya.
Elsewhere, Kwamanga et al reported an age of cigarette smoking onset of 12 to 16 years,
while Peltzer reports a mean age of onset of 14.8 years, similar to the findings in this study.
Early onset of cigarette use has obvious implications for these young people in social and
academic spheres. As a matter of fact, the commonest smoking-attributed problems reported
by participants in this study were associated with teachers, parents and physical health.
Although it was beyond the scope of this study to identify exactly what sort of problems the
smokers encountered with teachers and parents, it may be presumed that they were probably
related to discipline and interpersonal conflict. Smoking is outlawed in learning institutions in
Kenya, as well as in most public places.
Although only a small proportion (7%) of those who smoked reported using more than 16
cigarettes a day, this is still significant in view of the health risks posed by this amount of
exposure to cigarette smoke. It also suggests that this group is already dependent on nicotine,
and this may cause problems in important areas of functioning including school, social and
family functioning.
The rates of other substance use in this study were low. This may be attributed to either
under-reporting or a lack of availability of these substances. It is difficult to ascertain the true
reason for the low prevalence rates since the questionnaire used was a self-report format and
there was no follow-up of responses. However, this finding appears consistent with the
previous studies in the same environment, where reports of illicit drug use have been low .
Only cannabis use has been found to be more common in the earlier studies compared to the
present one. For instance, Odek-Ogunde reported a 19.7% lifetime prevalence rate of
cannabis use among university students, but found rates less than 5% for drugs such as
heroin, cocaine and amphetamines.
Majority of those reporting lifetime substance use indicated that they were influenced by a
friend or relatives other than the nuclear family. Similar findings have been reported in other
studies, confirming the role of peer pressure and social learning in initiation of substance
use The implication of this finding is that peers and older relatives would also serve as good
role models for a substance use intervention program for young people in this setting.
In this study, most respondents indicated that they used substances to relax and relieve stress.

Madu and Matla found that majority of drug using adolescents do so when they are bored,
tired or stressed up, or at parties A 1987 Medical Student survey in the US also found similar
reasons for most of the drugs used, including to relax, to have a good time, to feel good and
even to experiment ]. This raises the possibility that interventions that help young people to
use their time more productively would reduce the incidence of substance use.
This study encountered a number of limitations, chief among them being the relatively small
sample size and a study design that precludes generalisation of the results to students in other
institutions. Due to the heterogeneity of the institutions and the courses offered in this region,
it would take a larger study to fully describe the substance use patterns among college
students in Kenya or even within Eldoret Municipality. The information generated from this
study may however be useful in the design of such a study.

Impact on substances abuse on students

TUS India (2003) Ano: News articles report on tobacco use survey Anon. All smoke and
no hope in sight. Times of India, May 29, 2003The articles refers to a study of trends of
tobacco consumption by 800 young collegians, conducted by the Consumer Education and
Research Center (CERC). It cites the S Yellore, Director, Torch division of CERC as saying
that the study finds two main reasons for students becoming addicted to tobacco – peer
pressure and the influence of movies and television, and that “most believe “it won’t happen
to me”.
Nichter SM, Nichter M, Sickle DV.1999 made a survey Tobacco use among male college
students in Karnataka. (unpublished) Submitted to Social Science and Medicine as:
Prevalence and Patterns of tobacco use among college students in South India.
The objective of this research was to study the use of tobacco, smoking and gutkha among
college students in Karnataka. A sample of 1,606 male students whose mean age was 20
years was interviewed. Various aspects of tobacco use like prevalence of smoking and gutkha
usage, age of initiation, use across religious groups, types of tobacco products, reasons for
tobacco use, perceived benefits of smoking cigarettes, social and family influences and
perceptions of addiction and advertising were studied. Some of the major findings of this
research were that 36% had ever tried smoking and 18% had ever tried chewing gutkha. A
quarter of those who had ever tried cigarettes were daily smokers and another quarter were
occasional smokers. The rest had either quit or only experimented a few times. Among youth
who smoked 5-6 cigarettes per day, about half of these cigarettes were smoked alone. The
mean age of initiation for smoking cigarettes and chewing gutkha among college students
was about 17 years. Over 80% believed that cigarette smoking was increasing among boys.
Students thought that smoking could relieve tension and boredom and give a kick.

