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Cast iron soil pipe offers the advantage of low-cost A cast iron pipe containing between 14.25% and 15% silicon
installation as a result of the speed and efficiency with which and small amounts of manganese , sulfur and carbon.
the hubless couplings and compression gasket joints can be Manufactured in the same dimensions as cast iron pipe.
made, and the with use of 10-foot pipe lengths, which Made from alloy of cast iron and silicon
reduces the required number of joints in a given plumbing
system. Further, cast iron soil pipe can be preassembled Uses & Purposes
before it is placed in the ground or wall. This eliminates the
need to work in cramped quarters or muddy trenches and so Widely used in chemical laboratories, industries and
speeds installation. other installations where acid wastes are being
discharged.
Product Availability
Due to its high resistance in compression, cast iron BS 78 was finally superseded when the U.K.
was used for such construction as bridges and as harmonized with incompatible European standards,
columns for many buildings. however, the specified outer dimensions continue to
remain in effect (albeit in metric form) as the
Widely used for frames and other fixed parts of standard pipe outer diameter for ductile iron pipe in
machinery including spinning and later weaving Australia and New Zealand through the descendant
machines in textile mills and the cylinders for steam specification, AS/NZS 2280.
engines.
Availability in Market
Another great use for a cast iron pipe is for a
garbage disposal because it is highly resistant to the Based on “www.thomasnet.com” 34 companies still makes
grinding and abrasions that may be caused with food and supplies acid-resistant cast iron from different countries.
and particles going in and out daily.
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
Advantages
Good for handling high pressure and loads of water. • It’s cheap, abundant easily formed, assembled and
maintained. It has a proven record of corrosion
Has high resistance to corrosion. resistance, longevity in service and reliability.
Has thicker wall than ductile iron or steel. • Clay is the “original” material used in water and
public health engineering works. The Egyptians used
Durable and convenient to stall. fired clay containers to convey and store water 5000
years ago. Later, the Romans formed clay pipes to
Cheaper in cost. convey clean and dirty water. Clay pipe is non-
CAST IRON PIPES AND FITTINGS FOR SALE combustible. The pipe is verified at temperatures
above 1000o c effectively eliminating any
Cast Iron Pipes cost ₱285.00 combustible material.
• Clay is also extremely “green” it is by far the most
Metro Manila environmentally-friendly material that can be used
Contact: Cell. 09985456440/Tel. 7275966 for transporting waste. Many of those re-discovered
ancient pipes are found to be still be in good working
Disadvantages condition, their corrosion resistance intact and really
available in most of the world.
Brittle in character and requires stronger support for
• Other sever systems, some built as recently as the
each pipe installed horizontally to prevent sagging of
20th century, and made of other materials, such as
joints.
asbestos-cement, and concrete, iron and plastic,
It’s strength and stiffness deteriorates when have already deteriorated rapidly, allowing toxic
subjected to high heat such as fire. material to seep into the ground.
• And finally, clay pipes are easily recyclable. Unlike
Because of their heavy load, these pipes are made in plastic and other pipes, they can be easily re-used
shorter lengths. This equates to more jointing and and refabricated to produce new material.
more complicated layout. • Clay sewer pipes can typically last for 50 to 60 years.
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe was designed to last for
Not advisable to use in inaccessible places.
long periods of time, typically over 100 years.
Available Sizes
BENEFITS AND CHARACTERISTICS:
The first standardization of cast iron water pipes in
Britain occurred in 1917 with the publishing of BS 78.
• Resistant to chemical agents of industry areas.
This standard specified a dimensionless nominal size, • Resist the H2S Which is Formed as a result of the
which approximately corresponded with the internal bacteria found in sewage.
diameter in inches of the pipe, and four pressure • Resistant to all the aggressive elements That can be
classes, Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D, each found in the soil or groundwater.
with a specified wall thickness and outer diameter. • High resistance to abrasion Allowing more Flexibility
in speeds and slopes.
It is noted that the outer diameter is identical • Low value of rugosity.
between classes with the exception of sizes 12 to 27, • Pipes and joints are resistant to the roots.
where Classes A and B share one diameter and • Never deformed pipes, not damage by cleaning
Classes C and D have another, larger diameter. equipments.
• Vitrified clay has an unlimited life.
• Spigot joint socket system with supple joints to DISADVANTAGES
Accommodate settlements.
