Chapter 4 - Deductive Geometry PDF

Mathscape 10 ext.
- Ch04 Page 118 Thursday, October 13, 2005 4:16 PM
4 Deductive
geometry
This chapter at a glance

Deductive geometry
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
apply the properties of complementary, supplementary and vertically
opposite angles and angles at a point to find unknown angles, giving reasons
find unknown angles on parallel lines, giving reasons
use the angle sum of a triangle to find unknown angles, giving reasons
use the exterior angle property of triangles to find unknown angles, giving
reasons
use the angle sum of a quadrilateral to find unknown sides and angles, giving
reasons
use the properties of the special quadrilaterals to find unknown sides and
angles, giving reasons
name a polygon according to the number of sides
classify a polygon as either convex or non-convex, regular or irregular
find the interior angle sum of a polygon
find the size of the interior and exterior angles of a regular polygon
use geometric properties to find unknown angles in diagrams involving more
than one step
prove unfamiliar geometric results by using formal reasoning
apply the congruence tests to justify that two triangles are congruent
apply the congruence tests to establish properties of triangles and
quadrilaterals
write formal deductive proofs involving the tests for congruent triangles
use Pythagoras’ theorem to prove unfamiliar results
use the converse of Pythagoras’ theorem to prove that a triangle is
right-angled
118
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 119 Friday, September 23, 2005 7:25 AM
Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 119
4.1 Simple numerical exercises

The questions in this exercise will review the basic geometrical properties of angles, triangles,
quadrilaterals and general polygons that have been covered in previous years. The emphasis in
this exercise is on the giving of correct reasons to justify each answer. Formal proofs of results
and definitions of the special quadrilaterals are left to later exercises.
■ Adjacent angles
Two angles are adjacent if they:
have a common vertex, and
have a common ray, and
lie on opposite sides of this common ray.
E For example, ∠EFG is adjacent to ∠GFH because:

1 F is a common vertex, and
G
2 FG is a common ray, and
α 3 the angles lie on opposite sides of FG.
β
F H
■ Complementary and supplementary angles

Complementary angles have a sum of 90°.
Supplementary angles have a sum of 180°.
For example:
A S
α α β
β P R
B C Q
∠ABD and ∠DBC are complementary ∠PQS and ∠SQR are supplementary
angles: α + β = 90° angles: α + β = 180°
NOTE: When giving reasons, the terms complementary angles and supplementary angles must
not be used. These terms simply mean that the angles have a sum of 90° or 180°. In geometric
reasoning, you need to explain why the angles have that sum (for example angles in a right
angle, or angles on a straight line).
120 Mathscape 10 Extension
■ Angles at a point
Angles at a point are two or more angles that have a common vertex and whose sum is 360°,
or one complete revolution.
Angles at a point have a sum of 360°.
For example:
α + β + γ = 360°.
α β
γ
■ Vertically opposite angles

Vertically opposite angles are formed by the intersection of two straight lines. Vertically
opposite angles must be equal because they are adjacent and supplementary to a common angle.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
For example: W Y
*
T ∠WTZ and ∠YTX are vertically opposite angles.
* ∠WTY and ∠ZTX are vertically opposite angles.
Z X
■ Parallel lines
Parallel lines are two or more lines that have been drawn in the same plane and never meet. The
notation || means ‘is parallel to’. A line that cuts two or more parallel lines is called a
transversal.
When a pair of parallel lines is cut by a transversal, 8 angles are formed. These angles can be
classified into 3 special pairs of angles: alternate angles, corresponding angles and co-interior
angles.
α
alternate angles corresponding angles co-interior angles

■ The angle sum of a triangle

The angle sum of a triangle is 180°.
β
That is, α + β + γ = 180°.
α γ
■ The exterior angle of a triangle

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
two interior opposite angles.
That is, γ = α + β.
α γ
■ Some other properties of triangles

• In an equilateral triangle, • In an isosceles triangle, • In any triangle, the longest
all angles are 60°. the equal angles are side is opposite the largest
opposite the equal sides. angle and the shortest side is
opposite the smallest angle.
60°
60° 60°
■ The angle sum of a quadrilateral

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.
γ
That is, α + β + γ + δ = 360°.
β
α δ
■ Properties of the special quadrilaterals
Trapezium Parallelogram Rhombus
Rectangle Square Kite
Properties of a parallelogram: Properties of a rhombus

opposite sides are parallel all properties of a parallelogram
opposite sides are equal all sides are equal
opposite angles are equal diagonals are perpendicular
diagonals bisect each other diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
Properties of a rectangle: Properties of a square:
all properties of a parallelogram all properties of a rectangle
all angles are right angles all sides are equal
diagonals are equal diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
diagonals are perpendicular
Properties of a trapezium: Properties of a kite:
one pair of opposite sides are two pairs of adjacent sides are equal
parallel
Exercise 4.1
1 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a b c d
u°
t° 64° 125° 112°
x° y° 70°
40°
e f 25° g h
45° k° 28°
p° 65°
38° a° a°
74° m° a°
i j k l
139° n°
r° 72° 63°
z° z° 70° n°
z° z° r° w° w°
w° w°
w°

a b c
x°
r°
52°
35°
P°
100°
d e f
(y – 25)°
2k° f°
2f °
78° 51° 39°

a b p° c
55° c°
63°
72° x° 114° 31°
d e 28° f h°
t°
57° a°
g h i
84° 47°
36°
25° q°
k° s° 50°
4 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons. All lengths are in cm.
a b c
b° 92°
z° 5n°
37° 16°
43° 74° 245° 86°
2n°
d e f x
a° 8 u
v y 25
70° 5
7
g h v i
p° 7
k
7
w 10
3
j k l
110°
20
k
46°
e s° j
r°
d°
8
12
m 18 n o
4
f
b 15 y° z
a°
5 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons.

a b c
x°
37° 3a° 2a°
q°
p° b°
y° 24°
d e f 4n°
k° 2k° 15° 11n°
3g° 76° g°
4k° 3k°
g h i
4b° 60°
97° 3b° (12v – 47)° (5v + 16)°
2c°
85° 53°

a b c
49° 33°
u° c°
a° b° v° d°
84°
d e f
135° 75°
117° 3m°
k°
13° g° 152°
2n° j°
h°
i°
7 Find the value of each pronumeral. (You do not need to give reasons.)
a b c r°
27°
230°
t°
75°
36° 80°
34° n°
d e f
144°
h° 138°
c°
163° 22° 105°
k°
8 State whether TU || VW in each of these. If the lines are parallel, give a reason.
a b V c
T
T
81° U T 109°
U
V
81°
115°
W 75° 71°
W V W
U
9 Find the value of all pronumerals. Do not give reasons.

