CHAPTER 1

FURTHER TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

1.1 Hyperbolic Functions

1.1.1 Definition of Hyperbolic Functions

1.1.2 Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions

1.1.3 Hyperbolic Identities

1.2 Inverse Functions

1.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Identities
1.2.3 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1.2.4 Log Form of the Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1.1.1 Definition of Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Sine, pronounced “shine”.
e x − e−x
sinh x =
2

Hyperbolic Cosine, pronounced “cosh”.

e x + e−x
cosh x =
2

Hyperbolic Tangent, pronounced “tanh”.

sinh x e x − e− x e2 x − 1
tanh x = = x −x ≡ 2x
cosh x e +e e +1

Hyperbolic Secant, pronounced “shek”.

1 2
sech x = = x
cosh x e + e − x

Hyperbolic Cosecant, pronounced “coshek”.

1 2
cosech x = = x
sinh x e − e − x

Hyperbolic Cotangent, pronounced “coth”.

cosh x e x + e − x
coth x = = x
sinh x e − e − x
1.1.2 Graphss of Hyperb
bolic Functtions

Sincee the hyperbo

h olic funnctions dependd on thee valuees of
e x and
a e− x , itss graphhs is a com mbinatioon of the
expoonentiall graphs.

(i) Grraph of sinh x

From
m the grraph, we
w see
(i) sinnh 0 = 0.
0
(ii)) Thhe domain is all
a real numbe
n rs
(iiii) Thhe curve is sym
mmetrical aboout the origin, i.e.
sinnh (−x) = −sinnh x
(ivv) It is
i an inncreasinng one--to-one functioon.
 (ii)) Grraph of cosh x

We see
s from
m the graph
g of y = co
osh x thhat:
(i) cosh 0 = 1
(ii)) Thhe domain is all
a real numbe
n rs.
(iiii) Thhe valuee of cosh x is never less
l thaan 1.
(ivv) Thhe curve is sym
mmetrical aboout the yy-axis, i.e.
cosh (−x)) = coshh x
(v)) Foor any given
g v
value off cosh x,
x theree are tw
wo valuues
off x.
 (iiii) Grraph of tanh x

We see
s

(i) tannh 0 = 0
(ii)) tannh x alw ween y = −1 annd y = 1.
ways liees betw
(iiii) tannh (−x) = −tannh x
(ivv) It has ptotes y = ±1.
h horrizontall asymp
1.1.3 Hyperbolic Identities

For every identity obeyed by trigonometric functions, there

is a corresponding identity obeyed by hyperbolic functions.

1.cosh sinh 1
2.1 tanh sech
3.coth 1 cosech
4.sinh sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
5.cosh cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y

6.tanh

7.sinh 2 2 sinh cosh

8.cosh 2 cosh sinh
2 cosh 1
2 sinh 1

9.tanh 2
Som
me of thhe hypperbolicc identiities foollow eexactly the trrig.
identtities; others
o h
have a differen
d nce in sign.
s

Trig. Id
T dentitiees Hypeerbolic Identities
sech θ = 1
cosh θ

cosech θ = 1
sinhθ

cothθ = 1
taanhθ

osh 2 θ − sinh 2θ ≡ 1
co
− tanh 2θ ≡ sech 2θ
1−
oth 2θ −1 ≡ coosech 2θ
co

siinh 2 A ≡ 2sinhh Acosh

hA
coosh 2 A ≡ cosh 2 A + sinnh 2 A
≡ 1+ 2sinh
s 2A
≡ 2 cossh 2 A −1
Examples 1.1
1. By using definition of hyperbolic functions,
a) Evaluate sinh(-4) to four decimal places.

b) Show that 2 cosh 1 cosh 2

2. a) By using identities of hyperbolic functions, show that

1 tanh
sech 2
1 tanh

b) Solve the following for x, giving your answer in 4dcp.

cosh 2 sinh 1

3. Solve for x if given 2cosh x – sinh x = 2.

4. a) By using definition of hyperbolic functions, proof that

cosh sinh 1

b)Solve cosh x = 4 – sinh x. Use 4 dcp.

1.2 Inverse Functions

Definition 1.2 (Inverse Functions)

If f : X → Y is a one-to-one function with the domain X and

the range Y, then there exists an inverse function,
f −1 : Y → X
where the domain is Y and the range is X such that
y = f ( x) ⇔ x = f −1 ( y )

Thus, f −1 ( f ( x)) = x for all values of x in the domain f.

Note:  
The graph of inverse function is reflections about the line
y = x.
1.2.1 In
nversee Triggonom
metric Funcctions
Trigoonomettric funnctionss are periodi
p ic hencce they
y are not
n
one-to one.. Howeever, if we resstrict thhe dommain to a chossen
interrval, thhen thee restrricted functioon is one-to--one and
a
inverrtible.

(i) nverse Sine

In S Fu
unction
n

Lookk at thee graph of y = sin x shown

s below

Thee functiion f ( x) = sin

n x is not
n onee to onne. Butt if thee
⎡ π π⎤
dom ted to ⎢ − , ⎥ , thenn f(x) iss one to
main is restrict
r o one.
⎣ 2 2⎦
 Definition:
The inverse sine function is defined as
−1
y = sin x ⇔ x = sin y
π π
where − ≤ y ≤ and − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
2 2

The function sin − 1 x is sometimes written as arcsin x.

The graph of y = sin −1 x is shown below

π
2

π
4

π -1 1 π
−
2 2

π
−
4

π
−
2

f ( x ) = sin −1 x
f ( x ) = arcsin x
(ii) In
nverse Cosine Functtion

Lookk at thee graph of y = cos x shown below

Thee functiion f ( x) = co
os x is not
n onee to onne. But if the
dom
main is restrict
r ted to [0, π ], th
hen f(x)) is onee to onee.