IT CAN BE DIFFICULT TO INSTALL AND CAN BECOME QUITE
ADVANTAGES COSTLY
RELIABLE, STABLE AND STURDY • The toughness of VPC comes from its heavy and
durable components, but that can actually become a
• The first thing that pipe installation and repair certain disadvantage. The hardened clay is actually
companies check with the pipes is its sturdiness. If difficult to cut into different pieces, and placing the
the pipes are truly sturdy then it will most likely last clay pipes into the sewer line can be troublesome.
for many decades. VCP is labelled as one of the
sturdiest, stable, and reliable pipes out there. PRONE TO ROOT ATTACKS
Because of its durable properties, these clay pipes
have an estimated lifespan of 100 years, even if • VCP may be resistant to chemicals and abrasion, but
exposed to harsh conditions. Aside from having long it also has a vulnerability which is root attacks. It’s
expected life use, VCP’s durability has another because of the external porous properties of the
benefit; it’s a great candidate for high water pipes, which is basically a “magnet” for roots.
pressure cleansing since it can withstand the strong
water flow of hydro jet pipe cleansers. Galvanized Wrought Pipe
• Abrasions are common for the pipes that continually Before these practices though, these kinds of pipes were used
process rough debris from the plumbing system. VCP to provide water for the people. However with further
doesn’t suffer from any abrasions, again because of investigation it was concluded that it was not suitable for
the tough composition of the material thanks to the transporting water with the purpose of consumption this is
heating process. due to the toxicity of zinc when exposed to different effects
due to aging and leakages which pollutes the water. Although
RECYCLABLE a few zinc particles only mix with the water if consumed on
daily basis is quite poisonous
• Durability and chemical resistance are actually Galvanized piping was commonly installed in homes built
common characteristics of high quality pipes which before 1960.
VCP is part of. Vitrified clay pipes actually have one
unique feature that only a few pipes have and that is Pipes have been used for thousands of years to transport
its ability to be easily recycled. Once metal pipes fluids. But the first galvanized steel pipe supplier appeared
become too rusty or corroded, it won’t serve any only 135 years ago to help supply water to the citizens of San
other purpose than to fill junkyards. On the other Francisco
hand, plastic pipes can’t be easily decomposed
Modern day galvanized pipe suppliers started appearing in
which makes it difficult to dispose. VCP doesn’t
the 1800s.
create any environmental problems after its long
lifespan since the raw clay materials can be recycled In 1815, William Murdock fit the entire city of London with a
for other clay products. Lastly, VCP doesn’t expend coal burning lamp system using discarded muskets. When he
toxic chemicals when it has aged. needed more metal tubes, innovators gathered to work on
developing new ways to make pipe.
From this point in history, galvanized pipe suppliers WHAT IS A BRASS PIPE?
continued to improve efficiency of production, and steel pipe
prices began to decrease. - Is a pipe manufactured from an alloy containing 85 percent
copper and 15percent zinc.
Uses of Galvanized Wrought Pipe
- Because of its smooth interior surface and high resistance
Water Distribution to acid, brass pipe become superior material for waste and
House Plumbing water supply installations.
Galvanized steel pipes were frequently used in plumbing WHY CHOOSE BRASS PIPE?
systems thanks to their affordability, durability, and ease of
Brass Pipe and Brass Pipe fittings are ideal choices in
use.
households for hot water applications as this meal alloy is
Steel will rust in the presence of moisture, but galvanizing it super malleable and flexible enough to bend, shape, and
with zinc could preserve it. mold.
Moreover, brass also endures high temperatures and doesn’t
Zinc is not harmful to humans when ingested in small deform. Brass fittings possess great conductivity that allows
quantities hot water distribution system to operate in systematic and
efficient way.
These galvanized pipes could be used in plumbing systems
Unlike other metals, brass has extreme malleability level and
because they protected against corrosion and were seemingly
easy handling and lesser installation costs.
harmless for humans.
Polished brass Pipe and brass pipe fittings have unique bright
Unfortunately, the erosion of the zinc used for galvanizing golden color and sometime it can be of darker, browner
would become a problem color. It is always better to ask builder to use genuine brass
fittings as some non-brass fixture fittings are coated with
Advantages
similar color to give it brass look. When you use such fittings
Low installation cost – you cannot expect long life span as the fixture fitting is not
made of brass.