a b c
33°
a° 72° 3x° 4z° (p + 12)°
b° (4q + 27)°
c° 108°
2y°
⎞ 3s ⎞ °
⎟ ⎟
⎠2 ⎠
10 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, giving reasons.

a b c 4g° 2g°
)°
3b° (e +9
3g°
e° 123°
65° 76°
d e f 5n°
60°
(7x
–2 (3t – 18)° 75°
0)°
(3x
+3
0)°
g (11s – 20)° (4s + 29)° h i (9y – 12)°

44°
3y°
76° 8w°

a b n° m° 71° c
b°
42° 63°
71° a° p° q°
54°
d e f
c° 59°
48°
d° g°
y° x° 79° 35° 80°

h°
g h i
21° 58°
u°
r° 103° j° k°
s° 152°
14° v°
j k l
m° 18°
32°
50°
f°
66° p°
45° e° 58° n°
q°
41°

a b c 16°
94° 123°
142° 83°
147° f° p°
120° e° 100°
115° a° b°
111° q°
d 108° e 54° f
g° 61° 117°
152°
76° 133°
h°
v° 34° w° v°
36°
u°
g h 121° i 67°
125°
163° t°
c°
j° 40°
74°
k°
110° s°
d°

a b c
m° n° 69° b°
c°
a°
38° c° b° d°
133°
d e f
z°
76° a° y° x°
b° y°
73°
c° z° x°
■ Further applications
14 Find the value of x. (You do not need to give reasons.)
20° 30°
x° 40°
55°
A E B
15 ABCD is a rhombus and BE = BF. 72°
Find the value of x. (You do not
have to give reasons.)
F
x°
D C
4.2 Polygons
■ Common polygons
A polygon is a closed figure bounded by only straight sides. The name of a polygon is based
on the number of sides that make up the boundary of the figure. The names of the first 10
polygons are shown below.
Sides Polygon Sides Polygon
3 Triangle 8 Octagon
4 Quadrilateral 9 Nonagon
5 Pentagon 10 Decagon
6 Hexagon 11 Undecagon
7 Heptagon 12 Dodecagon
■ Convex and non-convex polygons

A polygon can be convex or non-convex.
A convex polygon is a polygon in which
all of the diagonals lie within the figure.
All interior angles are less than 180°.
A non-convex polygon is a polygon in
which at least one diagonal does not lie Convex polygon
completely within the figure. One or more Non-convex polygon
interior angles is greater than 180°.
■ The interior angle sum of a polygon

The sum S of the interior angles of any n-sided polygon is given by S = (n – 2) × 180°.
Proof: Let P1P2P3P4 … Pn be a convex polygon with n P2

sides. Choose any point O inside the polygon and
join it to each of the vertices, forming n triangles. P3
The angle sum of each triangle is 180°, therefore, P
1
the sum of the angles in n triangles is 180n°.
P4
However, this includes the angles around O whose
sum is 360°. These angles must be subtracted from O
the angles around the boundary of the polygon to Pn
give the interior angle sum S. P5
Hence, S = 180n° − 360° P6
= 180°(n − 2), on factorising
■ The exterior angle sum of a polygon

When one side of a polygon is produced, the angle between this produced side and an adjacent
side of the polygon is called an exterior angle of the polygon.
The sum S of the exterior angles of any convex polygon is 360°.
Proof: Let P1P2P3P4 … Pn be a convex polygon with n sides. If

each side of the polygon is produced as shown, then the P2
sum of the interior and exterior angles at each vertex is
180°. As there are n interior angles and n exterior angles, P3
the total sum of these angles is 180n°. P1
We know that the sum of the interior angles is
180°(n − 2). The interior angles must be subtracted P4
from the total angle sum to find S, the sum of the
exterior angles of the polygon. Pn
Hence, S = 180n° − 180°(n − 2) P5
= 180n° − 180n° + 360°
= 360° P6
■ Regular polygons
A regular polygon is a polygon in which all of the sides are equal and all of the angles are
equal. The size of the interior and exterior angles in a regular polygon can be found by dividing
the sum of these angles by the number of angles.
In any regular n-sided convex polygon:

180° ( n – 2 )
each interior angle measures -----------------------------
n
360°
each exterior angle measures -----------
n
Exercise 4.2
1 How many sides has each polygon?

a quadrilateral b hexagon c octagon
d decagon e pentagon f heptagon
g nonagon h dodecagon i undecagon
2 State whether each polygon is convex or non-convex.

a b c d
3 State whether each polygon is regular or irregular.

a b c d
4 a Name a quadrilateral in which:

i the angles are equal but the sides are not.
ii the sides are equal but the angles are not.
b Are the quadrilaterals in a regular? Explain.
5 Find the angle sum of each pentagon by a b

dividing the figure into triangles, as shown.
■ Consolidation
6 Find the size of the interior angles in a regular:
a pentagon b hexagon c octagon d decagon
7 Find the size of the interior angles in a regular polygon with 20 sides.
8 Form an equation and solve 130° 110°

it to find the value of c.
2c°
3c°
360°
9 Use the formula θ = ----------- to find the size of each exterior angle in a regular:
n
a hexagon b pentagon c dodecagon
10 Find the size of the exterior angles of an equilateral triangle.
11 Find the size of the exterior angles in a regular polygon with 24 sides.
12 How many sides has a regular polygon whose exterior angles measure:
a 45° b 36° c 20° d 40°
13 Show that a regular polygon cannot have interior angles measuring 100°.
14 Construct a regular pentagon in a circle using a ruler and compasses. Measure the angles in
the pentagon and verify that each angle is 108°.
15 Find the interior angle sum of a regular polygon that has:
a exterior angles measuring 72° b interior angles measuring 156°
TRY THIS Ratio of exterior angles

If the exterior angles (a′, b′, c′) are in the
ratio 4 : 5 : 6, find the ratio of the interior c'
c
angles a : b : c.
b a a'
b'
4.3 Harder numerical problems

The logical order of the steps in these questions needs to be thought through before a written
solution is attempted. Full reasons must be given for each step in the argument.
Example 1
EG In the diagram, DB = DC, DE || AC and CD ⊥ DF. F
+S Find the value of a, giving reasons.
D a° E
Solution
• ∠DBC = 62° (vertically opposite ∠s)
• ∠DCB = 62° (base ∠s of an isosceles ∆, DB = DC) A
B
C
• ∠EDC = 62° (alternate ∠s, DE || AC) 62°
• ∠FDE = 28° (adjacent ∠s in a right angle) G
∴ a = 28
Example 2
EG In the diagram, DE || BA, DEFG is a parallelogram D E
+S and GD bisects ∠BDE. Find the value of y, giving
reasons. C y°
80° G F
Solution
B 36° A
• ∠ABC = 64° (∠ sum of ∆ABC is 180°)
• ∠BDE = 116° (co-interior ∠s, DE || BA)
• ∠EDG = 58° (GD bisects ∠BDE)
• ∠EFG = 58° (opposite ∠s of a parallelogram)
∴ y = 58
Exercise 4.3
1 Find the value of x in each of the following, giving reasons.