Odek-Ogunde M, Pande-Leak D made a survey on substance use among students in a

Kenyan University
United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya. To investigate the prevalence
and pattern of substance use among an undergraduate population in a Kenyan
university.Cross-sectional survey, cluster sampling of classrooms, self-administered
questionnaires.
Private international university in Nairobi province, Kenya. Five hundred fifty eight
undergraduate students of both sexes, age range 16-50 and mean age (S.E) of 21.1 +/-
 0.2.Self-reported use of psychoactive substances.:Percentages of lifetime prevalence rates of
commonly used substances were tobacco, 54.7%; alcohol, 84.2%; cannabis, 19.7% and
inhalants, 7.2%. The corresponding "past use" and "current use" rates were relatively lower
but followed the same pattern. The percentage rates were significantly higher in males than
females (p < 0.005). Rates for regular use (> 20 days/month) were higher for tobacco (24.7%)
than alcohol (11.5%). The lifetime prevalence rates of other drugs (heroin, cocaine, mandrax,
amphetamines and LSD) were low (< 5%), while modest rates were recorded for tranquilizers
(10.8%), local brews (13.6%) and cough mixtures (35.1%). Less than 20% of respondents
initiated substance use in lower primary school, while more than 50% started using in upper
primary and secondary school and 11% to 25% started using substances at university.
Substances most commonly used by respondents studied were of the licit variety (alcohol and
tobacco). The rate of use of the two substances is rather high. The use of illicit drugs seems to
be growing and may soon escalate to alarming levels. The findings suggest an urgent need to
gather more data, which can be used to guide formulation of health promotion and prevention
programmes.

Roxanne Dryden-Edwards, MD Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, Chief Medical Editor

 The 2010 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse estimated the number of users
of illicit drugs in the United States to be over 22 million. Other statistics from drinkers and
almost 70 million of Americans smoke cigarettes. Other research shows that about 22
million people over 12 years of age in the United States have abused inhalants and three-
quarters of a million use inhalants for the first time each year.
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Aim
To study the substance abuse among college students belonging to naga community
settled in Bangalore.
OBJECTIVES
To study the socio demographic profile of the college students belonging to naga community
in bangalore
To study the pattern of the substance abuse among college student belonging to naga
community in bangalore
To study the relationship between socio demographic details and substances abuse

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION.

College students; for this study, students studying in degree college have been considered as
college students.
Naga community are the tribes from the north eastern part of India ,where students from
northeast has come for the studies.
Substances abuse; Substance abuse can simply be defined as a pattern of harmful use of any
substance for mood-altering purposes. Medline's medical encyclopedia defines drug abuse as
"the use of illicit drugs or the abuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes
other than those for which they are indicated or in a manner or in quantities other than
directed."( Buddy t January 10, 2011)

RESEARCH DESIGN
A descriptive quantitative empirical investigation was preferred above a qualitative design as
the aim was to describe the phenomenon present among the samples. The clear-cut data
obtained would also in fact be put to further use of the subjects. Quantitative approaches are
also considered to be more objective, structured and have both high validity and reliability
(Coolican, 1999).

UNIVERSE
The universe of the city is Bangalore city
STUDY POPULATION
The study population comprises of the College students belonging to Naga community
(degree students)
SAMPLE
The sample was collected from the Naga Church and hostel which consist of approximately
500 youths. Out of this, sample size of 100 students was decided for the study. The
questionnaire was distributed to 100 students out of this 95 students completed the
questionnaire.

METHOD OF SAMPLING – (simple random method)

The researcher has chosen simple random sampling and the sample size was 100 but only 95
students completed the questionnaire.
INCLUSION criteria
Students studying in degree college
Students belonging to Naga community settle in Bangalore
both male and female students
EXCLUSION criteria
Those who do not give consent in the study
Data collection period planned for Research march-April