Long life and toughness
Brass pipe and brass pipe fittings are usually costly, but worth
Useful for large constructio due to their durability
investing. This is why majority of builders across the globe
Disadvantages advice to their clients to install brass pipe fittings and fixtures
in order to get reliable performance for years. Solid brass
They are difficult to repair
pneumatic and plumbing fittings have long life, great looks,
Water pressure is observably lower tendency to deliver superior performance. These are the
reasons why the products of brass are selling so fast.
Discoloration of water due to leaks
BRASS PIPE FITTINGS
How much asbestos is used worldwide? • Only 10-15% asbestos (usually white asbestos)
While it is no longer used in much of the Western world,
countries such as India and China still include it in various • Fibres are tightly bound with Portland cement so
products, using hundreds of thousands of metric tonnes each unlikely to give off fibres unless badly damaged
year. Inevitably, sometimes asbestos-containing products are
shipped to Western countries. • Sheets should be removed whole and kept weT
And just because it’s banned doesn’t immediately remove all
the asbestos already used. Millions of tonnes of asbestos still Asbestos Containing Plastics
remain in buildings due to its use in the 20th century: as
exposure to asbestos occurs mainly from breathing in fibres • Floor tiles, stair nosing’s, sink pads, toilet seats and
from contaminated air, disturbing these deposits can pose a cisterns
health risk.
• Can also find asbestos in the adhesive used with
How much asbestos is dangerous to my health? floor tiles ◦ Up to 25% asbestos
There is no minimum concentration of asbestos fibers in the
air that is considered safe for humans to inhale on a continual • Fibre release unlikely under normal use
basis. The risk of developing adverse health effects is
Asbestos Rope and Cloth
dependent upon the exposure (the amount of asbestos
inhaled and the duration of time it was inhaled, typically • Fire blankets, gaskets, cable insulation, flash guards ◦
measured in years) a person has had. Symptoms of lung Up to 100% asbestos
problems do not usually appear until after 20-30 years of
exposure to high levels of asbestos fibers (as might be found • Release of fibres depends on material
in an industrial setting). Most people do not develop health
problems when exposed to small amounts of asbestos. • All 3 types of asbestos used pre 1970 ◦ only
Chrysotile (White) since 1970 to 1999
USES OF ASBESTOS
Sprayed Coatings
Insulating Board
• Structural fire protection – on steel work, behind • Used as fire protection and acoustic control for
radiators and boilers, inside doors structural steelwork.
• Also used for acoustic insulation, lining, ceiling tiles, • Up to 85% asbestos
general building board (resists moisture ingress)
• Fibre is very friable easy to release if disturbed. It
Can also degrade as it ages.
Textured Coatings • Naturally occuring in fibrous minerals
• Being manufactured as a replacement to asbestos Some reasons why plastic piping systems may fail are
poor product bonding/gluing during installation and
naturally-occurring physical damage, such as from tree
PROPERTIES OF USES OF ASBESTOS root infiltration.
Flexibility solutions of piping systems, for a variety of applications
and in most cases developed in cooperation with users
Plastic Pipes are classified by their ring stiffness. The
preferred stiffness classes as described in several Barrier pipe
product standards are: SN2, SN4, SN8 and SN16, where
Pipe incorporating a flexible metallic layer as the middle
SN is Nominal Stiffness (kN/m2). Stiffness of pipes is
of three bonded layers. Barrier pipe is used, for
important if they are to withstand external loadings
example, to provide additional protection for the
during installation. The higher the figure, the stiffer the
contents passing through the pipe (particularly drinking
pipe. After correct installation, pipe deflection remains
water) from aggressive chemicals or other pollution
limited but it will continue to some extent for a while. In
when laid in ground contaminated by previous use.
relation to the soil in which it is embedded, the plastic
pipe behaves in a 'flexible' way. This means that further Most plastic pipe systems are made from thermoplastic
deflection in time depends of the settlement of the soil materials. The production method involves melting the
around the pipe. Basically, the pipe follows the soil material, shaping and then cooling. Pipes are normally
movement or settlement of the backfill, as technicians produced by extrusion.