a A B b K N c X
107°
Y
64° x° T 44° U
E
C D
x° J M
L Z
F V W
KL bisects ∠JKM x°
d H J e I J f S T
x° x°
L X
D K 96°
155° 23° V
I 69° U
x° M N W
F E
67°
G
g E h A i W
T 77° Q
58° F E 150° P
A B D
H x° S
R
17° x°
x° F
C D C
G B U
V
HG bisects ∠EGD
WV bisects ∠TRS
■ Consolidation
2 Find the value of x in each of these, giving reasons.
a B b S c W V
T x°
47°
A x° E R 28°
D X
U
C 36° x°
P Q 43° 75°
Z Y
UQ bisects ∠PQR
dD E H e J L f A
x° C E
33° x°
42° 29°
48°
109° K N x° O
M
F G
B D
OK bisects ∠LNP P
g C h P Q i U
163° 72° X
114° D G T x° Y
U 34°
109° 57° W
x° V
152°
81° x° R S V Z
E H
F
j Y k E l
N
V x°
O x° K L
27°
X x°
W A B J
M
U 145° C 55° D
O is the centre of the circle I
Z IJKLM is a regular pentagon
3 In each of the following, PQRS is a rectangle. Find the value of x, giving reasons.
aP Q bP Q cP Q
x°
53° 67°
T T T
x°
x° 21°
S R S R S R
4 In each of the following, ABCD is a rhombus. Find the value of m, giving reasons.
a A B b A B c A B
54° 116°
m° m° m°
E E E
17°
D C D C D C
d D e A B f A B
A E m°
m° 128°
E
E m° F
G
61° 75°
B C D C D C
DE = DF F
4.4 Deductive proofs involving

angles
The questions in this exercise involve the proof of general results in figures by the use of angle
relationships.
In some questions it is necessary to begin by choosing one particular angle and writing a
statement such as, ‘let ∠ABC = α’.
In other questions it may be necessary to choose two particular angles and write a statement
such as ‘let ∠ABC = α and ∠DEF = β’.
When the size of an angle is referred to by a Greek letter, the degrees symbol is not written, by
convention.
Full and correct reasons need to be given for each step in the argument.
Example 1
EG In the diagram, QU || RV || ST and RV bisects ∠PRS. P
+S Prove that ∠PQU and ∠RST are supplementary angles.
Q U
R V
S T
Solution
Let ∠PQU = α P
• ∠PRV = ∠PQU (corresponding ∠s, QU || RV)
∴ ∠PRV = α
Q α U
• ∠VRS = ∠PRV (RV bisects ∠PRS)
∴ ∠VRS = α α
R V
α
• ∠VRS + ∠RST = 180° (co-interior ∠s, RV || ST)
180° – α
∴ α + ∠RST = 180° S T
∴ ∠RST = 180° − α
Now, ∠PQU + ∠RST
= α + 180° − α
= 180°
∴ ∠PQU and ∠RST are supplementary angles
Example 2
EG In the diagram, AB || DE and BC || EF. B E
+S Prove that ∠ABC = ∠DEF.
G
A D C F
Solution
Let ∠ABC = α and ∠DEF = β B E
• ∠ABG + ∠BGD = 180° (co-interior ∠s, AB || DE) α β
∴ α + ∠BGD = 180° G
∴ ∠BGD = 180° − α 180° – α 180° – β
• ∠GEF + ∠EGC = 180° (co-interior ∠s, EF || GC)
∴ β + ∠EGC = 180° A D C F
∴ ∠EGC = 180° − β
• ∠BGD = ∠EGC (vertically opposite ∠s)
∴ 180° − α = 180° − β
∴α=β
∴ ∠ABC = ∠DEF
Exercise 4.4
1 A D • AB and CD are straight lines which intersect at E.

Prove that ∠AEC = ∠DEB.
E
C B
2 • CB ⊥ AB C
• DB ⊥ BE E
D
a Prove that ∠ABD = ∠EBC.
b Prove that ∠ABE + ∠DBC = 180°.
A
B
3 R • PQ is a straight line through O.

• PO bisects ∠ROS.
Prove that ∠ROQ = ∠SOQ.
P Q
O
S
■ Consolidation
4 • AC is a straight line through B. E F
• DB bisects ∠ABE.
D
• FB bisects ∠EBC.
Prove that DB ⊥ BF. A C
B
5 T • WX || UY || ZV
• UY bisects ∠TUV
W X Prove that ∠TWX = ∠UVZ.
U Y
Z V
6 • BA || DE B A
• Prove that ∠BCD = ∠ABC + ∠CDE
C
D E
7 A B • AB || CD || EF.
β α Prove that α = β + γ.
E F
γ
C D
8 • CD || EF G
• GH || DJ
Prove that ∠CHG = ∠JIF C D
H
E F
I
J
9 Q
• AB || CE
• PQ bisects ∠ABD
S • RS bisects ∠BDE
A B
Prove that PQ || RS.
P
C E
D
R
TRY THIS Angles in a rhombus
B ABCD is a rhombus.
A
36° ∠DBE = 30°.
∠BAC = 36°.
°
30
Find the value of x.