Tools

Socio demographic profile schedule

A socio-demographic profile sheet was used to collect the socio-demographic information i.e.
name, sex, religion, qualification, docile, occupation, marital status and family income details
for the study.
Assist
The alcohol, smoking and substances and involvement screening test (Assist) was developed
under the auspices of the world health organization (WHO) by an international group of
addiction researchers and clinicians in response to the overwhelming public health burden
associated with psychoactive substance use worldwide .it was designed to be used in the
primary health care settings where hazardous and harmful substances use among clients may
go undetected
The assist is an 8 items questionnaire designed to be administered by health worker to the
client. The Assist was designed to be culturally neutral and useable across a variety of
cultures to screen for use of the following substances:
 Tobacco products
 Alcohol
 Cannabis
 Cocaine
 Amphetamine –type stimulants (ATS)
 Sedatives and sleeping pills (benzodiazepines)
 Hallucinogens
 Inhalants
 Opioids
 Others drugs
The Assist determines a risk score for each substance which is use to started a discussion with
the clients about their substance use. the score obtained for each substances fall into lower
,moderate ,or high risk category which determines the most appropriate intervention for that
level of use .
The Assist obtains information from clients about lifetime use of substances, and use of
substances ,and use of substances and associated problems over the last 3 months .it can be
identify a range of problems associated with substance use including acute intoxication,
regular use ,dependent or high risk and injecting behaviour .
Scoring is done by adding scores of questions received 2 through 7 inclusive .Do not include
the results from either Q1 or Q8 in this score. For example, a score for the cannabis would be
calculated as :Q2c+Q3c+Q4c+Q5c+Q6c+Q7c

Method of data collection:

Socio-demography sheet and Assist questionnaire was distributed to the Naga church for 100
degree college students. Out of which 5 college students decline and 95 students responded
for the study.

Analysis
Collected data was analysed using SPSS version 16.0.frequency distribution and percentage
as well as descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation was used to analyse the
socio-demographic details of the participants.
Frequency distribution frequency and percentage was used to study the pattern of substance
abuse among college students.
The Chi square test statistic (χ2) was used to test the significance of association between
gender and the substance use among college students.

Ethical consideration
 The information that has been gathered are kept confidential
 The data collected from the participants are only for the research.
 Informed consent was taken from the participants.
 Participants have been explained about the purpose of the research.
 Chapter 4

Results
The aim of the research was to understand the patterns of substances abuse among the college
student belonging to Naga community.
The specific objective of the study were
1. To study the socio demographic profile of the college students belonging to Naga
community in Bangalore
2. To study the pattern of the substance abuse among college student belonging to Naga
community in Bangalore
3. To study the relationship between socio demographic details and substances abuse

Table 4.1
Variable Variable groups Frequency Percentage
Sex Male 48 50.5
Female 47 49.5

Religion Hindu 1 1.1

Muslim
Christian 92 96.8
other 2 2.1
Age Mean = 22.6 SD = 1.88

Domicile Rural 54 56.6

Urban 41 43.2

Marital status Married 7 7.4

Unmarried 88 92.6

Family income 1.Rs.25000- Rs.100000 82 86.3

range 2.Rs.100001-Rs.300000 5 5.3
3.Rs.300001-Rs.500000 5 5.3
4.Rs.500001-Rs.700000 3 3.2

Table 4.1(a)

domicile

uban; 43.16%

rura; 56.84%

Table 4.1(b)

Marital status

married; 7.37%

unmarried; 92.63%
Table 4.1(c)

family income

4.Rs.500001-Rs.700000

3.Rs.300001-Rs.500000

2.Rs.100001-Rs.300000

1.Rs.25000- Rs.100000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

The table given above clearly achieves the first objective of studying the socio-demographic
profile of the students belonging to Naga community in Bangalore, indicating the number of
subjects belonging to particular sub-group when classified according to the different socio-
demographic variables considered.
a) The sample consisted of 47 female and 48 males
b) The sample consisted of 1 Hindus, 2 other and 92 Christians
c) The age range was between 18 and 26 years, mean age is 22.6 (SD = 1.88).
d) The sample consisted of 54 living in rural, and 41 in urban domicile.
e) 88 subjects were unmarried whereas 7, i.e. the majority were unmarried.
f) 82 subjects earned an family income ranging from .Rs.25000- Rs.100000 and 5
subjects range Rs.100001-Rs.3000003. 5 subjects range Rs.300001-Rs.500000 and 3 subjects
range Rs.500001-Rs.700000
 Family profile
Table 4.2
Variable Variables groups Frequency percentage
Father occupation Business 21 22.1
Government services 46 48.4
Agriculture 14 14.7
Others 14 14.7
Mother occupation House wife 53 55.8
Private 11 11.6
Government 25 26.3
Others 6 6.3