call it. This means that good installation of pipes will
result in good soil settlement. Further deflection will Standards
remain limited. For flexible pipes, the soil loading is Plastic pipe systems fulfill a variety of service
distributed and supported by the surrounding soil. requirements. Product standards for plastics pipe
Stresses and strains caused by the deflection of the pipe systems are prepared within the CEN/TC155 standards
will occur within the pipe wall. However, the induced committee. These requirements are described in a set
stresses will never exceed the allowed limit values. The of European Product Standards for each application
thermoplastic behavior of the pipe material is such that alongside their specific characteristics, for example:
the induced stresses are relaxing to a low level. It has to
be noted that induced strains are far below the
allowable levels. This flexible behaviour means that the • Conveyance of drinking water: Hygienic
pipe will not fail. It will exhibit only more deflection requirements
while keeping its function without breaking. However,
• Conveyance of gas: Highest Safety
rigid pipes by their very nature are not flexible and will
requirements
not follow ground movements. They will bear all the
• Plastic pipes for radiant heating and floor
ground loadings, whatever the soil settlement. This
heating: Temperature resistance over
means that when a rigid pipe is subject to excessive
decades
loading, it will reach the limit for stress values more
• Sewer applications: High chemical
quickly and break. It can therefore be concluded that
resistance
the flexibility of plastic pipes offers an extra dimension
of safety. Buried Pipes need flexibility Plastic pipes are capable of fulfilling the specific
requirement for each application. They do so over a
There are three basic types of plastic pipes:
long lifetime and with reliability and safety. The key
Solid wall pipe success factor is achieved by maintaining consistently
high quality levels. For plastic pipe products, these
Extruded pipes consisting of one layer of a levels are defined by the different standards. Two
homogeneous matrix of thermoplastic material which is aspects are fundamentally important for the
ready for use in a pipeline performance of plastic pipes: flexibility and long
Structured wall pipe lifetime.
Structured-wall pipes and fittings are products which Advantage and disadvantages of plastic pipes:
have an optimized design with regard to material usage Advantage
to achieve the physical, mechanical and performance
requirements. Structured Wall Pipes are tailor made Effective electrical insulator
Effective moisture barrier industrial applications where high impact strength and
rigidity are essential. This material is also used in non-
Good adhesion to pipe surface
pressure piping systems for soil and waste.
Resistance to dis-bonding
uPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride) uPVC is a
Ease of repair thermoplastic material derived from common salt and
fossil fuels. The pipe material has the longest track
Non- toxic interaction with environment record of all plastic materials. The first uPVC pipes were
Good hardness/ abrasion resistance made in the 1930s. Beginning in the 1950s, PVC pipes
were used to replace corroded metal pipes and thus
Good penetration resistance bring fresh drinking water to a growing rural and later
Plastic pipes are light in weight, tough, resistant to urban population. uPVC pipes are certified safe for
chemical attack and available in large lengths. drinking water per NSF Standard 61 and used
extensively for water distribution and transmission
They reduce the cost of handling, transportation and pipelines throughout North America and around the
installation. world. uPVC is allowed for waste lines in homes and is
the most often used pipe for sanitary sewers. Further
Less number of joints facilitates the speed and reduces
pressure and non-pressure applications in the field of
chances of leakage.
sewers, soil and waste, gas (low pressure) and cable
They are rust resistant. protection soon followed. The material's contribution to
public health, hygiene and well-being has therefore
These pipes have good elastic properties.
been significant.
Their adaptability to earth movements is superior.
Polyvinyl chloride or uPVC (unplasticised PVC) pipes are
Smooth internal surface of the pipes offer less friction. not well suited for hot water lines and have been
restricted from inside water supply line use in the USA
Due to less friction it saves the energy in the for homes since 2006. Code IRC P2904.5 uPVC Not
conveyance of water. listed. uPVC has high chemical resistance across its
Disadvantages operating temperature range, with a broad band of
operating pressures. Max operating temperature is
Due to their non-decomposing property, plastic pipes reported at 140°F, and max working pressure: 450 PSI.
are not installed in high temperature. Due to its long-term strength characteristics, high
They are easily cracked. stiffness and cost effectiveness, uPVC systems account
for a large proportion of plastic piping installations and
At higher temperatures, the strength of plastic pipes some estimations put it that greater than two million
reduces. miles of PVC pipe are currently in service across
applications.
