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Leveling is the general term applied to any of the various processes by which
elevations of points or differences in elevation are determined.
Basic terms:
Vertical line. A line that follows the local direction of gravity as indicated by
a plumb line.
Level surface. A curved surface that, at every point is perpendicular to the
local plumb line (the direction in which gravity acts).
Level line. A line in a level surface
Horizontal plane. A plane perpendicular to the local direction of gravity. In
plane surveying, it is a plane perpendicular to the local vertical line.
Horizontal line. A line in a horizontal plane. In plane surveying, it is a line
perpendicular to the local vertical.
Vertical datum. Any level surface to which elevations are referenced. This is
the surface that is arbitrarily assigned an elevation of zero.
Elevation. The distance measured along a vertical line from a vertical datum
to a point or object.
Leveling terms.
Benchmark (BM).
A relatively
permanent object,
natural or artificial,
having a marked
point whose elevation
above or below a
reference datum is
known or assumed.
Levelling terms
Station: A point where the levelling staff is kept.
Height of instrument: It is the elevation of the plane of sight with
respect to assumed datum. It is also known as plane of collimation.
Back sight(BS): It is the sight taken on the level staff, of a known
elevation with the intention to obtain the elevation of plane of
collimation. It is called PLUS sight because it is added to elevation of
that point to get height of instrument or plane of collimation.
Intermediate sights(IS): These are the sight taken after back sight and
before sighting the final point. These are called MINUS sights. These
are subtracted from plane of collimation to find the reduced level of
different points.
Fore sight(FS): The last reading taken from the instrument. This is also
a MINUS sight.
Change point(CP) or turning point(TP): The point at which both BS and
FS are taken.
Reduced level(RL): The elevations of the points with respect to
assumed datum.
Types of levelling
Simple levelling
Differential levelling
Fly levelling
Profile levelling
Cross sectional levelling
Reciprocal levelling
There are two methods for obtaining the elevations at different points:
Height of instrument (or plane of collimation) method
Rise and fall method
Leveling :- is the process used to determine a difference
in elevation between two points.
A Level is an instrument with a telescope that can be
leveled with a spirit bubble. The optical line of sight
forms a horizontal plane, which is at the same elevation
as the telescope crosshair. By reading a graduated rod
held vertically on a point of known elevation (Bench
Mark) a difference in elevation can be measured and a
height of instrument (H.I.) calculated by adding the
rod reading to the elevation of the bench mark. Once
the height of instrument is established, rod readings
can be taken on subsequent points and their elevations
calculated by simply subtracting the readings from the
height of instrument.
Datum line ( M.S.L. ) :- Is the level (line), which are
attributed to it points levels on the surface of the Earth.
Which is the average sea level.
Reduced level ( R.L) :- Is the high point from datum line.
Benchmark (B .M ) :- Are fixed points information site and
attributed placed in different places until you start racing
them when conducting settlement .
Back sight ( B.S.) :- Is the first reading taken after placing
the device in any position so that we see the greatest
possible number of points required to find the elevation .
Fore sight (F.S) :- Is the last reading taken before the
transfer device
tripod
In many projects not only profile along the line is required but also profile of cross
– section at a regular interval is required. (here 20m)
Levels are taken at every 3m distance (till 9m i.e. 3 readings on one side) to left
and right of the line AB and BC for cross section profile.
curvature correction(Cc)
Cc is always negative.
A properly adjusted instrument take the readings with
respect to horizontal line.
So something has to be subtracted from the staff
reading to get actual reading.
Cc= d2/2R and -ve
D is distance of the staff from the point of tangency
and R is the radius of the Earth = 6370km
Cc= -7.849 x 10-8 x d2 meters, if d is in meters.
Combined effect
Cc + Cr = - (6/7) x (d2/2R) = - 6.728 x 10-8 x d2 meters,
if d is in meters.
Distance of visible horizon
Let P be the point of observation which is “h” meters
above mean seal level.
“d” is called distance of visible horizon.
Taking refraction and curvature into account.
Note
If the instrument is kept, such that the distance of BS point and the FS point
are same (from the instrument) then the difference in elevation of the two
points will be free from curvature and refraction error.
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