1.

Refer to all variability factors in getting the right material strength

 Procedure (temperature and time)
 Equipment
 Material (cement, water, aggregates)
 User
 Construction variability
 Environment
2. Refer to all physical properties (shape, size, texture, porosity, air voids, absorption etc)
3.

4. A. Economical reason (fine aggregates more expensive than coarse)

B. Obtaining the right (desired) gradation for the mix design

𝑊𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 −𝑤𝑑𝑟𝑦 625.2−589.9

5. 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑊𝑑𝑟𝑦
∙ 100% = 589.9
∙ 100% = 5.98%

𝑊𝑆𝑆𝐷 −𝑊𝑑𝑟𝑦 599.3−589.9

𝐴= ∙ 100% = ∙ 100% = 1.59%
𝑊𝑑𝑟𝑦 589.9