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•Research is defined as a scientific and systematic search

for relevant information on a specific topic involving a
systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

•Research comprises defining and redefining problems,

formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;
collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making
deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last
carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether
they fit the formulating hypothesis.

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Descriptive Applied Quantitative Conceptual
vs. vs. vs. vs.
Analytical Fundamental Qualitative Empirical

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 DESCRIPTIVE
•Descriptive research includes surveys
and fact-finding enquiries of different
kinds.
•The major purpose of descriptive
research is description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present.
•The main characteristic of this method is
that the researcher has no control over
the variables; he can only report what
has happened or what is happening.
•Example 1: Examining the fluctuations of
U. S. international trade balance during
1974-1995.
•2.Starting from late 1986, the value of U.S.
dollar value has steadily increased against the
Japanese yen and German Mark. Examining
the magnitude of this trend in the value of
U.S. dollar is another example of descriptive
research;
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ANALYTICAL
•In analytical research, on the
other hand, the researcher has to use
facts or information already available,
and analyze these to make a critical
evaluation of the material.
•Analytical research attempts to explain
why and how. It usually concerns itself
with cause–effect relationships among
variables.
•Example1:Explaining why and how U.S.
trade balance move in a particular way
over time.
•2. While explaining how and why this
surge in the value of U.S. dollar is going
to affect the U.S. Is analytical research.
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 APPLIED FUNDAMENTAL
•Applied research aims at finding a •Fundamental research is mainly
solution for an immediate problem concerned with. generalisations and
facing a society or an with the formulation of a theory
industrial/business organisation.

•The central aim of applied research is •Basic research is directed towards

to discover a solution for some finding information that has a broad
pressing practical problem. base of applications and thus, adds to
the already existing organized body of
•Examples: Research aimed at certain scientific knowledge.
conclusions (say, a solution) facing a
concrete social or business. Research •Examples: Research concerning
to identify social, economic or political some natural phenomenon, human
trends that may affect a particular behaviour carried on with a view to
institution or marketing research or make generalisations about human
evaluation research are examples of behaviour
applied research.
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 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

•Qualitative research is concerned with •Quantitative research is based on the

qualitative phenomenon, i.e., measurement of quantity or amount.
phenomena relating to or involving
quality or kind.
•It is applicable to phenomena that can
•Qualitative research is specially be expressed in terms of quantity.
important in the behavioural sciences
where the aim is to discover the •It usually involves collecting and
underlying motives of human behaviour. converting data into numerical form so
•This type of research aims at that statistical calculations can be made
discovering the underlying motives and and conclusions drawn.
desires, using in depth interviews for the
purpose. •Example- Total sales of soap industry
in terms of rupees cores and or
•For instance, when we are interested in quantity in terms of lakhs tones for
Investigating the reasons for human particular year, say 2008,could be
behaviour, we quite often talk of researched, compared with past 5 years
‘Motivation Research’ and then projection for 2009 could be
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Research ( 6
CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
1. Research related to some abstract idea 1. Research done on experience or
or theory generally used by philosophers observation alone, without due regard
and thinkers to develop new concepts or for system and theory. It is also called
to reinterpret existing ones. Experimental research as the conclusions
can be verified by observation or
2. The researcher breaks down a theorem experiment.
or concept into its constituent parts to
gain a better & deeper understanding of 2. The researcher provides himself with a
the issue concerning the theorem. working hypothesis to get the probable
Conceptual research is a useful method results. Facts are found to prove or
but should be used in conjunction with disprove the hypothesis after which
other methods to produce better & experimental designs are made to bring
understandable results. forth the desired information.

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 Lack of a
scientific
training
Overlapping
Insufficient
of research
interaction
studies

lack of a Question of
code of Confidential
conduct for ity
researchers

Lack of Untimely
secretarial availability
assistance of data
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 Lack of a scientific training
• There is paucity of competent researchers
• Many researchers take a leap in the dark without
knowing research methods
Consequences:
• Most of the work, which goes in the name of
research is not methodologically sound.
• The research results, quite often, do not reflect the
reality or realities.
Solution:
• Efforts should be made to provide short-duration
intensive courses to make researchers well equipped
with all the methodological
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aspects.
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 Insufficient interaction
• A great deal of primary data of non-confidential nature
remain untouched/untreated by the researchers for
want of proper contacts.
Solution:
• Efforts should be made to develop satisfactory liaison
among all concerned for better and realistic researches.
• Industry interaction programme

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 Question of Confidentiality
• Most of the business units in our country do not
have the confidence that the material supplied by
them to researchers will not be misused.
Consequences:
• Reluctance in supplying the needed information to
researchers.
Solution:
• Generate the confidence that the Information will be
confidential.

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 Overlapping of research studies

• Research studies overlapping one another are

undertaken quite often for want of adequate
information.
Consequences:
• Duplication
Solution:
• Proper compilation and revision, at regular intervals

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 Lack of a code of conduct for researchers

• There does not exist a code of conduct for

researchers and inter-university and inter-
departmental rivalries are also quite common.
Solution:
• Develop a code of conduct for researchers

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 Lack of secretarial assistance

• Many researchers in our country also face the

difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance , including computerized assistance.
Consequences:
• Delay in the completion of research studies.
Solution:
• University Grants Commission must play a dynamic
role in providing secretarial assistance.

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 Untimely available of data

• There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published

data from various government and other agencies.
• published data vary quite significantly because of differences
in coverage by the concerning agencies.
Consequences:
• The time and energy of researchers are spent in tracing out
the books, journals, reports, etc.,
Solution:
• Efforts should be made for the regular and speedy supply of
all governmental publications to reach our libraries.

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 PRESENTED BY
GROUP NO: 7
Utkarsh Garg - 121
Sangam Lalsivaraju- 138
Sugandha Arora 140
Dhruv Mahajan -141
Nitish Dubey -177

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