x°
D E C

triangles
The questions in this exercise involve the proof of general results in figures by the use of
geometrical properties of triangles and angle relationships.
As with the questions in the previous exercise, you should begin each question by choosing one
or two angles and labelling them as α or β. Congruent triangles are not required in this exercise.
Example 1 A B
EG In the diagram, AB = BC and
+S CD = DE. Prove that AB || DE.
Solution D E
Let ∠BAC = α A B
α
• ∠BCA = ∠BAC (base ∠s of an isosceles ∆, AB = BC)
∴ ∠BCA = α
• ∠DCE = ∠BCA (vert. opp. ∠s) α
∴ ∠DCE = α C
α
• ∠CED = ∠DCE (base ∠s of an isosceles ∆, CD = DE)
∴ ∠CED = α α
D E
Now, ∠BAC = ∠CED (both equal to α)
∴ AB || DE (alternate ∠s are equal)
Example 2 A
EG In the diagram, DA = DB = DC.
+S Prove that AB ⊥ BC.
D
B C
Solution
Let ∠DAB = α and ∠DCB = β. A
• ∠DBA = ∠DAB (base ∠s of isosceles ∆ABD, DA = DB) α
∴ ∠DBA = α
D
• ∠DBC = ∠DCB (base ∠s of isosceles ∆BCD, DB = DC)
∴ ∠DBC = β
α
• ∠DAB + ∠ABC + ∠DCB = 180° (∠ sum of ∆ABC is 180°) β β
B C
∴ α + (α + β) + β = 180°
2α + 2β = 180°
∴ α + β = 90°
∴ ∠ABC = 90°
∴ AB ⊥ BC.
Exercise 4.5
1 B ABC is an any triangle. Prove that the angle sum of

the triangle is 180°. [Hint: Construct DE through B,
parallel to AC.]
A C
2 In ∆ABC, AC is produced to D. B
Prove that ∠BCD = ∠BAC + ∠ABC.
[Hint: Construct CE parallel to AB.]
A D
C
3 In ∆ABC, ∠C = ∠A + ∠B. Prove that the triangle is right-angled.
4 B In ∆ABC, D and E are points on BC and AC respectively such

that AD ⊥ BC and BE ⊥ AC. Prove that ∠DAC = ∠EBC.
D
A C
E
D
A
5 In the diagram, AB || DE and AB = BC.
Prove that ∆CDE is isosceles. C
B
6 A E
In the diagram, AB = BC and AC || BE.

Prove that EB bisects ∠CBD.
C B
D Q
E
7 In ∆PQR, PQ = PR. S is a point on PQ S

such that SR bisects ∠PRQ. Prove that
∠PSR = 3∠PRS.
P R
8 B In ∆ABC, AB ⊥ BC and ∠BAC = 30°.

BD is drawn to AC such that AD = BD.
Prove that ∆BCD is equilateral.
A 30° C
D
■ Consolidation
X
9 In ∆XYZ, XY = XZ. The bisector of ∠X meets the
base YZ at W. Let ∠YXW = α and ∠XYW = β. α
a Explain why ∠XWZ = α + β.
b Show that ∠XWY = α + β.
c Hence, prove that XW ⊥ YZ. β
Y Z
W
10 A
In ∆ABC, AB ⊥ BC. D is a point on AC such that AD = DB.
D a Prove that ∆BCD is isosceles.
b Hence, prove that D is the midpoint of AC.
B C
11 C is a point on the circumference of a circle with centre O C

and diameter AB.
a Explain why OA = OB = OC.
b Hence, prove that ∠ACB = 90°. A B
O
12 B In ∆ABC, AC is produced to D. E is a point on

AC such that BE bisects ∠ABC. Let ∠ABE = α
α and ∠BAC = β.
a Find expressions for ∠BEC and ∠BCD,
giving reasons.
β b Hence, prove that ∠BAC + ∠BCD = 2∠BEC.
A D
E C
A B
13 In the diagram, AB || CD, EB bisects ∠ABD
and FD bisects ∠BDC. EB and FD meet at G. F G
Prove that EB ⊥ FD.
E
C D
14 W
In the diagram, VW = VY and UX ⊥ WY.

V X Prove that ∆UVZ is isosceles.
Z Y
U
A
15 In ∆ABC, D is a point on AC such that BD bisects α D
∠ABC. E is a point on BD such that ∠BCE = ∠BAD. C
Let ∠BAC = α and ∠ABD = β. E
β
a Explain why ∠BDC = α + β.
b Hence, prove that CD = CE. B
16 A F In the diagram, CD = CE, AB || FE and GB bisects ∠ABC.

Prove that GB || DE.
G
B D
C
17 In the diagram, AB = AC and AB || EC. EB bisects A E
∠ABC and EC bisects ∠ACD. Prove that AC ⊥ BE.
[Hint: Let ∠ABF = α and ∠ACE = β.] F
α β
B D
C
4.6 Congruent triangles review

Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have exactly the same size and shape. Each
triangle can be obtained from the other by performing one or more of the following
transformations—translation, rotation or reflection. The sides and angles that are in the same
positions relative to other sides and angles are called matching sides and matching angles.
The symbols ≡ and ≅ are used to mean ‘is congruent to’.
If two triangles are congruent, then:

the matching sides are equal in length
the matching angles are equal in size
the figures are equal in area.
There are four standard tests that can be used to determine whether two triangles are congruent.
1 If the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent (SSS).
2 If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the
included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (SAS).
3 If two angles and one side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the
matching side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (AAS).
4 If the hypotenuse and a second side of one right-angled triangle are equal to the
hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent (RHS).
NOTE: 1 If the three angles of one triangle are equal to the three angles of another triangle,
then the triangles are not necessarily congruent. That is, AAA is not a test for
congruent triangles.
2 When naming congruent figures, the vertices must be given in matching order.
Thus, for the triangles below, we would write ∆ABC ≡ ∆XYZ.
B Y
A C X Z
The standard congruence proof for triangles has five steps.
To prove that two triangles are congruent:

identify the triangles that are being used in the proof
name the three pairs of equal sides or angles
name the congruent triangles, giving the vertices of the triangles in matching
order, and state the congruence test used.
NOTE: By convention, the sides or angles on the LHS of the proof should belong to one
triangle and the sides or angles on the RHS should belong to the other triangle.
Example 1 A B
EG • AE and BD bisect each other at C.
+S
a Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆EDC. C
b Hence, show that AB || DE.
Solutions D E
a In ∆ABC and ∆EDC b ∠ABC = ∠CDE (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
• AC = CE (BD bisects AE) ∴ AB || DE (alternate ∠s are equal).
• ∠ACB = ∠DCE (vert. opp. ∠s)
• BC = CD (AE bisects BD)
∴ ∆ABC ≡ ∆EDC (SAS)
Example 2 Q
EG • QS ⊥ PR
+S • QS bisects ∠PQR.
a Prove that ∆PQS ≡ ∆RQS.
b Hence, show that ∆PQR is isosceles.
P S R
Solutions
a In ∆PQS and ∆RQS b PQ = QR (matching sides of congruent ∆s)
• ∠PQS = ∠RQS (QS bisects ∠PQR) ∴ ∆PQR is isosceles.
• ∠QSP = ∠QSR = 90° (QS ⊥ PR)
• QS is a common side
∴ ∆PQS ≡ ∆RQS (AAS)
Example 3
EG • O is the centre of the circle
+S
• OM ⊥ EF. O
a Prove that ∆OEM ≡ ∆OFM.
b Hence, show that OM bisects ∠EOF.
E M F
Solutions
a In ∆OEM and ∆OFM
• ∠OME = ∠OMF = 90° (OM ⊥ EF)
• OE = OF (equal radii)
• OM is a common side
∴ ∆OEM ≡ ∆OFM (RHS)
b ∠EOM = ∠FOM (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
∴ OM bisects ∠EOF.
Example 4 Y
EG • XY = YZ
+S
• YW bisects XZ.
a Prove that ∆YXW ≡ ∆YZW.
b Hence, show that YW ⊥ XZ.
X W Z
Solutions
a In ∆YXW and ∆YZW b ∠YWX = ∠YWZ (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
• XY = YZ (given) But, ∠YWX + ∠YWZ = 180°
• XW = WZ (YW bisects XZ) (adjacent ∠s on a straight line)
• YW is a common side ∴ ∠YWX = ∠YWZ = 90°
∴ ∆YXW ≡ ∆YZW (SSS) ∴ YW ⊥ XZ.
Exercise 4.6
1 State the test that could be used to prove that each pair of triangles are congruent.
a 38°
b
11
74° 11
18 18
74° 5
38°
5
c d 8
12 8
17 21
14 17
14 21
12
2 State whether each pair of triangles are congruent. If they are congruent, state the test used.
a 19 b 10
50° 20
19 13 11
23 20
50°
23 13
c d
48° 62°
27 16 48°
22
62°
27
22
16
3 B L Is ∆ABC ≡ ∆LMN? Explain.
N 75°
60° 45°
75° 45° 60°