Table 4.2(a)

family profile
60

50

40

30

20

10

As the above tables shows that majority of the father occupation 48.4% are government
employee . 22.1% are business man and 14.7% are agriculture and others
And on the mother occupation 55.8% are housewife , 11.6% private , 26.3% government and
6.3% are others
In your life, which of the following substances have you ever used?
Table 4.3
Substances Frequency Percentage

Tobacco products 63 66.3

Alcoholic beverages 68 71.6
Cannabis (grass) 22 23.2
Cocaine 6 6.3
Amphetamine 5 5.3
Inhalants 8 8.4
Sedatives or sleeping pills 8 8.4
Hallucinogens 0 0
Opioids 0 0
Other 1 1.1

From the above table we find that the usage of substances like alcohol and tobacco are more
as compared with the other substances. Alcohol use have 71.6 % tobacco products have 66.3
% cannabis have 23.2% and the remaining substances like cocaine ,amphetamine ,inhalants,
sleeping pills are less in number.
Table 4.4
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 Frequency
0 Percentage
s s ) e e s s s r
u ct a ge ra s s a i n i n a nt p i l l gen oi ds the
r c m l o i
od eve (g Co heta nha pi ng ci n Op
O
pr b bis p I e l u
co ic a le l
a c hol a nn Am rs Ha
b o C o
To c
Al es
atv
d
Se
 In past three months how often the substances have been used by the users
Table 4.5
Never Once or monthly weekly Daily or
twice almost daily
Substances N % N % N % N % N %
Tobacco 46 48.4 16 16.8 7 7.4 10 10.5 16 16.8
products
Alcoholic 51 53.7 10 10.5 16 16.8 15 15.8 3 3.2
beverages
Cannabis 86 90.5 8 8.4 1 1.1 0 0 0 0
(grass)
Cocaine 91 95.8 2 2.1 2 2.1 0 0 0 0
Amphetamine 91 96.8 1 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.1 0
Inhalants 91 95.8 2 2.1 2 2.1 0 0 0 0
Sedatives or 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1 0 0 0 0
sleeping pills
Hallucinogens 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opioids 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 94 98.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.1

The above table show us that in the past three months how often the substances have
been used by the users. In this table we will find types of substances being used, once or
twice , monthly, weekly, daily or almost daily and never. 48.4% have never used Tobacco
products in the past three months , 16.8% used once or twice, 7.4% used monthly,10.5%
weekly and 16.8% almost daily

During the past three months , how often people have strong desire or urge to use the
substances
 Never Once or monthly weekly Daily or
twice almost
daily
Substances N % N % N % N % N %
Tobacco 51 53.7 17 17.9 4 4.2 9 9.5 14 14.7
products
Alcoholic 55 57.9 12 12.6 8 8.4 15 15.8 5 5.3
beverages
Cannabis 85 89.5 8 8.4 0 0 0 0 2 2.1
(grass)
Cocaine 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1 0 0 0 0
Amphetamine 92 96.8 3 3.2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inhalants 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sedatives or 94 98.9 0 0 0 0 1 1.1 0 0
sleeping pills
Hallucinogen 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s
Opioids 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

From the table we can see how often people have strong desire to use substances. 14.7% of
the people have the urge to use tobacco daily or almost daily, 17.9% once or twice and 15.8%
have the desire to urge alcoholic beverages weekly, 12.6% once or twice.

During the past three months how often has the use of substances led to health, social,
legal or the financial problems.
Never Once or monthly weekly Daily or
twice almost
daily
Substances N % N % N % N % N %
Tobacco 62 65.3 12 12.6 7 7.4 7 7.4 7 7.4
products
Alcoholic 59 62.1 14 14.7 9 9.5 9 9.5 4 4.2
beverages
Cannabis 89 93.7 4 4.2 1 1.1 0 0 1 1.1
(grass)
Cocaine 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Amphetamine 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inhalants 94 98.9 1 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sedatives or 94 98.9 1 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
sleeping pills
Hallucinogen 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s
Opioids 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

From the table we can see how often the use of substances led to health, social, legal or
financial. 7.4% of the people have led to problems due to use tobacco daily or almost daily,
12.6% once or twice and 9.5% have the desire to urge alcoholic beverages weekly, 14.7%
once or twice.

