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Bogor Agriculture University, 9th Jan.

, 2015

Eel Resource and Aquaculture

韓玉山
Dr. Yu-San Han
Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Director of the Board, Taiwan Eel Farming Industry Development Foundation
E-mail: yshan@ntu.edu.tw; Tel: +886-2-33663726
Outline

1. Eel resource and habitat destruction


2. Eel aquaculture industry
3. Eel opportunity in Indonesia
4. Eel resource management
Freshwater eels genus Anguilla

Vilhelm Ege
(1887-1962)

19 species/subspecies in the world


Distribution
Eel life cycle
For Aquaculture
Leptocephalus

Glass eel
Yellow eel

Ocean Continent
Egg

Silver eel

Spawning

Photos from internet


Eel Resource in Danger

Japanese eel 日本鰻


150
American eel 美洲鰻
Index of juvenile stocks
(% of 1960-1970s)

100

European eel 歐洲鰻


50

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year
Dekker 2004
IUCN 2014: Endanger species for Japanese and American eels

Anguilla Anguilla Anguilla Anguilla Anguilla


interioris nebulosa borneensis japonica anguilla
Anguilla Anguilla
megastoma bicolor Anguilla
Anguilla Anguilla rostrata
obscura celebesensis
Anguilla
luzonensis

Anguilla
marmorata
Anguilla
mossambica
Long-term eel catch in Japan

Glass eel Wild eel


catch catch

Data from Nihon Data from MAFF,


Aquaculture News Japan
Japanese glass eel catch in Taiwan area
Data from Nihon
Aquaculture News
Eel Resource Decline in East Asia

Japanese eel might go extinct


within 10 years if we do nothing !
Why does eel resource decline ?
Habitat
destruction

Overfishing

Global climate
change
Satellite remote analysis of eel habitat loss in East Asia

USGS

Chronological Landsat
image analysis
Habitat area shrinkage and habitat quality decline
(ex. revetment, dams, and harbors)
Habitat destruction: a case study
Danshui River of year 1970’and 2010’
Habitat destruction: a case study
Zhoushui River of year 1970’and 2010’
Decline of carry capacity of eel habitat
Carry Capacity

Before 1970’ Habitat loss


? Future

Now 2010’ ?

Time
Outline

1. Eel resource and habitat destruction


2. Eel aquaculture industry
3. Eel opportunity in Indonesia
4. Eel resource management
Expenditure on eel Kabayaki (%)
Eel Eating Culture in Japan

Eel restaurant posters

Statistical Handbook of Japan, 2008

Japanese eel is an traditional nutritious food for the Japan people


Foods since the Stone Age
Eel bones have been found in about 130
shell mounds dated to the stone age
(14,000-300 BC)
Distribution “Eel Road”
Eel road is connected to big town from fisheries areas

There was a specially made eel road to transport live eels about 250 km from fisheries
area to big town Osaka (大阪) in Japan in 1860’s. Transporters passed this road on
foot and by ship. Many eel ponds and place name still exists along this road.
Eel Aquaculture History
Japanese eel aquaculture
is the mainstream in the
world since 1970s.

Shizuoka, Japan (1969)


Japanese eel aquaculture in Taiwan

Outdoor cement ponds


Japanese eel aquaculture in China

80% of Japanese eel cultured in


Taishan, Guangzhou
Japanese eel aquaculture house
Japan Korea

Green house style


Japanese eel production and trade

China 28.2 39%


Glass eel Japan 23.2 32%
Culture Korea 12.4 17%
(tons) Taiwan 9.3 13%
Total 73.1
China 79,153 85%
Adult eel Japan 52 0%
Export Korea 84 0%
(tons) Taiwan 13,688 15%
Total 92,976
China 0 0%
Adult eel Japan 63,664 96%
Import Korea 2,355 4%
(tons) Taiwan 33 0%
Total 66,053
Data: 2003-2012 Average
Japanese glass eel market price trend
Glass eel
Japanese adult eel market price trend
Adult eel
World glass eel trading

European
eel American
Japanese
eel
eel
A. marmorata
A. bicolor pacifica

A. bicolor bicolor
A. mossambica

A. australis

The shortage of Japanese eel stimulates the growth


of other eel species
Eel culture in China in 2013 & 2014

2013 2014 (tons)


A. marmorata: 10-15 1-2

A. bicolor pacifica: 1-2 <1

A. anguilla: 11 7

A. rostrata: 10 13

Data source: Nihon Aquaculture News


Other eel species aquaculture in China

Indoor house in Fujian


Eel culture in Taiwan in 2013 & 2014

2013 2014 (tons)


A. marmorata: 5-6 <1

A. bicolor pacifica: <1 <1

A. anguilla: 0 0

A. rostrata: <1 <1

Data source: Nihon Aquaculture News


Other eel species aquaculture in Taiwan

Outdoor earth ponds


Eel culture in Korea in 2013 & 2014

2013 2014 (tons)


A. marmorata: 3-5 <1

A. bicolor pacifica: 1-3 <1

A. anguilla: 0 0

A. rostrata: 5.4 2-3

Data source: Nihon Aquaculture News


Other eel species aquaculture in Korea

Green house style


Outline

1. Eel resource and habitat destruction


2. Eel aquaculture industry
3. Eel opportunity in Indonesia
4. Eel resource management
Effect of CITES on Japanese eel
aquaculture in East Asia

1. Ban of Japanese glass eel re-export from Hong


Kong: Japan and Korea culture scale
2. Restriction of adult eels export:
China and Taiwan export scale

Overall condition: Shrinkage of Japanese eel


aquaculture industry
Potential of other eel species

A. marmorata:
1. Glass eel abundance: very good
2. Glass eel price: low
3. Culture difficulty: medium
4. Culture time: 2-3 yr
5. Roasted eel making: not suitable
6. Threat: limited market
A. marmorata dishes
Potential of other eel species

A. bicolor pacifica:
1. Glass eel abundance: medium
2. Glass eel price: low
3. Culture difficulty: medium
4. Culture time: 8-10 months
5. Roasted eel making: easy
6. Threat: unstable catch and low purity
Potential of other eel species

A. bicolor bicolor:
1. Glass eel abundance: Good
2. Glass eel price: low
3. Culture difficulty: high (high mortality at early stage)
4. Culture time: 8-12 months
5. Roasted eel making: easy
A. bicolor dishes
Outline

1. Eel resource and habitat destruction


2. Eel aquaculture industry
3. Eel opportunity in Indonesia
4. Eel resource management
Glass eel regulation since 2013 in Taiwan
Abundance

Banned Banned
Fishing
season
(4months)

Nov. Recruit Time Mar.

Data source:Taiwan Fisheries Agency


Eel management in East Asia
1. Stop illegal export of glass eels
2. Setting Japanese glass eel catch/culture quota: based on 2014
catch, 98 tons * 80%  78 (tons/yr)
3. Setting stocking quota of each country
Culture Quota for 2015
China: 34 (tons/yr)

Japan: 22

Korea: 12

Taiwan: 10
Eel protection rivers since 2013 in Taiwan

*At least 1 eel protection


river is assigned for each
County of Taiwan.

*Wild eels larger than 8


cm are not allowed to be
caught since year 2013
Eel management in East Asia
Ban of catch of wild adults !!
Catch one pair of spawners, you get only
1kg/individual *2*1000NTD/kg = 2,000 NTD

V.S.
Release one pair of spawners, you may get
1 million eggs/pair *1%survival rate *
100 NTD/glass eel = 1,000,000 NTD
Acknowledgements:

Thank You

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