carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) → Glucose + oxygen

the chemical reactions involved in the process happen in mitochondria.

substances, such as glucose. Areobic respiration needs oxygen to work. Most of
Respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released from food
together, and aerobic respiration.
Enzymes in cells catalyse photosynthesis, protein synthesis - joining amino acids

Enzymes and Respiration

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Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts - catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being
used up. Enzymes are proteins that are folded into complex shapes - smaller molecules fit into them. The molecules fit
in the active site.

If the shape of the enzyme changes, its active site may no longer
work. The enzyme has been denatured. They can be denatured by high temperatures or extreme pH. The enzyme has not
been killed. Enzymes are made by living things, they are proteins, and not alive.
*Lipases Catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
*Proteases Catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
*Amylase Catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.

Pancreas, Small Intestine Lipase

Protease Stomach, Pancreas, Small Intestine

Amylase Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Small Intestine

Where Produced Enzyme

Different parts of the gut produce different enzymes.

Different parts of the Gut

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Enzymes and Digestion

Digestion is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed
into the body. Digestion happens inside the gut, and relies on enzymes.

The enzymes involved in respiration, photosynthesis and protein synthesis work inside cells. Other
enzymes are produced by specialised cells and released from them; the digestive enzymes are
like this. They pass out into the gut, where they catalyse the breakdown of food molecules.

Enzyme Reaction Catalysed

Amylase Starch → Sugars

Protease Proteins → Amino Acids

Lipase Lipids → Fatty acids + Glycerol

Amylase is an example of a carbohydrase. Lipids are fats and oils.

bile neutralises the acid to provide the alkaline conditions needed in the small intestine.
best in alkaline conditions, but the food is acidic after being in the stomach. A substance called
After the stomach, food travels to the small intestine. The enzymes in the small intestine work
Enzymes in the Small Intestine
work best in acidic conditions - in other words (Low pH).
microorganisms that might have been swallowed along with the food. The enzymes in the stomach
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid. This helps to begin digestion, and it kills many harmful
Enzymes in the stomach
Enzymes
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Enzymes in Industry
Lipase - breaks down fats, Protease - breaks down proteins, Carbohydrase - breaks
down carbohydrates. Enzymes allow certain industrial processes to be carried out at normal
temperatures and pressures. Enzymes are also used in the home eg. Biological detergents.
Enzyme Use
Protease Used to pre-digest proteins during the manufacture of baby foods
Lipase Used - together with protease - in biological detergents to break down - digest - the
substances in stains into smaller, water soluble substances
Carbohdrydrates Used to convert starch syrup, which is relatively cheap, into sugar syrup, which
is more valuable - for example, as an ingredient in sports drinks
Isomerase Used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup - fructose is sweeter than glucose,
so it can be used in smaller amounts in slimming foods