Materials used:
uPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride) Variants
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) Acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS) is used for the conveyance of Based on the standard polyvinyl chloride material, three
potable water, slurries and chemicals. Most commonly other variants are in use. One variant called OPVC, or
used for DWV (drain-waste-vent) applications. It has a PVCO,represents an important landmark in the history
wide temperature range, from -40 °C to +60 °C. of plastic pipe technology. This molecular-oriented bi-
axial high performance version combines higher
ABS is a thermoplastic material and was originally
strength with extra impact resistance. A ductile variant
developed in the early 1950s for use in oil fields and the
is the MPVC, polyvinyl chloride modified with acrylics or
chemical industry. The variability of the material and its
relative cost effectiveness has made it a popular chlorinated PE. This more ductile material with high
fracture resistance is used in higher-demand
engineering plastic. It can be tailored to a range of
applications where resistance against cracking and
applications by modifying the ratio of the individual
stress corrosion is important. In several studies the long
chemical components. They are used mainly in
track record of uPVC pipes has been investigated. Polyethylene of various densities, also abbreviated to
Recent investigations at the German KRV and the Dutch LDPE, MDPE and HDPE (low, medium and high density
TNO have confirmed that uPVC water pressure pipes, polyethylene; the medium density version is at times
when installed correctly have a useful life span of over referred to as "black alkathene" in the UK) Polyethylene
100 years.[ has been successfully used for the safe conveyance of
potable and waste water, hazardous waste, and
CPVC (post chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)
compressed gases for many years. Two variants are
CPVC is resistant to many acids, bases, salts, paraffinic HDPE (high-density polyethylene) and the more heat
hydrocarbons, halogens and alcohols. It is not resistant resistant PEX (cross-linked polyethylene, also XLPE). PE
to solvents, aromatics and some chlorinated has been used for pipes since the early 1950s. PE pipes
hydrocarbons. It can carry higher temperature liquids are made by extrusion in a variety of sizes dimensions.
than uPVC with a max operating temperature reaching PE is lightweight, flexible and easy to weld. Its smooth
200°F. Due to its greater temperature threshold and interior finish ensures good flow characteristics.
chemical resistance, CPVC is one of the main Continuous development of the material has enhanced
recommended material choices in residential, its performance, leading to rapidly increasing usage by
commercial, and industrial water and liquid transport. major water and gas utility companies throughout the
world. The pipes are also used in lining and trench-less
PB-1 (polybutylene) technologies, the so-called no-dig applications where
PB-1 is used in pressure piping systems for hot and cold the pipes are installed without digging trenches without
potable water, pre-insulated district heating networks, any disruption above ground. Here the pipes may be
and surface heating and cooling systems. Key properties used to line old pipe systems to reduce leakage and
are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and improve water quality. These solutions are therefore
high hydrostatic pressure resistance. One standard helping engineers to rehabilitate antiquated pipe
type, PB 125, has a minimum required strength (MRS) systems. Excavation is minimal and the process is
of 12.5 MPa. It also has low noise transmission, low carried out quickly below ground. Also for PE pipe
linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification. material, several studies demonstrated the long track
PB-1 piping systems are no longer sold in North record with expected lifetime of more than 50 years.
America. Market share in Europe and Asia is small but Cross-linked polyethylene is commonly referred to as
steadily growing. In some markets, e.g. Kuwait, UK, XLPE or PEX. It is a thermoplastic material that can be
Korea and Spain, PB-1 has a strong position. made in three different ways depending how the cross-
linking of the polymer chains is being made. PEX was
PP (polypropylene) developed in the 1950s. It has been used for pipes in
Polypropylene is suitable for use with foodstuffs, Europe since the early 1970s and has been gaining rapid
potable and ultra pure waters, as well as within the popularity over the last few decades. Often supplied in
pharmaceutical and chemical industries. PP is a coils, it is flexible and can therefore be led around
thermoplastic polymer made from polypropylene. It structures without fittings. Its strength at temperatures
was first invented in the 1950s and has been used for ranging from below freezing up to almost boiling makes
pipes since the 1970s. Due to the high impact resistance it an ideal pipe material for hot and cold water
combined with good stiffness and high chemical installations, radiator and under floor heating, de-icing
resistance makes this material suitable for sewer and ceiling cooling applications
applications. A good performance at operating PE-RT (polyethylene RT)
temperature range from up to 60 °C (continuous) makes
this material suitable for in-house discharge systems Polyethylene of raised temperature resistance or PE-RT
Soil & Waste. A special PP grade with high temperature expands the traditional properties of polyethylene.
behavior up to 90 °C (short-term) makes that material a Enhanced strength at high temperatures are thus made
good choice for in-house warm water supply. possible through special molecular design and
manufacturing process control. Its resistance to low or
PE (polyethylene) high temperatures makes PE-RT ideal for a broad range
of hot and cold water pipe applications.
PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
Color Classification