Pharmacy and Biotechnology

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology

Pharmaceutics I
PHTC 311

Tutorial 3: Pharmaceutical Solutions

Course Instructors:
Prof. Dr. Samar Mansour
Dr. Salma Tammam
Dr. Mai Rady

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Outline / ILOS

• Types of Solvents used in pharmaceutical Solutions

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 Types of Solvents used in pharmaceutical Solutions
Propylene Ether and
Alcohols Glycerol Fixed Oils
glycol Acetone

Methanol Excellent Substitute for Used for

solvent glycerin hydrophobic drugs For topical use
Prohibited and drugs liable to only
hydrolysis
Ethyl Alcohol 95% Preservative miscible with
oral and topical use action in high
only water – acetone-
conc
Selective Solvent chloroform &
ether

Ethyl Alcohol 100% Not selective

solvent
•Analysis

Isopropyl Alcohol High viscosity

•topical use only

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 Types of Solvents- Questions
According to the given types of solvents, choose an appropriate solvent for each
formula. Justify your answer.
Water – Ethanol- Glycerol- Methanol- Isopropyl Alcohol- Oil
1- Anti- fungal topical solution

2- Vitamin E solution

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 Types of Solvents- Questions
3- Vitamin B12

4- Ear Drops to remove wax

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions
Buffers (e.g. weak acid and its salt)

• Solutions formulated for application to mucous membranes and eye

Isotonicity Modifiers (e.g. Dextrose and NaCl)

• Solutions for injection and for ophthalmic use and those prepared for application
to mucosal surfaces such as nasal drops must be made isotonic with tissue fluids to
avoid pain and irritation.

Viscosity Enhancement (e.g. Povidone and CMC)

• To remain on the skin or in the eye

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions

Isotonicity Modifiers (e.g. Dextrose and NaCl)

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions

Sweetening agents (e.g. Sucrose, glycerol, sorbitol, sacharine etc…)

• To mask bad taste of drugs.

Flavours (e.g. Raspberry, Orange, peppermint)

• To mask bad taste and odour of drugs.

Colours

• For external use only as identification or warning e.g. gargles and mouthwashes.

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions

Preservatives (e.g. benzalkonium Cl. And

Parabens)
• To prevent growth of m.o. in aqueous pharmaceutical preparations
for multiple use.

Antioxidants (e.g. Ascorbic acid, Na metabisulphite, alpha tocopherol)

• To prevent oxidation of drugs.

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions

Preservatives (e.g. benzalkonium Cl. And

Parabens)

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions- Questions
According to the given additives formulate:

Buffers at PH 5.5, Buffer pH 7.4, benzalkonium Cl, NaCl, water, ethyl alcohol,
sesame oil, parabens, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, FDA approved red colour, Raspberry
syrup, peppermint flavour.

1. Diclofenac Na Oral Solution.

2. Chloramphenicol eye drops

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 Different Pharmaceutical Additives In Solutions- Questions

3- Clotrimazole anti-fungal topical solution

4- Hexitidine Mouth wash

5- Vitamin B complex IM injection

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 Thank you
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