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FUNDAMENTALS
VOLUME 1:
Media Coding and Content Processing
Ralf Steinmetz
Klara Nahrstedt
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Interdisciplinary Aspects of Multimedia 2
1.2 Contents of This Book 3
1*3 Organization of This Book 4
1.3.1 Media Characteristics and Coding 5
1.3.2 Media Compression 5
1.3.3 Optical Storage 6
1.3.4 Content Processing 6
1.4 Further Reading About Multimedia 6
vii
viii Contents
3 Audio Technology 21
3.1 What Is Sound? 21
3.1.1 Frequency 22
3.1.2 Amplitude 23
3.1.3 Sound Perception and Psychoacoustics 23
3.2 Audio Representation on Computers 26
3.2.1 Sampling Rate 27
3.2.2 Quantization 27
3.3 Three-Dimensional Sound Projection 28
3.3.1 Spatial Sound 28
3.3.2 Reflection Systems 30
3.4 Music and the MIDI Standard 30
3.4.1 Introduction to MIDI 31
3.4.2 MIDI Devices 31
3.4.3 The MIDI and SMPTE Timing Standards 32
3.5 Speech Signals 32
Contents
5 Video Technology 79
5.1 Basics 79
x Contents
6 Computer-Based Animation 95
6.1 Basic Concepts 95
6.1.1 Input Process 95
6.1.2 Composition Stage 96
6.1.3 Inbetween Process 96
6.1.4 Changing Colors 97
6.2 Specification of Animations 97
4
6.3 Methods of Controlling Animation 98
6.3.1 Explicitly Declared Control 98
' 6.3.2 Procedural Control 99
6.3.3 Constraint-Based Control 99
6.3.4 Control by Analyzing Live Action 99
6.3.5 Kinematic and Dynamic Control 100
6.4 Display of Animation 100
6.5 Transmission of Animation 101
6.6 Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) 101
Bibliography 235
Index 257