During the past three months how often have they failed to do what normally
expected because of the use of substances

Never Once or monthly weekly Daily or

twice almost daily
Substances N % N % N % N % N %
Tobacco 69 72.6 12 12.6 6 6.3 5 5.3 3 3.2
products
Alcoholic 74 77.9 9 9.5 6 6.3 3 3.2 3 3.2
beverages
Cannabis 88 92.6 4 4.2 0 0 2 2.1 1 1.1
(grass)
Cocaine 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Amphetamine 93 97.9 1 1.1 1 1.1 0 0 0 0
Inhalants 94 98.9 1 1.1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sedatives or 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sleeping pills
Hallucinogen 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s
Opioids 95 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 92 96.6 0 0 3 3.2 0 0 0 0
 Has a friend or relative or anyone else ever expressed concern about the use of
substances

No ,never Yes, in the past 3 Yes ,but not in the

months past 3 months
Substances N % N % N %
Tobacco 57 60.0 30 31.6 8 8.4
products
Alcoholic 70 73.7 18 18.9 7 7.4
beverages
Cannabis 90 94.7 4 4.2 1 1.1
(grass)
Cocaine 92 96.8 3 3.2 0 0
Amphetamine 93 97.9 1 1.1 1 1.1
Inhalants 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0
Sedatives or 93 97.9 1 1.1 1 1.1
sleeping pills
Hallucinogen 94 98.9 1 1.1 0 0
s
Opioids 94 98.9 1 1.1 0 0
Other 89 93.7 5 5.3 1 1.1

From the table we found out that friend or relative who have ever express concern about
using substances in the past three months 31.6% have express concern about the use of
tobacco products and 8.4% have express concern but not in three months. And 18.9% have
express concern about the use of alcohol beverages. 7.4% have express concern but not in
three months.

Has the person tried and fail to control, cut down or stop using the substances

No ,never Yes, in the past 3 Yes ,but not in the

 months past 3 months
Substances N % N % N %
Tobacco 65 68.4 23 24.2 7 7.4
products
Alcoholic 67 70.5 23 24.4 5 5.3
beverages
Cannabis 87 91.6 2 2.1 6 6.3
(grass)
Cocaine 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1
Amphetamine 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1
Inhalants 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0
Sedatives or 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1
sleeping pills
Hallucinogens 94 98.9 1 1.1 0 0
Opioids 94 98.9 0 0 1 1.1
Other 94 98.9 0 0 1 1.1

Other
Opioids
Hallucinogens
Sedatves or sleeping pills
No ,never
Inhalants
Amphetamine Yes, in the past 3 months
Cocaine
Yes ,but not in the past 3
Cannabis (grass) months
Alcoholic beverages
Tobacco products
Substances

0 20 40 60 80 0
10

From the table we found out that the person who have tried to cut down or stop using
substances in the past three months 24.2% have tried to cut down the use of tobacco products
and 7.4% have tried to stop but not in three months. And 24.4% have tried to cut down the
use of alcohol beverages. 5.3% have tried but not in three months.

Used of drug by injection

 No ,never Yes, in the past 3 months Yes ,but not in the past 3
months
N % N % N %
Injection 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0

Injection
100
90
80
70
Injecton
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

The number of non drug injector is 97% and number of user who used injectors in the past 3
months are 2.1% and the person who have use but not in the past 3 months are 0%.

No intervention Receive brief More intensive

intervention treatment
Substances N % N % N %
Tobacco 47 49 43 45.3 5 5.3
products
Alcoholic 51 53.7 35 36.8 5 5.3
beverages
Cannabis 87 91.6 2 2.1 6 6.3
(grass)
Cocaine 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1
Amphetamine 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1
Inhalants 93 97.9 2 2.1 0 0
Sedatives or 92 96.8 2 2.1 1 1.1
sleeping pills

The above table shows that majority of the students does not need no intervention but 45.3%
need a brief intervention on tobacco products, 36.8% needs a brief intervention on alcoholic
beverages and 5.3% needs intensive treatment on tobacco and 6.3% on cannabis
250