A C
M
4 a Q S b D E
F
R
G H
P T
Prove that ∆PQR ≡ ∆TSR. Prove that ∆DEF ≡ ∆HGF.
c Y d M
X Z
L K N
W
Prove that ∆XYZ ≡ ∆XWZ. Prove that ∆MLK ≡ ∆MNK.
■ Consolidation
5 a D b
I J K
E O
A B
C
AB and CD bisect each other at E. O is the centre of the circle and OJ ⊥ IK.
Prove that AC = BD. Prove that OJ bisects ∠IOK.
c Y d C
D
W O
X Z B
∠WXY = ∠WZY and WY bisects ∠XYZ. O is the centre of the circle and AB = CD.
Prove that ∆XWZ is isosceles. Prove that ∠AOB = ∠COD.
e Q S f I
L J
P R T
K
PQ || RS, QR || ST and QR bisects PT. IJ || LK and LI || KJ.
Prove that PQ = RS. Prove that LJ bisects ∠IJK.
g D h R S
C E Q T
F
CD = DE and DF ⊥ CE. RS = QT and RS || QT.
Prove that DF bisects CE. Prove that QR || TS.
i A j
X
B C M
O
D E Y
BC bisects AD, BC || DE and BC = DE. O is the centre of the circle and
Prove that AC || BE. OM bisects XY. Prove that OM ⊥ XY.
6 In the isosceles triangle PQR, PQ = PR. QX = RY. P

a Prove that ∆PQX ≡ ∆PRY.
b Hence, show that ∆PXY is isosceles.
Q X Y R
7 A
In the isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC.
P and Q are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively.
P Q a Prove that PB = QC.
b Hence, prove that PC = BQ.
B C
8 In the isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC. A
CL ⊥ AB and BM ⊥ AC.
a Prove that ∆BLC ≡ ∆CMB.
b Prove that ∆BLN ≡ ∆CMN. L M
c Hence show that LN = MN.
N
B C
9 a In ∆ABC, AB = AC. Prove that ∠ABC = ∠ACB.

b In ∆ABC, ∠ABC = ∠ACB. Prove that AB = AC. (This is the converse of a.)
10 ∆ABC is equilateral.
a Construct CD, the bisector of ∠C. Hence, prove that ∠A = ∠B.
b Construct AE, the bisector of ∠A. Hence, prove that ∠B = ∠C.
c Hence show that each angle in an equilateral triangle is 60°.
11 ABC is a triangle with AB = AC. P is a point inside the triangle so that ∠PBC = ∠PCB.
Prove that PA bisects ∠BAC.
12 In a triangle LMN the sides LM and LN are equal and greater than MN. P is any point on
MN. On ML cut off MQ = NP, and on NL cut off NS = MP. Prove that ∠PQS = ∠PSQ.
13 ABC is an equilateral triangle. The perpendicular to BC at C meets BA produced at D, and

the perpendicular to AB at B meets AC produced at E. Prove that CE = AD.
TRY THIS Intersecting parallelograms

HIJK and FGHI are both parallelograms. I H
L is the midpoint of HK.
Prove that GJ = 3 × HI.
L
J G
K F

quadrilaterals
■ Definitions of the special quadrilaterals
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
A rhombus is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A rectangle is a parallelogram in which one angle is a right angle.
A square is a rectangle with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length.
■ Tests for the special quadrilaterals

■ Parallelogram
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if:
the opposite sides are equal, or
the opposite angles are equal, or
one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel, or
the diagonals bisect each other.
■ Rhombus
A quadrilateral is a rhombus if:
all sides are equal, or
the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
■ Rectangle
A quadrilateral is a rectangle if:
all angles are equal
the diagonals are equal and bisect each other.
■ Square
A quadrilateral is a square if:
all sides are equal and one angle is a right angle, or
all angles are right angles and two adjacent sides are equal, or
the diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
Example 1 A B
EG ABCD is a rhombus.
+S
a Prove that ∆ABE ≡ ∆CBE.
E
b Hence, show that the diagonals
of a rhombus are perpendicular.
D C
Solutions
a In ∆ABE and ∆CBE
• AB = BC (sides of a rhombus are equal)
• ∠ABE = ∠CBE (diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles at the vertices)
• BE is a common side
∴ ∆ABE ≡ ∆CBE (SAS)
b ∠AEB = ∠CEB (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
But, ∠AEB + ∠CEB = 180° (adj. ∠s on a st. line)
∴ ∠AEB = ∠CEB = 90°
∴ the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
Exercise 4.7
1 B ABCD is any quadrilateral.