D
Definit
tion:
The invverse cosine function
fu n is deffined ass
−1
y = cos x ⇔ x = cos
c y

w
where 0 ≤ y ≤ π and −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
 c −1 x is shoown bellow
The graph of y = cos

π
2

π -1 1 π
−
2 2

f ( x ) = coss −1 x
f ( x ) = arcccos x

(iii) Invers
I e Tanggent Fu
unction
n

L
Look at the graaph of y = tann x shoown bellow

Thee functiion f ( x) = tan

n x is not
n onee to onne. But if the
⎡ π π⎤
dom
main is restrict
r ted to ⎢ − , ⎥ , thenn f(x) iss one to
o one.
⎣ 2 2⎦
Definition:

The inverse tangent function is defined as

y = tan −1 x ⇔ x = tan y
π π
where − ≤ y ≤ and − ∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ .
2 2

The graph of y = tan −1 x is shown below

π
2

π -1 1 π
−
2 2

π
−
2

f ( x ) = tan −1 x
f ( x ) = arctan x
(iv) In
nverse Cotanggent Fu
unction
n

Dom
main:
Rangge:

(v) nverse Secant Functtion

In

main:
Dom
Rangge:
(vi) In
nverse Cosecaant Fun
nction

main:
Dom
Rangge:

 
Table of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 

Functions Domain
Range 
⎡ π π⎤
y = sin − 1 x [−1, 1] ⎢− , ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦

y = cos
−1
x [−1, 1] [0, π ]

y = tan
−1
x (−∞ , ∞)
⎛
⎜⎜ − π , π ⎞⎟⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠

y = csc
−1
x x ≥1
⎡
⎢ − π ,0⎞⎟⎟ ∪ ⎛⎜⎜ 0,π ⎤⎥
⎣ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎦

y = sec
−1
x x ≥1
⎡
⎢ 0,π ⎞⎟⎟ ∪ ⎛⎜⎜ π ,π ⎤⎥
⎣ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎦
y = cot −1 x (−∞ , ∞) (0, π )

¾ It is easier to remember the restrictions on the domain

and range if you do so in terms of quadrants.

whereas (sin x)−1 =

1 1
¾ sin −1 x ≠ .
sin x sin x
1.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Identities
The definition of the inverse functions yields several
formulas.
Inversion formulas

for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
sin (sin−1 x) = x

sin−1(siny) = y for −
π
≤ y ≤
π
2 2

tan (tan−1 x) = x for all x

tan−1(tany) = y
π π
− < y <
2 2

¾ These formulas are valid only on the specified domain

Basic Relation

for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
−1 −1 π
sin x + cos x =
2
π for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
−1 −1
tan x + cot x=
2

sec−1 x +csc−1 x =
π for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
Negative Argument Formulas

−1 −1 −1 −1
sin (−x) =−sin x sec (−x) =π −sec x

−1 −1 −1 −1
tan (−x) = −tan x csc (−x) = −csc x

−1 −1 −1 −1
cos (−x) = π − cos x cot (−x) = π − cot x

Reciprocal Identities
⎛
1 ⎞
csc−1 x = sin−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ for x ≥ 1
⎜
⎝ x ⎟⎟⎠
1⎛ ⎞
sec − 1 x = cos − 1 ⎜ ⎟ for x ≥ 1
⎜
⎜
⎝ x ⎟⎟⎠
1
cot tan for x ≥ 1
Examples 1.2:

1.Evaluate the given functions.

−1
(i) sin (sin 0.5) (ii) sin (sin − 1 2)

(iii) sin − 1 (sin 0 . 5 ) (iv) sin − 1(sin 2)

2. Evaluate the given functions.

−1
(i) arcsec(−2) (ii) csc ( 2)

⎛ 1 ⎞⎟
−
(iii) cot ⎜ −
1 ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠

3. For −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, show that

(i) sin− 1(− x) = − sin− 1 x

(ii) cos (sin −1 x) = 1− x

2
1.2.33 In
nversee Hyperbolic Fun
nction
ns
The three
t b
basic olic funnctions are sinnh−1 x ,
invverse hyperbo
h
−1
nd tanh −1 x .
cosh x, an

Defin
nition (Inversse Hyperbolicc Functtion)
−1
y = sinh
s x ⇔ x = sinh y for all x annd y ∈ ℜ

−1
y = cosh x ⇔ x = coshh y forr x ≥ 1 and y ≥ 0
−1
y = tanh
t x ⇔ x = tanh y for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, y ∈ ℜ

 
Grap phs of Inversse Hypeerbolicc Funcctions 
h −1 x
(i) y = sinh
Dom main: Rangge:
 −1
(ii) y = cossh x
Dom main: Range::

nh−1 x
(iii) y = tan
Dom main: Range::

 
1.2.4 Log Form of the Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

It may be shown that

(a) cosh ln √ 1

(b) sinh ln √ 1

(c) tanh ln

(d) coth ln
√
(e) sech ln

√
(f) cosech ln | |
Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine (Proof)

If we let cosh , then

cosh
2

Hence,
2

On rearrangement,
2 1 0

√
Hence, (using formula )

2 √4 4
1
2

Since 0,
1

Taking natural logarithms,

cosh ln √ 1)
Proof for

sinh

sinh
2

2 (multiply with )

2 1

2 1 0

Since 0,
1

Taking natural logarithms,

sinh ln 1

In the same way, we can find the expression for tanh in

logarithmic form.
Examples 1.3: Evaluate

−1
1) sinh (0.5)

−1
2) cosh (0.5)

−1
3) tanh ( −0.6)