200

150

100
More intensive treatment
50

0 Receive brief interventon

ph i ne
Co )

lls
I n ne
pr es

Ca beve s

s
s

ss
a b age
t

ee ant

No interventon
l i c duc

pi
nc

ra

i
ca

m
r

(g

l
ng
ba bsta

eta

ha
o

is

pi
Su

Al cco

Am
nn

sl
ho

or
co
To

es
tv
da
Se

The substance used among male and female

No intervention Brief intervention More intensive

group group treatment group
Substances Male Female Male Female Male Female Significanc
e
Tobacco 12 35 31 12 5 0 .000
products
Alcoholic 13 38 26 9 9 0 .000
beverages
Cannabis 34 46 14 1 0 0 .000
(grass)
Cocaine 43 46 5 1 0 0 .107
Amphetamine 44 46 4 1 0 0 .187
Inhalants 45 46 3 1 0 0 .316
Sedatives or 44 46 4 1 0 0 .187
sleeping pills
Hallucinogen 47 47 1 0 0 0 .505
s
Opioids 47 47 1 0 0 0 .505
Other 45 44 3 3 0 0 .651

The chi square was done to analyze the association between male and female use of
substances
The following tables shows that majority of the female and male are in the No intervention
group and substances like tobacco 31% and alcohol 26% consumers are more on the male
groups so they fall on the Brief intervention groups . and there are few numbers of Male who
falls on More intensive treatment on substances like tobacco 5% n alcohol 9%.

Finding data per course of educational qualification

1st year degree 2nd year degree 3rd year degree significance
Substances 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Tobacco 13 6 0 12 14 1 22 23 4 0.319
products
Alcoholic 15 4 0 12 13 2 24 18 7 0.83
beverages
Cannabis 19 0 0 20 7 0 41 8 0 0.59
(grass)
Cocaine 18 1 0 25 2 0 46 3 0 0.955
Amphetamine 19 0 0 24 3 0 47 2 0 0.218
Inhalants 19 0 0 24 3 0 48 1 0 0.101
Sedatives or 19 0 0 25 2 0 46 3 0 0.502
sleeping pills
Hallucinogen 19 0 0 26 1 0 49 0 0 0.280
s
Opioids 19 0 0 26 1 0 49 0 0 0.280
Other 19 0 0 24 3 0 46 3 0 0.311
Chi square test was done to analyze the association between the 1year degree, 2 nd year and 3rd
year students. From the above tables we found out that majority of the students studying 3 rd
year degree and 2nd year degree needs more brief intervention comparing with the 1st year
degree students.

50
45
40
35
30 1st year degree
25
20 2nd year degree
15
10
3rd year degree
5
0
) significance
s e s s s r
ce ct
s
ge
s ss in in
e
nt ill en ds he
a n d u ra gra
oca m l a g p og i oi Ot
t o ve ( eta a in n p
bs pr be bi
s C
In
h ci O
Su co i c a ph l eep l lu
c l n Am s H a
ba ho Ca
n
or
To l co s
A ve
d at
Se

No Brief More
intervention intervention intensive
group group treatment
group
Substances 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Significanc
e
Tobacco .000
products
Alcoholic .000
beverages
Cannabis .000
(grass)
Cocaine .107
Amphetamine .187
Inhalants .316
Sedatives or
sleeping pills
Hallucinogen
s
Opioids
Other 45 44 3 3 0 0 .651

Chapter 4

Discussion
 Students who smoke or use drugs have been known to shed all inhibitions and Produce
behaviour that is inconsistent with college discipline. The increasing Incidence of
smoking and drug abuse among adolescent students seem to be a Contributory factor to
the frequent ugly confrontation between college administrators and students. In
Bangalore, studies have been conducted and data gathered on substances abuse among the
Naga students. These studies and reports have dealt extensively on reasons for which
students smoke or use drugs. However, not much is known of the prevalence of these
habits among this population.
This study was aimed, to understand the use of substance among the college student
belonging to Naga community. And the objective of the studies were
 To study the socio demographic profile of the college students belonging to Naga
community in Bangalore,
 To study the pattern of the substance abuse among college student belonging to
Naga community in Bangalore,
 To study the relationship between socio demographic details and substances
abuse
The survey was taken among 95 college degree students belonging to Naga community in
Bangalore , the sample consisted of 47 female and 48 males, majority of the community
belongs to Christianity having 96.8 % and the other 2%. The age range was between 18
and 26 years, mean age is 22.6 (SD = 1.88). The sample consisted of 54 living in rural, and
41 in urban domicile. 88 subjects were unmarried whereas 7, i.e. the majority were
unmarried. 82 subjects earned an family income ranging from .Rs.25000- Rs.100000 and 5
subjects range Rs.100001-Rs.3000003. 5 subjects range Rs.300001-Rs.500000 and 3 subjects
range has a family income ranging from Rs.500001-Rs.700000. The majority of the father
occupation of the subjects were 48.4% government employee. 22.1% are business man and
14.7% are agriculture and others
And on the mother occupation 55.8% are housewife , 11.6% private , 26.3% government and
6.3% are others