A Prove that the angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.
[Hint: Construct the diagonal AC.]
D C
2 ABCD is a parallelogram. A B
a Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆CDA.
b Hence show that AB = DC and AD = BC.
c Show that ∠ABC = ∠ADC.
d What property of a parallelogram have you proven? D C
3 A B ABCD is a parallelogram. The diagonals AC and

BD meet at P.
P a Prove that ∆APB ≡ ∆CPD.
b Hence show that AP = PC and DP = PB.
D C c What property of a parallelogram have you proven?
4 ABCD is a rhombus. The diagonals AC and BD meet at P. A B

Let ∠CAB = α and ∠ABD = β.
a Explain why ∠BCA = α and ∠DAC = α.
b Similarly, explain why ∠BDC = β and ∠CBD = β. P
c What property of a rhombus have you proven?
D C
5 A B ABCD is a rhombus. The diagonals AC and BD meet

α β at P. Let ∠CAB = α and ∠ABD = β.
a Explain why ∠BCA = α and ∠CBD = β.
b Find α + β.
P
c Hence, explain why AC ⊥ BD.
d What property of a rhombus have you proven?
D C
6 ABCD is a rectangle. B C
a Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆DCB.
b Hence show that AC = BD.
c What property of a rectangle have you proven?
A D
7 The proofs in this question verify the four standard tests for a parallelogram.
A B a ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the opposite
α β angles are equal. Let ∠A = ∠C = α and
∠B = ∠D = β.
i Find the value of α + β.
β α ii Hence show that AB || DC and AD || BC.
D C
b ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the opposite B C
sides are equal.
i Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆CDA.
ii Hence show that AB || DC and BC || AD.
A D
A B c ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = DC and

AB || DC.
i Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆CDA.
ii Hence show that AD || BC.
D C
d ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals A B
AC and BD bisect each other at P.
i Prove that ∆APB ≡ ∆CPD.
ii Hence show that AB = DC and AB || DC. P
D C
8 A B ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals bisect each
other at right angles at P.
a Prove that ∆ABP ≡ ∆CBP.
b Hence prove that AB = BC.
P
c Explain why ABCD is a rhombus.
D C
9 ABCD is a quadrilateral in which all angles are equal. A B
α α
Prove that ABCD is a rectangle.
α α
D C
10 A B ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals are equal
α β and bisect each other. Let ∠DAP = α and ∠PAB = β.
a Show that ∠ADP = α and ∠ABP = β.
P b Find the value of α + β. Hence prove that
∠DAB = 90°.
D C c Explain why ABCD is a rectangle.
11 ABCD is a parallelogram. The diagonals AC and P

A B
BD meet at R. A line PQ is drawn through R,
where P lies on AB and Q lies on DC.
R
a Prove that ∆BPR ≡ ∆DQR.
b Hence show that PB = DQ and AP = QC.
D Q C
12 A B ABCD is a parallelogram. The diagonal BD bisects

α
∠ADC. Let ∠ABD = α.
a Prove that AB = AD.
b Explain why ABCD is a rhombus.
D C
13 ABCD is a parallelogram. BD is produced to E A F
and DB is produced to F such that DE = BF. B
a Show that ∠FBC = ∠ADE.
b Prove that ∆FBC ≡ ∆EDA.
c Hence prove that AFCE is a parallelogram. D
E C
4.8 Pythagoras’ theorem

Pythagoras’ theorem has been proven in more ways than any other theorem in geometry. In this
exercise we will consider both numerical and geometric applications of the theorem.
In any right-angled triangle, the square

on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares on the other two sides.
That is, c2 = a2 + b2 c2
a2 a c
b
b2
PROOF: Q
Data: ∆ABC is right-angled at A, and squares are drawn
on all sides.
P
Aim: To prove that the square on side BC = sum of the R
squares on the other 2 sides. A
Construction: Join PC, AU and AVW as shown.
S
Proof: In ∆ABU and ∆PBC,
AB = PB (sides of a square are equal) B V C
BU = BC (sides of a square are equal)
∠ABU = ∠PBC (right ∠ + common ∠ABC)
∴ ∆ABU ≡ ∆PBC (SAS)
Now ∠BAC = ∠BAQ (= 90°)
∴ QAC is a straight line U W T
1
∆ABU = --- rectangle BVWU (same base and height)
2
1
∆PBC = --- square PQAB (same base and height)
2
∴ rectangle BVWU = square PQAB (double equal triangles)
Similarly, rectangle VCTW = square ARSC
∴ square on BC = sum of squares on AB and AC
■ The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem

If the square on one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the other
two sides, then the angle formed between these two sides is a right angle.
PROOF: P A
Data: ∆ABC such that AB2 = AC2 + BC2.
Aim: To prove that ∠ACB is a right angle.
Construction: Assume ∠ACB is 90° and draw PC = AC
so that ∠PCB = 90°.
Proof: PC2 + CB2 =PB2 (Pythagorean theorem) C B
∴ AC2 + CB2 = PB2 (since PC = AC)
But AC2 + CB2 = AB2 (given)
∴ AB2 = PB2
∴ AB = PB
Also, BC is common
and AC = PC (by construction)
∴ ∆ACB ≡ ∆PCB (SSS)
∴ ∠ACB = ∠PCB
∴ ∠ACB = 90°
Example 1
EG Find the value of x in each triangle, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S a b 4 cm
x cm
6 cm x cm
11 cm
9 cm
Solutions
a By Pythagoras’ theorem, b By Pythagoras’ theorem,
x2 = 6 2 + 9 2 x2 + 42 = 112
x2 = 117 x2 + 16 = 121
∴ x = 117 x2 = 105
= 10.8 (correct to 1 decimal place) ∴ x = 105
= 10.2 (correct to 1 decimal place)
Example 2
EG Show that a triangle with sides 35 cm, 84 cm, 91 cm is right-angled.
+S
Solution
352 + 842 = 1225 + 7056
= 8281
= 912
∴ the triangle is right-angled (converse of Pythagoras’ theorem).
Exercise 4.8
1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle. Answer in simplest surd form, where
necessary.
a b 7 c t
x
15 24 2 4
a
36
d e f 6
u 2
17
8 e 9
6
2 Which of the following could be the sides of a right-angled triangle? All lengths are in mm.
a 4, 5, 6 b 9, 12, 15 c 7, 10, 13 d 20, 21, 29
3 B In ∆ABC, D is a point on BC such that BD ⊥ AC.

a Find BD and BC.
20 cm b Hence show that ∆ABC is right-angled.
A 16 cm D 9 cm C
4 An isosceles triangle has a base of 70 cm and congruent sides of 37 cm. Find the altitude
of the triangle.
5 Find the length of CD. A

13 15 m
12 m m
B C D
6 P In the diagram, PQ ⊥ QT, PR = ST, PS = 9 cm,

SQ = 16 cm and QR = 60 cm. Find RT.
9 cm
S
16 cm
Q T
60 cm R
7 Find the value of x.