Methods
The study was carried out at churches, community gatherings and hostels, where most of the
Naga students can be found. As the students were studying in the different colleges and
majority of them were degree students so only degree students from 1 st year to 3rd year were
included in the study .the method of sampling was simple random method
Design
The study used a descriptive survey design involving the administration of the World Health
Organization Assist Questionnaire to collect information on the use of various drugs
including alcohol, tobacco, stimulants, marijuana, cocaine and heroin, among others .The
WHO Assist questionnaire has been standardized and used elsewhere in many countries to
collect data on substance use among the youths, students.

The questionnaire was used to gather data on other aspects of drug use. It contained 8 items
questions:
Question1 ask about which substance have ever been used in the clients lifetime
Question2 ask about the frequency of the substance use in the past three months which given
indication of the substance which are most relevant to current health status
Question3 ask about the frequency of experiencing a strong desire or urge to use its
substances in the last three months
Question 4 ask about the frequency of health, social ,legal or financial problems related to
substance use in the last three months
Question 5 ask about the frequency with which use of each substance has interfere with role
responsibilities in the past three months
Question6 ask if anyone else has ever express concern about the clients, use of each
substance and how recently that occurred
Question7ask weather the client has ever tried to cut down or stop use of the substance and
fail in that attempt and how recently that occurred
Question 8 ask weather the client has ever injected any substance and how recently that
occurred
Pattern of Substance use among the students:

The study found out the lifetime substances use among the students found that the usage of
substances like alcohol and tobacco are more as compared with the other substances. The
amount of Alcohol use among the college students have 71.6 % and the tobacco products
have 66.3 % cannabis have 23.2% and the remaining substances like cocaine ,amphetamine
,inhalants, sleeping pills are less in number. This study has been supported by the study done
by Odek-Ogunde et al 1999 found rates of lifetime alcohol use as high as 84% among
students at a private university in Nairobi, Kenya, while Othieno et al 1993in a more
heterogeneous population consisting of outpatients attending several Nairobi primary health
care facilities found a lifetime alcohol use prevalence rate of 62%.
The paucity of literature on alcohol use among college students in Africa and other parts of
the world was demonstrated by Karama et al in a 2006 review article in which the authors
argued for the need for more studies to be carried out in this area in order to inform
interventions. However, studies among high school students in this region report similarly
high prevalence rates of alcohol use, ranging from 15% to 57.9%.

Among the respondents majority of the students does not need no intervention but 45.3%
need a brief intervention on tobacco products, 36.8% needs a brief intervention on alcoholic
beverages and 5.3% needs intensive treatment on tobacco and 6.3% on cannabis

Gender differences in substance abuse among college students

The substance used among male and female
In this survey the majority of the male and female group lies under no intervention group on
almost all of the substances. And on the brief intervention groups male groups have high
usage of substances like alcohol 31%, tobacco 26% cannabis14% cocaine 5% comparing
with the female users while female groups also needs a brief intervention on tobacco 12%and
alcohol 9%.and on more intensive treatment groups male groups take a lead. 9% and 5% of
the male groups a treatment in alcohol and tobacco.
Finding data per course of educational qualification
In this study among the educational qualification that is the 1year degree, 2 nd year and 3rd
year students

Chi square test was done to analyze the association between the 1year degree, 2nd year and 3rd
year students. From the above tables we found out that majority of the students studying 3 rd
year degree and 2nd year degree needs more brief intervention comparing with the 1st year
degree students.