26
17
x
7
8 In a right-angled triangle, the hypotenuse is 8 cm longer than the shortest side and 1 cm
longer than the third side. Find the length of the sides.
9 P
a 2 Show that ∆PQR is right-angled.

a
Q a R
P
10 Show that ∆PQR is isosceles. 2xy x
R y Q
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 156 Thursday, October 13, 2005 4:17 PM
11 The diagonals of a rhombus are 32 cm and 60 cm. Find the perimeter.

12 C In the diagram AB = BC and AC = CD. Show that AD = 2AB.
B
A D
13 Prove that each set of expressions is a Pythagorean triad.
a 2x, x2 − 1, x2 + 1 b 2xy, x2 − y2, x2 + y2
AD CD
14 In ∆ABC, CD is an altitude and -------- = -------- . C
CD DB
Let AD = x and DB = y.
a Show that CD = xy .
b Find expressions for AC2 and BC2. y
A x D B
c Hence, show that ∆ABC is right-angled.
B
15 In ∆ABC, D is a point on AC such that BD ⊥ AC.
a Find an expression for AB2 in ∆ABD.
b Find an expression for CD2 in ∆BCD.
c Hence, show that AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + AD2.
A D C
16 L In the quadrilateral KLMN, the diagonals KM and LN meet at P.
a Show that KL 2 − KN 2 = PL 2 − PN 2.
K b Show that LM 2 − MN 2 = PL 2 − PN 2.
c Hence show that KL 2 + MN 2 = KN 2 + LM 2.
P
d What geometric property of quadrilaterals have you proven?
N
M
17 In ∆ABC, AC ⊥ BC. P is any point on AC and A
Q is any point on BC.
a Prove that AQ 2 + BP 2 = AB 2 + PQ 2. P
b If P and Q are the midpoints of AC and BC
respectively, prove that AQ 2 + BP 2 = 5PQ 2.
[Hint: Let AC = 2x and BC = 2y.] C Q B
18 P Q PQRS is a rectangle and O is any point in the interior.

Prove that OP 2 + OR 2 = OQ 2 + OS2. [Hint: Construct
O the altitudes OX, OY to PQ, RS respectively.]
S R P
19 In the quadrilateral PQRS, PQ ⊥ QR and SR ⊥ QR. S

a Prove that PR 2 − QS2 = PQ 2 − RS2.
b Hence, prove that PS2 − QR 2 = (PQ − RS)2.
Q R
TRY THIS An unusual proof of Pythagoras’ theorem

Within a large square LMNP of side 7 units, L A M
a smaller square ABCD is drawn.
FOCUS ON WORKING MATHEMATICALLY

a Can you use this figure to show that
3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2? B
b Can you generalise from this argument D
to prove that AB 2 = AM 2 + MB 2?
P C N
0FF OCUS ON
O R K I N M I CAAL LL LYY
O C U S O N W 0 R K I N G M AATTHHEEMMAATTI C
GW
ICALLY
AN EXPLORATION OF AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
MATHEMAT
WORKING
Introduction
ON
In this chapter you have been developing your skills in deductive reasoning. In working
mathematically our aim is to fine tune these skills, by giving you an opportunity to make, refine
FOCUS
and test your conjectures. You will also have the opportunity to make a generalisation from
some specific cases and to prove a result.
In these activities dynamic geometry software such as Cabri or Geometer’s Sketchpad are
highly recommended. However if they are not available, geometrical instruments can be used.
The equilateral triangle

Our starting point is the equilateral triangle ABC. A
Draw it in your book and write down as many
geometrical facts about it as you can.
MATHEMATICALLY
If you are using a software program like Geometer’s

Sketchpad or Cabri think carefully about how you
will construct it. Part of a Sketchpad diagram using
the circle by centre and radius tool is shown opposite.
You can select and hide the circles.
B C
2L EARNING ACTIVITIES
1 On your diagram construct and join the midpoints D, A

E and F of the sides.
MATICALLY
2 Prove that the triangles AED, BFE and CDF are

congruent. Explain why triangle DEF is equilateral.
1
3 Explain why triangle DEF is ---
4
of the area of the E D
original equilateral triangle.
4 Now draw another equilateral triangle ABC.
F O C U S O N W O R K I HNE G
Construct the points D, E and F such that

AE = BF = CD = 1--3- AB. Prove that the triangles B C
F
AED, BFE and CDF are again congruent.
MAT
What do you notice about the sizes of the angles

of these triangles?
5 Explain why triangle DEF is again equilateral.
WORKING
6 What fraction of triangle ABC is triangle DEF?

7 Make a conjecture about triangle DEF as a fraction of triangle ABC when
AE = BF = CD = 1--4- AB. Will it be greater or less than 1--3- ?
FOCUS ON
%C HALLENGE ACTIVITIES
1 We will now consider the general case where A
FOCUS ON WORKING MATHEMATICALLY

AE, BF and CD are all equal to some length x.
x
Draw the diagram opposite and prove that the
triangles AED, BFE and CDF are again congruent E
and that triangle DEF is equilateral. In the usual
notation, the side length a = b = c and the length
of AE = CD = BF = a − x.
D
2 Now consider the size of triangle DEF as a fraction
x
of triangle ABC.
a Write down an expression for the area of B x F C
triangle ABC
b Use the cosine rule to find an expression for the length of FE 2.
c Write down an expression for the area of triangle DEF.
d Show that the ratio of the areas is
ICALLY
∆DEF a 2 – 3x ( a – x )
---------------- = ---------------------------------
-
∆ABC a2
a
e Confirm that the value of the ratio when x = --- is 1--4- .
2
a
f Confirm that the value of the ratio when x = --- is 1--3- .
MATHEMAT
3
a
g Calculate the value when x = --- and compare with your conjecture in question 7 above.
4
3 Were you surprised about the result? Disappointed it was not so simple? Given that x is a
fraction of a, will the ratio always be an exact rational number? Why?
E L ET’S COMMUNICATE
WORKING
Discuss in class what you have learned from this activity about using special cases to help
clarify a general rule.
%R EFLECTING
ON
Think over the power of algebra to generalise when we are tackling problems in geometry.
FOCUS
1 In a short sentence explain justify verb (justified, justifying) to show (an action,
a Equilateral triangles argument, etc.) to be right or reasonable: She can
b Congruent triangles justify her decision to leave.
c A conjecture How does the meaning of justify as given here
d Deductive reasoning “to show to be right or reasonable” differ
e The specific as opposed to the general from the mathematical use of the word?
case.
2 The Macquarie Learners’ Dictionary
defines the word justify as follows:
1 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving d W Z

reasons. c° P
a A B Q R
CHAPTER RE
115° 63°
X Y
C D e C
x° F F
67° G
E e° 86°
A E
b B D 137°
F H
84° G H
137° f
63° M
E
p° J s°
D
L
c R 10°
I N
K
a° T g U
S T V
52°
VIEW
W
17°
51° S Z
U V 25°
W m°
ST bisects RSV X Y
CHAPTER REVIEW
VIEW
h I 5 Find the angle sum and interior angles of
a regular:
a hexagon b decagon
112° B C D c pentagon d nonagon
A 47°
e octagon f dodecagon
b° E 6 Find the exterior angles of a regular:
J G a pentagon b octagon
CHAPTER RE
85° c hexagon
H F 7 How many sides are there in a regular
2 a Show that B polygon whose:
C
AB ⊥ BC. 67° a exterior angles measure 36°?
b interior angles measure 165°?
23°
c angle sum is 2880°?
A D 8 Can a regular polygon have interior
angles of 124°? Explain.
b Show that S
9 a A C
P, Q, R are E
collinear
points. 125° 55° R • AB || CD || EF
G
P Q • ∠ABG = ∠DEF
B Prove that CD
3 a Is KL || MN? I D F bisects ∠GDE.
Explain. K L
105° b T
Q
P U
J N
M 110°
R
S
b Is WX || YZ? Y • PQ || RS
W
Explain. 72° 108° • TS ⊥ RS
• QS ⊥ SU
Prove that ∠PQS and ∠TSU are
Z supplementary.
X c I
J
c Is ST || UV? V H
U
Explain. 120°
N
M
120°
S T K L
• IJ || KL || MN
4 How many sides has: • HM ⊥ MN
a a heptagon? b an undecagon? • IM bisects ∠KIJ
Prove that ∠IKL = 2∠IMH.
CHAPTER REVIEW

CHAPTER RE
d P b P
S
Q S
Q R
R
• PQ ⊥ QR
• PS = SQ • PQ || SR
Prove that ∆QRS is isosceles. • PS = QR
e • PQ ⊥ QS
B
A i Prove that ∆PQS ≡ ∆RSQ.
F E ii Hence show that PQRS is a
parallelogram.
G c
C D W X
• BG ⊥ FD
• BG bisects ∠ABD
• FD bisects ∠BDC
VIEW
Prove that AB || CD. Y

f Z
A
• ∠XWZ = ∠ZXY
• XZ bisects ∠WZY
i Prove that ∆WXZ ≡ ∆YXZ.
D C ii Hence show that ∆YXZ is
E
isosceles.
d C D
B
• DC bisects ∠ACB
E
• ∠EAC = ∠ABC F
Prove that ∆ADE is isosceles.
10 a B
A C G
• CD || EF
• CD = EF
O • EF bisects CG
i Prove that ∆CDE ≡ ∆EFG.
ii Hence show that DE || FG.
• O is the centre
• AB = BC
i Prove that ∆OAB ≡ ∆OCB.
ii Hence show that OB bisects
∠AOC.
CHAPTER REVIEW
VIEW
11 P a Explain why STUV is a
Q
parallelogram.
b Prove that ∆SVW ≡ ∆STW.
T c Hence show that STUV is a rhombus.
S R 15 A
PQRS is a parallelogram.
a Prove that ∆PQT ≡ ∆RST.
CHAPTER RE
R S
b Hence show that the diagonals bisect T
each other.
B C
12 K L
• AB = AC
• R and S are midpoints of AB and AC
respectively.
N M a Show that BR = CS.
KLMN is a rectangle. b Prove that ∆RBC ≡ ∆SCB.
a Prove that ∆KNM ≡ ∆LMN. c Hence show that CR = BS.
b Hence show that the diagonals of a d If TR = TS, show that ∆BTC is
rectangle are equal. isosceles.
13 W
16 D A
X
α
A
β C B
Z Y • AB ⊥ BC, DC ⊥ CA
WXYZ is a rhombus. Let ∠AXY = α and • BC = CD = 2AB
∠AYX = β. Prove that AD = 3AB.
a Prove that ZX bisects ∠WXY, without 17 L
the use of congruent triangles.
b Prove that XZ bisects WY at right
angles, without the use of congruent
triangles.
M N
14 a P b
S T • LP ⊥ MN
MP LP
• --------- = --------
W LP PN
a Show that LP = ab .
V U b Find expressions for LM 2 and LN 2.
STUV is a quadrilateral in which the c Hence show that ∆LMN is
diagonals bisect each other at right right-angled.
angles.
CHAPTER REVIEW

Chapter 4 - Deductive Geometry PDF

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Mathscape 10 ext.

- Ch04 Page 118 Thursday, October 13, 2005 4:16 PM

This chapter at a glance

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 119

4.1 Simple numerical exercises

E For example, ∠EFG is adjacent to ∠GFH because:

■ Complementary and supplementary angles

120 Mathscape 10 Extension

Angles at a point have a sum of 360°.

■ Vertically opposite angles

Vertically opposite angles are equal.

alternate angles corresponding angles co-interior angles

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 121

■ The angle sum of a triangle

■ The exterior angle of a triangle

■ Some other properties of triangles

■ The angle sum of a quadrilateral

122 Mathscape 10 Extension

■ Properties of the special quadrilaterals

Trapezium Parallelogram Rhombus

Rectangle Square Kite

Properties of a parallelogram: Properties of a rhombus

1 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 123

2 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

3 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

72° x° 114° 31°

124 Mathscape 10 Extension

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 125

5 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons.

6 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons.

126 Mathscape 10 Extension

9 Find the value of all pronumerals. Do not give reasons.

10 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, giving reasons.

g (11s – 20)° (4s + 29)° h i (9y – 12)°

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 127

11 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons.

y° x° 79° 35° 80°

12 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons.

128 Mathscape 10 Extension

13 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons.

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 129

■ Convex and non-convex polygons

■ The interior angle sum of a polygon

Proof: Let P1P2P3P4 … Pn be a convex polygon with n P2

130 Mathscape 10 Extension

■ The exterior angle sum of a polygon

The sum S of the exterior angles of any convex polygon is 360°.

Proof: Let P1P2P3P4 … Pn be a convex polygon with n sides. If

In any regular n-sided convex polygon:

1 How many sides has each polygon?

2 State whether each polygon is convex or non-convex.

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 131

3 State whether each polygon is regular or irregular.

4 a Name a quadrilateral in which:

5 Find the angle sum of each pentagon by a b

8 Form an equation and solve 130° 110°

10 Find the size of the exterior angles of an equilateral triangle.

132 Mathscape 10 Extension

TRY THIS Ratio of exterior angles

4.3 Harder numerical problems

Chapter 4: Deductive geometry 133

1 Find the value of x in each of the following, giving reasons.